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Frederick-William I., his son, late coregent; succeeded Nov. 20, 1847. The PRESENT (1850) Elector.

1821. William II., his son: retired to Hanau in | 1847.

1831. The hereditary prince made co-
regent, Sept. 30, 1831.

The ELECTOR. Frederick-William I., born August 20, 1802; married Gertrude, countess de Schaumbourg, who was born May 18, 1806: has no issue.

SISTERS of the Elector:

1. Caroline-Frederica-Wilhelmina, born July 29, 1799.

2. Mary-Frederica, born Sept. 6, 1804; married, March 23, 1825, Bernard-Erich, reigning duke of Saxe-Meiningen.

HESSE-DARMSTADT.

The founder of this line, as already mentioned, was George I., youngest son of Philip the Generous. The princes of Hesse-Darmstadt were elevated to the rank of granddukes by the French emperor Napoleon.

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The GRAND-DUKE. Louis III., born June 9, 1806; co-regent from March 5, 1848; succeeded his father, the late grand-duke Louis II., June 16, same year. Married, Dec. 26, 1833, MatildaCaroline-Frederica-Wilhelmina (born Aug. 30, 1813), daughter of Louis, king of Bavaria: has

no issue.

His BROTHERS:

1. Charles-William-Louis, born April 23, 1809; married, Oct. 22, 1836, Mary-ElizabethCaroline-Victoria (born June 18, 1815), daughter of William of Prussia, uncle to the king: issue:

I. Frederick-William-Louis-Charles, born Sept. 12, 1837.

II. Henry-Louis-William, born Nov. 28, 1838.

III. Anne-Maria-Wilhelmina, born May 25, 1843.

IV. William-Louis-Frederick, born Nov. 16, 1845.

2. Alexander-Louis-Christian-George, born July 15, 1823.

SISTER. Maximiliana-Wilhelmina-Augusta-Sophia-Mary, born Aug. 8, 1824; married, April 28, 1841, to the hereditary grand-duke Alexander-Nicolaewitch, of Russia.

HESSE-HOMBURG.1

This house owes its origin to a junior branch of Hesse-Darmstadt. George I. left in 1596 three sons, of whom Frederick became the founder of this line. Hesse-Homburg was incorporated with the German confederation in 1817. The later princes were: 1751. Frederick-Louis V.: succeeded by his son, 1839. Philip-Augustus-Frederick, who was also 1820. Frederick-Joseph; married, April 7, 1818 succeeded by his next brother, (while hereditary prince), the princess Gustavus-Adolphus-Frederick. Died in Elizabeth of England, sister of George 1848; and the 5th brother succeeded. IV. Succeeded by his brother, Ferdinand - Henry - Frederick; succeeded 1829. Louis-William-Frederick: succeeded by Sept. 8, 1848. The PRESENT (1850) his next brother, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg.

1846.

1848.

The LANDGRAVE. Ferdinand-Henry-Frederick, born April 26, 1783; succeeded his brother, the landgrave Gustavus, who died Sept. 8, 1848. Gustavus had married, Feb. 12, 1818, LouisaFrederica, daughter of Frederick, hereditary prince of Anhalt-Dessau; he left issue, now living: 1. Caroline-Amelia-Elizabeth, born March 19, 1819; married Oct. 1, 1839, prince Henry de

Reuss-Greiz.

2. Elizabeth-Louisa-Frederica, born Sept. 30, 1823.

THE YOUNGER LINES.

HESSE-PHILIPPSTHAL.

1816. Ernest-Constantine, born Aug. 8, 1771. Succeeded his brother Louis, Feb. 15, 1816. Married, 1st, (April 10, 1796)

Christina-Louisa, daughter of FrederickCharles, of Schwarzburg-Roudolstadt; and 2nd. (Feb. 17, 1812) Caroline-Wilhelmina (born Feb. 10, 1793), daughter

1 See Rommel's History of Hesse, part i.; and Von Turkheim's Histoire Genealog, de la Maison Soveraine

de Hesse.

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8, 1821), daughter of Frederick-Louis,
prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen-Oeh-
ringen; 2nd (Sept. 10, 1823), Sophia-
Caroline-Pauline (born Jan. 16, 1794),
princess of Bentheim-Bentheim and
Bentheim-Steinfourt; and has issue,

living:

1. Bertha-Wilhelmina, born Oct. 26,
1818; married June 27, 1839, the
hereditary prince, Louis of Ben-
theim-Bentheim.

2. Alexis-William, born Sept. 13,
1829.

3. Frederick-William, born Oct. 3,

1831.

MECKLENBURG.

CHARLEMAGNE, during his wars with the Saxons, entered Mecklenburg A. D. 789, and compelled the inhabitants to embrace Christianity. Louis, his successor, had the country governed by the dukes of Saxony: the people, however, threw off that yoke, and Nicolas and Premislas, princes, divided the territory between them. In 1147, Nicolas being slain in battle, Henry the Lion conquered Mecklenburg, and divided it among his generals and knights. But to the son of Nicolas (Premislas II.) he restored a part of his father's dominions, with the title of "Prince of Mecklenburg," instead of the former title, which was "king of the Wenden." After the death of Premislas II. followed Henry Borwin, his son, founder of the house of Mecklenburg. The modern division of the duchy was made at the commencement of the 18th century. The dignity of grand-duke was conferred on the princes of Mecklenburg by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.

PRINCES AND DUKES.

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left four sons, who divided Mecklenburg
into four parts, viz.: MECKLENBURG, 1477.
GUSTROW, ROSTOCK, and PARCHIM,
which existed till 1611. The eldest son
of Henry Borwin succeeded.

1236. John, surnamed Theologus.

1264. Henry I. (called III.), his son.

Went to

Jerusalem, and was therefore surnamed
Hierosolymitanus; was made prisoner,
and was supposed to be dead.

1302. Henry II. (IV.), his son.

The former

prince returned from captivity, and governed with Henry II., who died in 1329; and through his sons, Albrecht and John, sprung up the new lines of MECKLENBURG and STARGARD. the line of Mecklenburg, succeeded 1349. Albrecht or Albert I., who was succeeded by his three sons

1380.

1412.

In

Albert II.: elected king of Sweden in
1363.

Henry, who took but little part in the
government, and

1503.

Henry III. (V.) surnamed the Fat, and
John II., who died in 1442.
[Henry the Fat again united Stargard
to Mecklenburg, and, dying in 1477,
left three sons, who succeeded.]
Albert IV. Co-regents. The three
Magnus II. sons of Magnus II. suc-
Balthazar. ceeded.
Henry IV. (VI.)
Erich, and

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Albert the Fair.

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Co-regents.

1547. John-Albert I., the eldest of five sons of

1553.

1603.

Albert the Fair.

[His brother Ulrick made claims to the co-regency, and caused thereby a division in the country.]

Ulrick, above-named, succeeded by his brother,

Charles, who governed, instead of his minor cousins, Adolphus-Frederick and John-Albert, until 1610.

[The territory was again divided into two lines, MECKLENBURG and GUSTROW: the latter line became extinct in 1695.] 1610. Adolphus-Frederick: succeeded by his son, 1658. Christian-Louis; became a Roman Catholic, in 1663: succeeded by his nephew, Frederick-William. His disputes with his cousin, Frederick-Adolphus (II.) led to the Hambro treaty, by which, in 1701, the two lines of MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN -STRELITZ and MECKLENBURG formed.

Magnus I., to whom Albert resigned 1679.
the principality.

Albert III., son of Albert II., governed,
together with

John, son of Magnus I., whose two sons
succeeded.

were

E 2

MECKLENBURG-Schwerin.

1701. Frederick-William, the above-mentioned

prince. He retained three-fourths of the territory: succeeded by his brother, 1713. Charles Leopold. His brother, ChristianLouis, who afterwards succeeded, was appointed administrator by the emperor, in 1732.

1747. Christian-Louis II., his brother.
1756. Frederick, surnamed the Kind: succeeded
by his nephew,

1785. Frederick-Francis I. The dignity of grand

duke was conferred upon this prince by the congress of Vienna.

[His son, Frederick-Louis, who died vitâ patris, was father of Helen-Louisa, married to Ferdinand, late duc d'Orleans, son of Louis-Philippe of France.] 1837. Paul-Frederick, grandson of FrederickFrancis I. succeeded by his son,

1842. Frederick-Francis II.; succeeded his father, March 7, 1842. The PRESENT (1850) Grand-Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

The GRAND-DUKE. Frederick-Francis, born Feb. 28, 1823, son of the late duke Paul-Frederick, and of Frederica-Wilhelmina-Alexandrina, daughter of Frederick-William III., king of Prussia: unmarried.

His BROTHER and SISTER:

1. Louisa-Maria-Helena, born May 17, 1824; betrothed Aug. 4, 1849, to prince Hugh-AlfredAdolphus, of Windisch-Grætz.

2. Frederick-William-Nicholas, born March 5, 1827.

MECKLENBURG-Strelitz.

1701. Adolphus-Frederick II., founder of this 1794. Charles-Louis-Frederick II. ; became line: succeeded by his son,

1708. Adolphus-Frederick III.: followed by his

brother,

1749. Charles-Louis-Frederick I. His daughter, Charlotte-Sophia, was the queen of George III. of England.

1752. Adolphus-Frederick IV., his son: suc

1.

ceeded by his brother,

1816.

grand-duke in 1815. His daughter, Frederica-Sophia-Louisa-Caroline, became duchess of Cumberland, and afterwards, by consequence, queen of Hanover.

George-Frederick-Charles-Joseph, his son: succeeded Nov. 6, 1816. The PRESENT (1850) Grand-Duke.

The GRAND-DUKE. George-Frederick-Charles-Joseph, born Aug. 12, 1779; succeeded his father, the grand-duke Charles, Nov. 6, 1816. Married, Aug. 12, 1817, Maria-Wilhelmina-Frederica (born Jan. 21, 1796), daughter of the late Frederick, landgrave of Hesse-Cassel; and has issue: Frederick-William-Charles-George, hereditary grand-duke, born Oct. 17, 1819; married, June 28, 1843, Augusta-Caroline-Charlotte-Elizabeth-Mary-Sophia (born July 19, 1822), daughter of Adolphus-Frederick, late duke of Cambridge, of Great Britain: issue: George-Adolphus-Frederick-Augustus-Victor-Ernest-Adelbert-Gustavus-William

I.

Wellington, born July 22, 1848.

2. Caroline-Charlotte-Marianne, born Jan. 10, 1821; married, June 10, 1841, to Frederick, prince-royal of Denmark, from whom she separated Sept. 30, 1846.

3. George-Augustus-Ernest-Adolphus, born Jan. 11, 1824.

BADEN-BADEN.-BADEN-DURLACH.

THE illustrious house of Baden descends from Gerold, who, as well as his son, appears in the ancient records towards the close of the 8th century, as Landgraves of the Barr. From him, after many descents, came Bertholdus, who had two sons. The elder, Herman I., possessed, vitâ patris, Hochberg in Brisgau, to which Baden belonged; he took the title of margrave, and died in 1074. His heir was Herman II., who called himself " margrave of Baden," and was the head and founder of the present house From Christopher I., who united the branches of Hochberg and Baden, and died in 1527, proceeded the branches of Baden-Baden and Baden-Durlach. He had two sons, Bernard and Ernest, of whom below.

of Baden, 1130.

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MARGRAVES.

1527. Bernard, who founded the house of Baden

GRAND-DUKES.

1527. Ernest, who founded the house of Baden-
Durlach.

Baden. This house became extinct in 1553. Charles II., son of Ernest, margrave of
the person of the margrave Augustus-
Baden-Durlach ; he built the castle of
George, in 1771.
Carlsburg1: succeeded by his son,

1 The margrave Charles removed the seat of government from Pforzheim to the new-built palace of Carlsburg, in Durlach, and it remained the residence of the princes until 1771, when Baden-Durlach was united with BadenBaden, and both formed one principality as Baden-Baden.

1584. Ernest-Frederick: he died without issue; and was succeeded by his brother,

1604. George-Frederick, who gave up the go-
vernment to his son,

1622. Frederick V.: succeeded by his son,
1659. Frederick VI.: succeeded by his son,
1677. Frederick (VII.) Magnus: he died in 1709, 1811.
and was succeeded by his son,

1709. Charles III., who built, in 1715, the city

of Carlsruhe: his only son, Frederick, died vitâ patris, leaving two young princes, the elder of whom succeeded. 1746. Charles-Frederick, grandson of Charles III.; born in 1728; constituted an elector of the empire in 1803, with the dignity of grand-duke.

GRAND-DUKES.

1818.

1830.

reached the age of 83, and died, after a reign of 65 years, in 1811.

[His eldest son lost his life by a fall from his carriage while in Sweden, in 1801, and Charles-Frederick was succeeded by his grandson.]

Charles-Louis-Frederick. This prince married, in 1806, Stephanie-Louisa de la Pagerie, niece of the empress Josephine and adopted daughter of the emperor Napoleon, of France: he was succeeded by his uncle,

Louis-William-Augustus, who had

no

issue; and was succeeded by his brother, Charles-Leopold-Frederick, March 30,1830. The PRESENT (1850) Grand-Duke. Charles-Leopold Frederick, the reigning grandduke, was formerly count of Hochberg, and eldest of the sons of Charles-Louis-Frederick (last grandduke but one) who were raised, by patent of right of succession, Oct. 4, 1817, to the rank of mar. graves of Baden, with the title of "Royal Highness." The GRAND-DUKE. Charles-Leopold-Frederick, born Aug. 29, 1790; married, July 25, 1819, Sophia-Wilhelmina (born May 21, 1801), daughter of the late Gustavus-Adolphus, king of Sweden; and has issue:

1803. Charles-Frederick, above-mentioned; the first grand-duke. This excellent prince

1. Alexandrina-Louisa-Amelia-Frederica, born Dec. 6, 1820; married to the reigning duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

2. Louis, hereditary grand-duke, born Aug. 15, 1824.

3. Frederick-William-Louis, born Sept. 9, 1826.

4. Louis-William-Augustus, born Dec. 18, 1829.

5. Charles-Frederick-Gustavus-William, born March 9, 1832.

6. Mary-Amelia, born Nov. 20, 1834.

7. Cecilia-Augusta, born Sept. 20, 1839.

BROTHERS:

1. William-Louis-Augustus, born April 8, 1792; married, Oct. 16, 1830, Elizabeth-Alexandrina-Constance (born Feb. 27, 1802), daughter of the late Louis-Frederick-Alexander, duke of Wurtemburg; and has issue, three daughters.

2. Maximilian-Frederick-John-Ernest, born Dec. 8, 1796.

SISTER. Amelia-Christina-Caroline, born Jan. 26, 1795; married, April 19, 1818, Charles-Egon de

Furstenberg.

HUNGARY.

THIS Country, which was chiefly the ancient Pannonia, was reduced by Tiberius to the Roman power a few years before the Christian era. About the middle of the 4th century it was seized by the Huns, a ferocious tribe of Scythians, headed by Attila, whose dreadful ravages obtained him the appellation of the "Scourge of God." These savage hordes were afterwards driven northwards, but returned, and made their settlement here under the name of Hungarians. In later times they have been much intermixed with Sclavonic nations, as Bohemians, Croats, and Russians, and with German settlers, as Austrians, Styrians, Franks, and Suabians. Hungary was annexed to the German empire under Charlemagne, but it became an independent kingdom in the 10th century.

KINGS OF HUNGARY.

997. Stephen, duke of Hungary; he establishes | the Roman Catholic religion, and receives from the pope the title of Apostolic King, still borne by the emperor of Germany, as king of Hungary.

1038. Peter, the German: deposed. 1041. Aba or Owen.

1064. Salamon, son of Andrew.
1075. Geisa I., son of Bela.
1077. Ladislas I., surnamed the Pious.
1095. Coloman, son of Geisa.
1114. Stephen, surnamed Thunder.
1131. Bela II.: had his eyes put out.
1141. Geisa II.: succeeded by his son,

1044. Peter, again: again deposed, and his eyes 1161. Stephen III.: succeeded by his brother,

put out.

1047. Andrew I.: deposed.

1174. Bela III.: succeeded by his son,
1196. Emeric: succeeded by his son,

1061. Bela I.: killed by the fall of a ruinous 1204. Ladislas II.; reigned six months only

tower.

succeeded by

1205. Andrew II., son of Bela III. 1235. Bela IV.

1270. Stephen IV., his son. 1272. Ladislas III.: killed.

1290. Andrew III., surnamed the Venetian, son
of Rodolph of Hapsburg, emperor of
Germany.

1309. Charobert, or Charles-Robert.
1342. Louis the Great; elected king of Poland in
1370.

1382. Mary, called King Mary, daughter of Louis
the Great.

1392. Mary and her consort Sigismund, who became king of Bohemia, and was elected emperor of Germany in 1410.

1437. Albert, duke of Austria; married the daughter of Sigismund, and succeeded to the thrones of Hungary, Bohemia, and Germany.

1440. Ladislas IV. king of Poland, of which kingdom he was Ladislas VI.

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1458. Matthias-Corvinus, son of Huniades, the late regent.

1792.

1490. Ladislas VI., king of Bohemia: the em-
peror Maximilian laid claim to both
kingdoms.

1516. Louis II. of Hungary (I. of Bohemia):
loses his life at the battle of Mohatz,
fighting against the Turkish emperor
Solyman the Magnificent.
[In this battle 12,000 Hungarians were
slain, 200,000 were carried away cap-
tive, and the king, falling from his horse
into a muddy rivulet, was drowned.]
John Zapolski, elected by the Hunga-
rians, and supported by the sultan
Solyman, and

1526.

Ferdinand I., king of Bohemia, brother
to the emperor, Charles V.; rival
kings.

empress survived her consort, Francis I. emperor, from 1765 until 1780. See Germany.

Joseph II., her son, emperor in 1765: succeeded to Hungary on the death of his mother.

Leopold II., brother of Joseph II., emperor: succeeded by his son,

Francis I. (Francis II. as emperor of Ger-
many): in 1804 he became emperor of
Austria only.

1835. Ferdinand V., son of Francis.
I. as emperor of Austria.

1848.

Ferdinand

[This emperor would have been Ferdinand
IV. of Germany, but for the change of
style in 1804.]
Francis-Joseph, nephew of the preceding;
succeeded on the abdication of his uncle,
Dec. 2, 1848. The PRESENT (1850) King
of Hungary and Emperor of Austria.

For the last three centuries the succession of the
kings of Hungary varies little from the succes-
sion of the emperors, the crown having continued
in the house of Austria.

BOHEMIA.

ANCIENTLY Boiemum and Boihemum.— Tacitus. So called from a tribe under the name of Boii, which settled in the country several centuries before the Christian era. The Boii were expelled by the Marcomanni, and fixed themselves in Boiaria, now Bavaria; but their conquerors, in their turn, were subdued by the Sclavonians. Notwithstanding the expulsion of the first settlers, the present inhabitants are still called Bohemians. Bohemia had formerly an elective government, but Ferdinand I. declared it hereditary in the house of Austria in 1547; and the kingdom may be said to have remained since that time in the undisturbed possession of the emperor.'

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1 In the early part of the 17th century, the Bohemians made an attempt to shake off the imperial yoke, and offered the crown to the elector palatine Frederick, then the most powerful Protestant prince in Germany; but he was driven out of Bohemia by the emperor's generals, stripped of his other dominions, and obliged to depend on James I. of England, whose daughter Elizabeth he had married, for a scanty subsistence.

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