702. Feargal: routed and slain in battle. 719. Fogartach: slain in battle.

720. Cionaoth: defeated, and found dead on the
battle field.

724. Flaithbheartagh: became a monk.
731. Aodh, or Hugh Alain: killed in battle.
740. Daniel: died on a pilgrimage at Joppa, in
Palestine.

782. Niall-Freasach: became a monk.
786. Donagh, or Donchad: "died in his bed."
815. Aodh, or Hugh: slain in battle.
837. Connor, or Conchabhar: "died of grief,
being unable to redress the misfortunes
of his country."
851. Niall-Caillie: drowned in the river Caillie.
866. Turgesius, the Norwegian chief; possessed
himself of the sovereign power;
pelled the Irish historians and burnt
their books:" made prisoner, and thrown
into a lough, and drowned.

879. Maol Ceachlin, or Malachy I.
897. Hugh Fionnliath.

913. Flann Sionna.

" ex

951. Niall-Glundubh: "died on the field of honour."

954. Donnagh, or Donough.

974. Congall: slain by the Danes at Armagh.

984. Daniel: became a monk. 1004. Maol Ceachlin II.: resigned on the election of Brian Boiroimhe as king of Ireland. 1027. Brian Boromy, or Boiroimhe; a valiant and renowned prince: defeated the Danes in the memorable battle of Clontarf, on Good Friday 1039: assassinated in his tent the same night, while in the attitude of prayer.

[Brian Boiroimhe was 30 years king of
Munster, and 12 king of Ireland.]

1039. Maol Ceachlin II. restored.
1048. Donough, or Denis O'Brian, third son of
the preceding.

1098. Tirloch, or Turlough, nephew of Donough.
1110. Muriertagh, or Murtough: resigned, and
became a monk.

1130. Turlough (O'Connor) II., the Great.
1150. Murtough Mac Neil Mac Lachlin: slain
in battle.

1168. Roderic, or Roger O'Connor.
1172. Henry II., king of England; conquered
the country, and became lord of Ireland.
[The English monarchs were styled "Lords
of Ireland," until the reign of Henry
VIII., who styled himself king; and this
title has continued ever since.]

GERMANY.- AUSTRIA.

Germania, and Alemania. Anciently divided into several independent states. The Germans withstood the attempts of the Romans to subdue them; and although that people conquered some parts of the country, they were expelled before the close of the 3rd century. In the 5th century the might of the Huns and other nations prevailed over the greater portion of Germany; it was not, however, totally reduced until Charlemagne made himself master of the whole. This great prince took the title of emperor, entailing the dignity upon his family; but after his race became extinct in 911, the empire went to the Germans, and the rank was afterwards made elective. The house of Austria enjoyed the distinction almost uninterruptedly from 1438 (when one of its princes was raised to the imperial throne) until 1804. In that year Francis II. resigned the honour and office of emperor of Germany, and became emperor of Austria only1; the latter title being hereditary.

This monarch surrendered the dignity of emperor of Germany on the 11th of August, 1804; and again renounced the title by a formal and public declaration, in which he assumed the rank of emperor of Austria, on August 6, 1806; and the German princes, seceding from the Germanic empire, placed themselves under the protection of Napoleon, of France.

983. Otho III., surnamed the Red, his son, yet in his minority: poisoned.

1002. Henry II., duke of Bavaria, surnamed the
Holy, and the Lame.

1024. Conrad II., surnamed the Salique.
1039. Henry III., the Black, son of Conrad II.
1056. Henry IV., son of the preceding; a minor,

1378.

under the regency of his mother Agnes: 1400.
deposed by his son and successor,

1106. Henry V.; married Maud or Matilda,
daughter of Henry I. of England

1125. Lothaire II., surnamed the Saxon.
1138. [Interregnum.]

1138. Conrad III., duke of Franconia.
1152. Frederick Barbarossa; one of the most
splendid reigns in the German annals:
drowned by his horse throwing him into
the river Salphet, or the Cydnus.

was given at Nuremberg in 1356, the famous Golden Bull, which became the fundamental law of the German empire. Wenceslas, king of Bohemia, son of Charles: twice imprisoned, and at length forced to resign; but continued to reign in Bohemia.

Frederick, duke of Brunswick: assassinated immediately after his election, and seldom placed in the list of emperors. 1400. Rupert, count palatine of the Rhine; crowned at Cologne: died in 1410. Jossus, marquess of Moravia; chosen by a party of the electors: died the next year. Sigismund, king of Hungary, elected by another party. On the death of Jossus, he is recognised by all parties; king of Bohemia in 1419.

1410.
1410.

1190. Henry VI., his son, surnamed Asper, or the
Sharp: it was this emperor that de-
tained Richard I. of England a prisoner 1438.
in his dominions.

1198. Philip, brother to Henry: assassinated at
Bamberg by Otto, of Wittelsbach.
1208. Otho IV., surnamed the Superb, recognised
as king of Germany, and crowned as
emperor the next year: excommunicated
and deposed.

1439.
1440.

1493.

1212. Frederick II., king of Sicily, the son of
Henry VI.: deposed by his subjects,
who elected Henry, landgrave of Thurin-
gia. Frederick died in 1250, naming 1519.
his son Conrad his successor, but the
pope gave the imperial title to William,
earl of Holland.

1250. Conrad IV., son of Frederick.1
1250. William, earl of Holland: died in Dec.
1255. The electors could not agree in
the choice of a successor.

1256. [Interregnum.]

1558.

1564.

HOUSE OF AUSTRIA.

Albert II., surnamed the Great, duke of Austria, and king of Hungary and Bohemia: died Oct. 27, 1439.

[Interregnum.]

Frederick IV., surnamed the Pacific; elected emperor Feb. 2; but not crowned until June, in 1442.

Maximilian I., son of Frederick: died in 1519. Francis I. of France and Charles I. of Spain became competitors for the empire.

Charles V. (I. of Spain), son of Joan of Castile and Philip of Austria, elected: resigned both crowns, and retired to a monastery, where he died soon after. Ferdinand I., brother to Charles, king of Hungary; succeeded by his son, Maximilian II., king of Hungary and Bohemia; succeeded by his son,

1576. Rodolph II.

1612. Matthias, brother of Rodolph.

1619. Ferdinand II., his cousin, son of the archduke Charles; king of Hungary.

1273. Rodolph, count of Hapsburg; the first of 1637. Ferdinand III., son of the preceding em

the Austrian family.

1291. [Interregnum.]

1292. Adolphus, count of Nassau, to the exclusion of Albert, son of Rodolph: deposed; slain at the battle of Spires.

1298. Albert, duke of Austria, Rodolph's son: killed by his nephew at Rheinfels.

1308. Henry VII. of Luxemburg. 1313. [Interregnum.]

1314. Louis IV. (III.) of Bavaria, and Frederick III. of Austria, son of Albert, rival emperors: Frederick died in 1330.

1330. Louis reigns alone.

1347. Charles IV. of Luxemburg. In this reign

From the death of Frederick II. until the accession of Rodolph, in 1273, the time that elapsed may be regarded as an interregnum, Conrad IV. being opposed; one party of the electors at Frankfort choosing Kichard, earl of Cornwall, brother of Henry III of England, and the other choosing Alphonsus, king of Castile. The first lost the dignity, by attending the civil wars in England; and the last lost it by negligence; so neither is reckoned in the list of emperors.

2 The Hapsburg family is supposed to be the most illustrious in Europe. It was founded in 1926, by Radboton, grandson of Gontram, count of Brisgau; and derived its name from the castle of Hapsburg on the river Aar, in Switzerland. This was the cradle, as it were, of the house of Austria. The male line of Hapsburg became extinct in 1740, in the person of Charles VI., after giving twenty-two sovereigns to Austria, sixteen emperors to Germany, eleven kings to Hungary and Bohemia, and six to Spain.

3 At the decease of the emperor, Charles VI. in 1740, his hereditary dominions devolved of right (by the pragmatic sanction) upon his only daughter and heiress the archduchess Maria-Theresa, but were claimed by the husband of his niece (Maria-Amelia, daughter of Joseph I.), Charles, elector of Bavaria, who was declared king of Bohemia in 1741, and crowned emperor of Germany at Frankfort the following year, as Charles VII. This dispute disturbed the tranquillity of Europe, and occasioned a war in which all the great European powers were involved, and which did not terminate until three years after the death of Charles VII., when Maria-Theresa had her patrimonial dominions guaranteed to her by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748.

1745. Francis I. of Lorraine, grand duke of Tuscany, consort of Maria-Theresa.

1765. Joseph II., son of the emperor Francis and of Maria-Theresa.

1790. Leopold II., brother to Joseph; succeeded by his son,

1792. Francis II. In 1804 this prince took the style of emperor of Austria only.

EMPERORS OF AUSTRIA.

1804. Francis I. (late Francis II. of Germany),

commenced his reign as emperor of

1835.

1848.

Austria only, Aug. 11, 1804: died
March 2, 1835.

Ferdinand his son: abdicated in favour of
his nephew, Dec. 2, 1848.
Francis-Joseph; born Aug. 18, 1830; came
to the throne on the abdication of his
uncle (and the relinquishment of his
right to the succession by his father,
Francis-Charles-Joseph, the presump-
tive heir), Dec. 2, 1848. The PRESENT
(1850) Emperor of Austria.

The LATE EMPEROR. Ferdinand I. (Charles-Leopold-Joseph) born April 19, 1793; married Feb.
27, 1831, Maria-Anna-Caroline-Pia, ex-empress, daughter of Victor-Emmanuel, king of Sardinia.
PRESENT EMPEROR'S FATHER. Archduke Francis-Charles-Joseph, born Dec. 7, 1802; married
Nov. 4, 1824, Frederica-Sophia, daughter of Maximilian-Joseph I., king of Bavaria.
His BROTHERS. 1. Ferdinand-Maximilian-Joseph, born July 6, 1832.

2. Charles-Louis-Joseph-Mary, born July 30, 1833.

3. Louis-Joseph-Anthony-Victor, born May 15, 1842.

FRANCE.

Gallia, Roman. Galatia, Greek. In the decline of the Roman power Gaul was conquered by the Franks, a warlike people, who gave name to the kingdom, and whose territory, lying between the Rhine and the Elbe, is still called Franconia. The origin of the Franks is a matter of conjecture. It is supposed that they were at first a mixed multitude of several ancient nations, who, uniting against the Romans in defence of their common liberty, styled themselves Franks, that word in their language signifying free. The invaders crossed the Rhine, under the conduct of their king Pharamond, who shortly afterwards assumed the royal authority in France.

MEROVINGIAN RACE.

KINGS OF FRANCE.

418. Pharamond.
427. Clodion, or Clodius, the Hairy; supposed
son of Pharamond.

448. Merovæus, or Merovée, son-in-law of Clo-
dion: this race of kings called from
him Merovingians.

458. Childeric, son of Merovée.
481. Clovis the Great, his son, and the real
founder of the monarchy.. Henault.
He left four sons, who divided the em-
pire between them:

511. Childebert; Paris.

Clodomir; Orleans.

Thierry; Metz; and

Clotaire, or Clotharius; Soissons.

534. Theodebert; Metz.

548. Theodebald, succeeded in Metz.

558. Clotaire; now sole ruler of France. Upon his death the kingdom was again divided between his four sons: viz.

561. Charebert, ruled at Paris.

Gontran, in Orleans and Burgundy.
Sigebert at Metz, and both assassi-

Chilperic at Soissons }

nated.

[France continued at times afterwards to

be ruled in various divisions by sepa-
rate kings.]

575. Childebert II."
584. Clotaire II.; Soissons.

596. Thierry II., son of Childebert; in Orleans.
Theodebert II.; Metz.

613. Clotaire II., became sole king.
628. Dagobert the Great, son of Clotaire II.:
he divided the kingdom, of which he
had become sole monarch, between his
two sons:-

638. Clovis II., who had Burgundy and Neu

stra; and

Sigebert II., who had Austrasia.

656. Clotaire III., son of Clovis II.

670. Childeric II.: he became king of the whole realm of France: assassinated, with his queen, and his son Dagobert, in the forest of Livri.-Henault.

[At this time Thierry III. rules in Burgundy and Neustra, and Dagobert II., son of Sigebert, in Austrasia. Dagobert is assassinated, and Thierry reigns alone.-Henault.]

691. Clovis III. Pepin, mayor of the palace 2, rules the kingdom, in the name of this

1 We aim, principally, in the following lists, at giving the immediate families of the reigning sovereigns; those princes only, whose propinquity may indicate the probable succession to the throne; omitting, where possible, the collateral, or more remote branches, as being unnecessary in a work of this nature.

2 The youth and imbecility of the royal race of France had allowed the mayors of the palace, from being merely servants of the court, to rise to the important rank of commanding in the kingdom. They were appointed to the office by the grandees of the state, and not by the sovereign; and, after the death of Dagobert I., the mayors assumed the command of the armies and the management of the finances, so that nothing was left to the descendants of Merovæus, but the empty title of king.

FRANCE.

sovereign, who is succeeded by his |
brother,

695. Childebert III., surnamed the Just: in
this reign Pepin also exercises the royal
power.

711. Dagobert III., son of Childebert.
716. Chilperic II. (Daniel): he is governed, and
at length deposed, by Charles Martel,
mayor of the palace, whose sway is now
unbounded.

719. Clotaire IV., of obscure origin, raised by
Charles Martel to the throne: dies soon
after, and Chilperic is recalled from
Aquitaine, whither he had fled for re-
fuge. Henault.
720. Chilperic II., restored: he shortly after-
wards dies at Noyon, and is succeeded by
Thierry IV., son of Dagobert III., sur-
named de Chelles: died in 737. Charles
Martel now rules under the new title
of" duke of the French."- Henault.
737. Interregnum, till the death of Charles
Martel, in 741; and until

986. Louis V. the Indolent, son of Lothaire :
also poisoned, it is supposed by his
queen Blanche. In this prince ended
the race of Charlemagne.1

THE CAPETS.

987. Hugh Capet, eldest son of Hugh the Abbot,
and the Great, count of Paris, &c. he
seized the crown, in prejudice to Charles
of Lorraine, uncle of Louis Transmarine.
From him this race of kings is called
Capevingians, and Capetians.
Robert II., surnamed the Sage, son of
Hugh: died lamented.

996.

1031.
1060.

1108.

1137.

742. Childeric III., son of Chilperic II., sur-
named the Stupid. Carloman and Pepin, 1180.
the sons of Charles Martel, share the
government of the kingdom, in this reign.

THE CARLOVINGIANS.

752. Pepin the Short, son of Charles Martel: he is succeeded by his two sons,

768. Charlemagne and Carloman: the former,
surnamed the Great, crowned emperor
of the West, by Leo III., in 800. Car-
loman reigned but three years.

814. Louis, le Debonnaire, emperor: dethroned,
but restored to his dominions.
840. Charles, surnamed the Bald; emperor
875: poisoned by Zedechias, a Jew
-Henault.
physician..

1223.

1226.

1270.

Henry I., son of Robert.

ceeded at eight years of age, and ruled
Philip I. the Fair, and l'Amoureux: sục-
at fourteen.

Louis VI., surnamed the Lusty, or le Gros:
succeeded by his son.

Louis VII., surnamed the Young, to dis-
tinguish him from his father, with whom
he was for some years associated on the
throne.

Philip II. (Augustus); succeeds to the
crown at fifteen: crowned at Rheims
in his father's lifetime.

Louis VIII., Cœur de Lion, son of Philip:
succeeded by
throne at fifteen, under the guardian-
Louis IX., called St. Louis; ascended the
ship of his mother, who was also regent:
died in his camp before Tunis, and was
canonized.

Philip III., the Hardy; son of Louis IX. :
died at Perpignan.

1285.

in

Philip IV., the Fair: ascended the throne in his 17th year.

1314.

877. Louis the Stammerer, son of Charles the Bald.

879. Louis III. and Carloman II.: the former
died in 882; and Carloman reigned alone.
884. Charles le Gros; an usurper, in prejudice
to Charles the Simple.

887. Eudes or Hugh, count of Paris.
893. Charles III. the Simple: deposed, and died
in prison in 929: he had married Ed-
gina, daughter of Edward the Elder,
of England, by whom he had a son,
who was afterwards king.

crowned at
Rheims; but Charles marched an army
against him, and killed him in battle.
Henault.

922. Robert, brother of Eudes:

923. Rodolf, duke of Burgundy: elected king;
but he was never acknowledged by the
southern provinces.- Henault.
936. Louis IV. d'Outremer, or Transmarine
(from having been conveyed by his mo-
ther into England), son of Charles III.
and Edgina: died by a fall from his horse.
954. Lothaire, his son: he had reigned jointly
with his father from 952, and succeeds
him, at 15 years of age, under the pro-
tection of Hugh the Great: poisoned.

Louis X., surnamed Hutin, an old French word signifying headstrong, or mutiHenault.

nous.

1316. John, a posthumous son of Louis X.: lived a few days only.

1322.

Philip V., the Long (on account of his
stature); brother of Louis X.
Charles IV., the Handsome: this king,
and Louis X., John, and Philip V.,
were kings of Navarre.

HOUSE OF VALOIS.

1328. Philip VI., de Valois, grandson of Philip
He was called the For-
the Hardy.
tunate; but this must have been before
the battle of Cressy.

1350.

1364.

John II., the Good: died suddenly in the
Savoy in London.

Charles V., surnamed the Wise: the first
prince who had the title of Dauphin.2
Freret.

1380. Charles VI., the Beloved.
1422. Charles VII., the Victorious.
1461. Louis XI.; detested for his atrocious cru-
elties.

1483. Charles VIII., the Affable.
1498. Louis XII., duke of Orleans, surnamed the
Father of his People.

1 Towards the end of the second race, the kingdom was held by the law of feudal tenures; and was governed rather as a great fief, than as a monarchy.-Mezeray.

2 It is a vulgar error to suppose, that by the treaty (1343) which gave the full sovereignty of Dauphiné to our kings, it was stipulated that the eldest son of the king should bear the title of dauphin; so far from it, the first dauphin named in that agreement, was Philip, second son of Philip, of Valois. — Henault.

C 4

1515. Francis I., of Angoulême; called the
Father of Letters.

1547. Henry II.: died of a wound received at a
tournament, when celebrating the nup-
tials of his sister with the duke of Savoy,
accidentally given him by the count de 1814.
Montmorency.

1559. Francis II.; married Mary Stuart, after-
wards queen of Scots: died the year
after his accession.

1560. Charles IX.; Catherine of Medicis, his mother, obtained the regency, which trust she abused.

1574. Henry III., elected king of Poland: murdered Aug. 1, 1589, by Jacques Clement, a Dominican friar. In this prince was extinguished the house of Valois.

HOUSE OF BOURBON.

1589. Henry IV., the Great, of Bourbon, king of Navarre: murdered by Francis Ravillac. 1610. Louis XIII., the Just, son of the preceding king.

1643. Louis XIV., the Great, also styled Dieu

1824.

donne. This was a long and splendid reign. 1830. 1715. Louis XV., the Well-beloved; but which surname he lost.

1774. Louis XVI., his grandson: ascended the

abdicates in favour of his infant son, June 22. Banished to St. Helena, where he dies, May 5, 1821.

BOURBONS RESTORED.

Louis XVIII. (compte de Provence), next brother of Louis XVI.; born Nov. 17, 1755; married-Maria-Josephine-Louise, of Savoy. Entered Paris, and took possession of the throne, May 3, 1814; obliged to flee, March 20, 1815; returned, July 8, same year: died Sept. 16, 1824, leaving no issue.

Charles X. (compte d'Artois), his brother; born Oct. 9, 1757; married Maria-Therese, of Savoy. Conflicts in Paris between the populace (ultimately aided by the national guard) and the army, commence July 27, and the king is deposed, July 30, 1830. He subsequently takes refuge in England; and dies at Gratz, in Hungary, Nov. 6, 1836.

HOUSE OF ORLEANS. Louis-Philippe, son of the celebrated duke of Orleans, called Egalité; born Oct. 6, 1773; married, Nov. 25, 1809, MariaAmelia, daughter of Ferdinand I. (IV.) king of the Two Sicilies. Raised to the throne, as king of the French, Aug. 9, 1830: deposed Feb. 24, 1848. Died in exile, in England, Aug. 26, 1850

throne in his 20th year; married the
archiduchess Maria-Antoinette, of Aus-
tria, in May, 1770. Dethroned in the
great revolution, which commenced with
the destruction of the Bastile, July 14,
1789: the king was guillotined, Jan. 21,
1793; and his queen, Oct. 16, following. 1848. The revolution commenced in a popular

1793. Louis XVII., son of Louis XVI. Though

numbered with the kings, this prince
never reigned: he died in prison, sup-
posed by poison, June 8, 1795, aged ten
years and two months.

FRENCH EMPIRE.

1804. Napoleon Buonaparte, born Aug. 15, 1769.
Elected by the republic consul for ten
years, May 8, 1802; made first consul
for life, Aug. 2, same year; and declared
emperor, May 18, 1804. Divorced his
first wife, the empress Josephine; and
married Maria-Lousia of Austria, April
7, 1810. The reverses of Napoleon com-
pelled him to renounce the thrones of
France and Italy, and accept the isle of
Elba for his retreat, April 5, 1814.
1815. Napoleon again appears in France, March 1.
He is defeated at Waterloo; and finally

NEW REPUBLIC.

insurrection at Paris, Feb. 22, 1848. The royal family escaped by flight to England, a provisional government was established, monarchy abolished, and France declared a republic.

Louis-Napoleon-Charles Buonaparte,

(born April 20, 1808), son of Louis Buonaparte, some time king of Holland, and nephew of the late emperor Napoleon: elected president of the republic, by 6,048,872 votes, out of 8,040,604; having a majority of 4,600,770 votes over his great rival, general Cavaignac, Dec. 11, 1848. Louis-Napoleon declared by the na

tional assembly (Dec. 19), president of the republic of France; and proclaimed, next day, Dec. 20. The now (1850) President.

EX-KING LOUIS-PHILIPPE.

II. Robert-Philippe-Louis - Eugene - Ferdinand, of Orleans, duc de Chartres; born Nov. 9, 1840.

Louisa-Maria-Therese-Charlotte-Isabel; born April 3, 1812; late queen of the Belgians. 3. Maria-Christiana-Caroline-Adelaide-Frances', mademoiselle of Valois; born April 12, 1813; died duchess of Wurtemberg, Jan. 2, 1839. Louis-Charles-Philippe-Raphael, duc de Ne

4.

It was this charming and gifted princess who sculptured, among other works, the beautiful figures of Joan of Arc, so well known, from copies, in England. Of her, when she died, her amiable mother, the queen, said, with sainted resignation, “O GOD! thou hast an angel more; I have a daughter less." The prince de Joinville, in a letter with which his royal highness honoured us, in relation to the death of this sister, says: "Le duc de Nemours, son frère, en lui fermant les yeux, dit: Nous avons perdu un ange sur la terre, mais une sainte est au ciel." This affecting domestic incident, a natural one, is introduced out of respect for the family. - EDITOR.