Himself sent fear. But what availed Typhoëus, Hurler of trees uptorn, Enceladus, Rushing against Minerva's sounding ægis? Will from his shoulders lay aside the bow, Who, in the pure dew of Castalia's fountain, Apollo, Delian and Pataréan king. By its own weight sinks force, when void of counsel : To each unhallowed deed-the gods abhor. Witness this truth, the hundred-handed Gyas- By the chaste conqueror with the virgin shaft. ''Aut quid minaci Porphyrion statu.' As more poetic and expressive, I have adopted the literal translation of 'status'-i.e., 'a standing still,' as opposed to motion-rather than that of attitude,' in which sense Forcellini interprets the word in these lines,--an interpretation commended by Yonge. 2 Every reader of taste will be struck by the exquisite grace with which Horace lingers on this lovely picture of Apollo (Augustus s favourite deity), in contrast, as Orelli observes, to the monstrous images to which he is opposed. Delius et Patareus:' Apollo is mythically said to have resided (or given oracles) at Patara, in Lycia, for six months in the year-the other six at Delos, his native isle. Macleane remarks that, In enumerating the principal gods who assisted Zeus in Sed quid Typhoëus et validus Mimas, Contra sonantem Palladis ægida Qui rore puro Castaliæ lavit Vis consili expers mole ruit sua : Testis mearum centimanus Gyas Tentator Orion Dianæ, Virginea domitus sagitta. the battle, Horace means to say, that although they were present, it was Pallas to whom the victory is mainly owing, otherwise the force of his argument is lost.' But, as is said in the introduction, Horace appears to me to have desired emphatically, though symbolically, to intimate the nature of the Powers that were ranged on the side of Pallas, i.e., in the cause of Augustus-Vulcan, the representative of industry—Juno, of social order and marriage-Apollo, of arts and letters. This supposition is in accordance with the social or political objects to which these odes are devoted, and with the special benefits which Horace elsewhere ascribes to the reign of Augustus. Earth heaped above them mourns her buried monsters, Hurled by the heavenly bolt; The swiftest fires consume not Ætna, piled Over the struggling giant ;1 the wing'd jailer 2 Three hundred fetters hold The ravisher Pirithous fast in hell. EXCURSUS. 'Me fabulosa Volture in Apulo Ludo fatigatumque somno.' I omit in the translation the adjective Apulian (Apulo) applied to Vultur, because, as between Apulo in one line and Apuliæ in the next, the text is generally supposed to be corrupt. Apu(lo) in the first line, is Apu(lia) in the second; and 1 'Nec peredit Impositam celer ignis Ætnam.' The fires of Ætna, however swiftly they burst forth, cannot consume the heap piled above Enceladus, so as ever to free him.-ORELLI. Horace does not say who was the giant crushed under Etna. Callimachus says it was Enceladus, and also Briareus; Pindar and Eschylus say it was Typhoeus. I have left this question in the translation as vague as Horace leaves it, though I have been compelled to take the licence of adding the words, the struggling giant,' in order to prevent a misconception of the meaning,-such as occurs, for instance, in Smart, Nor does the active fire consume Ætna, that is placed over it.' 2 The vulture. 6 Injecta monstris Terra dolet suis, Impositam celer ignis Ætnam; ' Incontinentis nec Tityi jecur Pirithoum cohibent catena. 1 and though there are sufficient instances of variation of quantity in proper names-such as Priamus, Priamides, Sicanus, Sicania, Italus, &c.—yet it is thought improbable that in so elaborate a poem Horace would have varied the quantity in two consecutive lines, and says Munro, 'to shorten an essentially long Italian syllable like Apulia or Appenninus would be portentous in classical times.' Passing by the prosodiacal objection, a graver difficulty has been found in the construction, "Me in Apulian Vultur beyond the threshold of my nurse Apulia.' The Appennine range, still called 'Monte Vulture,' was partly in Apulia, partly in Lucania. And Horace, Satire ii. I, says it is doubtful whether he was a Lucanian or an Apulian, for the farmers of Venusia (his birth place) ploughed the boundaries. of both these provinces. Had he said 'Lucanian Vultur,' 'beyond the threshold of Apulia,' the passage, therefore, would have been clear; but in Apulian Vultur, out of Apulia,' is a puzzle for commentators. It is not to be wondered at that Bentley, ever ready upon slighter ground to disturb a text and hazard an invention, should vehemently repudiate this reading; and getting rid of Apulia and poetry altogether, boldly propose to read, 'Nutricis (or Altricis) extra limina sedulæ,' 'beyond the threshold of my careful nurse.' Another critic, still more ingenious, not contented with taking altrix' or 'nutrix' literally as Horace's nurse in flesh and blood, has discovered her name to be Pulia, extra limina Puliæ;' in which case the lines may be imitated thus :— 'Me on the slope of Brighton Downs, Beyond the threshold of nurse Downie.' The most recent and the most plausible conjecture will be found in the preface to Mr. Yonge's edition, p. vi., ' Altricis extra limina villulæ,' 'beyond the precincts of my native homestead.' To this Munro objects that diminutives used to such excess in the language of the people, in the comic poets, in Catullus and others, almost disappeared from the higher poetry of the Augustan and later ages.' Mr. Yonge suggests, p. vii., a yet bolder, but a less acceptable emendation, 'Nutricis extra limina villicæ,' observing, that the 'villica' was an important person in a plain countryhouse-the responsible manager for every part of the household arrangements. The construction would then be, 'beyond the threshold of my nurse the bailiff's wife.' As the obscurity of this passage has tasked the subtlest critics, I feel that I shall gratify all Horatian scholars by subjecting the following communication from a very high authority: -'I cannot see any difficulty about the Apuliæ and Apulo; the adjective and substantive often differ in accent, as gallant and gallant. Horace claims Vultur as an Apulian mountain, but says that he has strayed beyond its Apulian side; just as a child at Macugnaga might say that he had strayed on the "Piedmontese Monte Moro" beyond the limits of Piedmont.' ODE V. THE SOLDIER FORFEITS HIS COUNTRY WHO SURRENDERS HIMSELF TO THE ENEMY IN BATTLE. In this ode the political object of Horace is to stigmatise the Roman soldiers, who, being made prisoners-or, to use an appropriate French word, détenus—after the defeat of Crassus, had accustomed themselves to the country in |