loganberries, gooseberries, currants, and cranberries. Sweet potatoes are an important crop. In 1909 the acreage of these was 10,568, the production 1,050,932 bushels, and the value $506,760. Broom corn is also one of the most important of the minor crops; the acreage harvested in 1909 was 38,452, the production 19,309,425 pounds, and the value $1,457,172.

Live Stock.—On Jan. 1, 1914, according to the estimates of the United States Department of Agriculture, there were in the State 2,233,000 cattle, valued at $102,843,000; 1,497,000 horses, valued at $169,161,000; 148,000 mules, valued at $17,908,000; 4,358,000 swine, valued at $47,066,000; 984,000 sheep, valued at $4,920,000. The total number of poultry of all kinds in 1910 was 21,409,835, with a value of $11,696,650.

Dairy Products.-In 1909, 320,440,399 gallons of milk were produced. The butter made amounted to 46,609,992 pounds, and the cheese, 81,918. Butter was valued at $10,493,217, and cheese at $8396. The milk sold was valued at $18,314,172.

Forest Products. There were 54,618 farms in the State in 1909 which reported forest products. These included firewood, fencing material, logs, railroad ties, telegraph and telephone poles, materials for barrels, bark, and naval stores, with a total value of $3,325,259. In 1909 there were 814 saw mills in the State; but the greater part of the total value of products was from the planing mills, which include establishments making sash, doors, blinds, stair work, moldings, and interior woodwork. The total value of products of these industries in 1909 was $44,952,000.

Manufactures.

Illinois is the most important manufacturing State west of the Alleghanies. It has excellent railroad facilities and has the advantages of cheap water transportation afforded by the Mississippi and its tributaries and by the Great Lakes. (See Transportation, below.) In 1910 there were 32 incorporated places with populations of 10,000 or over. These contained 52.3 per cent of the total population, and in 1909 had 83.1 per cent of the total value of its manufactures. The growth of the industry is shown by the fact that in 1849 there was an average of 11,559 wage earners, representing 1.4 per cent of the total population. In 1879 this had increased to an average of 144,727 wage earners, or 4.7 per cent of the total, and in 1909 to an average of 465,764 wage earners, or 8.3 per cent of the total population. The gross value of products per capita of the total population increased from $19.42 in 1849 to $340.38 in 1909, and the proportion which the manufactures of the State represented of the total value of the products of manufacturing industries in the United States increased from 1.6 per cent in 1849 to 9.3 per cent in 1909. In the value of its manufactures Illinois ranked fifteenth in 1849 and third in 1909. Details in regard to the most important manufactures of the State in 1904 and 1909 are shown in the table herewith. On account of the limitations of space only those industries whose product in 1909 had a value of $10,000,000 or more are included in this table.

In 1909 there were 95 industries, or industry groups, the products of which were valued at more than $500,000 each. These include 8 with products exceeding $50,000,000, 8 with products between $25,000,000 and $50,000,000 in value, 15 with products between $10,000,000 and $25,000,000 in value, 17 with products between $5,

000,000 and $10,000,000 in value, 34 with products between $1,000,000 and $5,000,000 in value, and 13 with products between $500,000 and $1,000,000. The most important single industry in value of products is that connected with slaughtering and meat packing. In this industry Illinois held first place-the value of the output in 1909 ($389,595,000) forming 28.4 per cent of the total for the industry in the United States. Second in value of products are those related to foundries and machine shops. Then follow the men's clothing industries and printing and publishing. Most of the clothing establishments are located in Chicago. In printing and publishing industries Illinois ranks second only to New York, and the value of the products in 1909 formed 11.8 per cent of the total for the United States. The products of iron and steel, steel works and rolling mills, ranked fifth, and the manufacture of agricultural implements sixth, in point of value. In 1909 Illinois contributed $38,300,000, or 9.8 per cent of the total value of products for all blast furnaces in the country. The manufacture of wire is a very important branch of the iron and steel industry. Illinois has always been the leading State in the manufacture of agricultural implements and in 1909 manufactured 39.1 per cent of the total value of these products for the United States. The growth in the manufacture of automobiles from 1904 to 1909 is remarkable. The total number of persons engaged in manufactures during 1909 was 561,044, of whom 465,764 were wage earners. In all the manufacturing industries combined, 82.2 per cent of the average number in 1909 were males 16 years of age and over; 16.3 per cent were females 16 years of age and over; and 1.5 per cent were children under the age of 16. The men's clothing industry employed more women than any other industry, and together with women's clothing and men's furnishinggoods industries employed nearly one-third of the total number of female wage earners 16 years of age and over. Other industries employing large numbers of female wage earners are printing and publishing, slaughtering and meat packing, and the manufacture of clocks and watches, millinery and lace goods, electrical machinery, tobacco products, and fancy and paper goods. Of the wage earners under 16 years of age, the larger number were employed in the men's clothing industry, printing and publishing, the manufacture of fancy and paper boxes, boot and shoe industry, the manufacture of pianos and organs, the confectionery industry, and in the foundry and machine shops.

In 1909, 69.5 per cent of the establishments were located in cities having a population of 10,000 and over. Of the value of products, 83.1 per cent was produced in incorporated places having over 10,000 inhabitants. Of the total number of wage earners employed in 1909, 63.1 per cent were in Chicago, and 66.8 per cent of the total value of products was produced in that city. For details in regard to manufacturing industries of Chicago, see CHICAGO; and for industries relating to other cities in Illinois, see separate titles.

In all industries 28.9 per cent were under corporate ownership in 1909. Establishments owned by corporations produced 85.8 per cent of the total value of products in 1909; establishments under firm ownership represented only 16.5 per cent of the total number in 1909.

The total figures for manufactures presented

2.127 546 8.034

12,794

4,216

21.870

13,267

9,874 2,032

371 7.471

9,102

3.738

16,062

10,067

herewith do not include the statistics for an establishment operated by the Federal government -the arsenal at Rock Island. In 1909 this plant employed an average of 1698 wage earners, and the value of its products, which consisted of infantry, cavalry, and artillery equipment, was $3,114,338.

Transportation. Many trunk lines, both between the East and West and between the North and South, enter or pass through Illinois, and nearly every county is traversed by one or more railroads running into Chicago or St. Louis. On Jan. 30, 1909, there were 150 railroad companies having lines through the State. In that year Illinois had approximately 12,000 miles of main track of steam railroad, an average of over 21 miles for every 100 square miles of territory, and also 2700 miles of electric railroads. In addition to these ample railroad facilities the State has the advantage of cheap water transportation afforded by the Mississippi River and its navigable tributaries and by the Great Lakes. The total mileage of main lines on June 30, 1913, was 12,168. There were in addition 3024 miles of additional main tracks, 563 miles of industrial tracks, and 7496 miles of yard tracks and sidings, or a total of 23,252 miles. There were in the same year 1544 miles of surface and elevated electric railways. This includes only main lines. There were also 213 miles of additional main tracks, 33 miles of industrial tracks, and 139 miles of yard tracks and sidings, making a total electric mileage of 930. In railway mileage Illinois exceeds every other State except Texas. In 1907 a canal was completed by the United States government from Hennepin to Rock River. This, together with the Illinois and Michigan Canal at La Salle, completed in 1848, provides an improved waterway from Chicago to the Mississippi River. In 1908 a bond issue to the amount of $20,000,000 was authorized to provide for making a canal as far as the city of Utica, on the Illinois River, and for connecting this with the Chicago Sanitary District at Joliet. (For an account of the transportation facilities of Chicago, see CHICAGO.) A railway and warehouse commission has general charge of the railways with authority to fix freight and passenger rates. This commission was established in 1871 and is the oldest commission of the sort in the United States. The laws governing this commission were amended in 1911, and its powers were increased. The United States government is making improvements in several rivers.

Banks. There were in Illinois, on June 4, 1913, 459 national banks, with a capital of $75,777,000 and deposits of $863,142,000; 697 State banks, with deposits subject to check amounting to $89,009,781 and savings deposits of $76,289,250; 53 loan and trust companies, with deposits subject to check amounting to $85,329,102 and savings deposits of $216,644,432; and 235 private banks with deposits subject to check of $17,513,737 and savings deposits of $9,139,065.

Finance. Receipts from all sources and disbursements from Oct. 1, 1912, to Sept. 30, 1914, amounted to $39,708,784 and $32,952,862 respectively. There was a balance at the end of the period of $12,255,132. The chief sources of revenue are State taxes, the inheritance tax, the Illinois Central Railroad, and fees collected by the different State departments. The chief expenditures are for the National Guard, the University of Illinois, normal schools, charitable and penal institutions, the salaries of officers

and employees, and members of the Legislature. The bonded debt of the State was $17,500.

Government. The State has been governed under three constitutions. The first became operative when Illinois was admitted to the Union in 1818, the second was ratified by the people in 1848, and the third and present constitution in 1870. It has been several times amended since its adoption. A convention for amending or revising the constitution may be called upon the concurrence of a two-thirds majority of each House submitting the question of whether such convention shall be held to the electors, who shall decide, by a majority vote, whether a convention shall be held. If the proposal is accepted by the electors the General Assembly shall at the next session provide for a convention to consist of double the number of members in the Senate. This convention must within three months after the election prepare such revision, alteration, or amendments of the constitution as shall be deemed necessary. These amendments are then submitted to the electors for their ratification or rejection at an election appointed by the convention for that purpose, not less than two nor more than six months after the adjournment. Amendments may also be proposed in either House of the General Assembly, and if they shall be voted for by two-thirds of all the members elected to each of the two Houses, such proposed amendments shall be submitted to the electors at the next election. The General Assembly may not propose amendments to more than one article of the constitution at the same session nor to the same article more than once in four years.

Legislative.-Legislative power is vested in a General Assembly, which consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. Elections for members are held biennially on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. A senator must be 25 years of age and a representative 21 years of age. The State is divided into 51 senatorial districts, each of which elects one senator, whose term of office is four years. The General Assembly apportions the State every 10 years in accordance with the results of the Federal census. The result is divided by 51, and the quotient obtained is the ratio of representation in the Senate. Each senatorial district elects three representatives to serve for a term of two years. In all elections of representatives each qualified voter may cast as many votes for one candidate as there are representatives to be elected, or may distribute the same, or equal parts thereof, among the candidates, as he shall see fit; and the candidates highest in number of votes shall be declared elected. This provi sion of the constitution is designed to secure minority representation. The legislators receive $2000 each for the two years for which they are elected. The General Assembly may not pass local or special laws for granting divorces, regulating county or township affairs, regulating the practice in courts of impeachment, regulating the practice in courts of justice, or granting to any corporation, association, or individual any special or exclusive privilege, immunity, or franchise. The House of Representatives has the sole power of impeachment, and all impeachments are tried by the Senate.

Executive. The executive department of the government consists of a Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor of Public Accounts, Treasurer, Superintendent of Public

Instruction, and Attorney-General. These, with the exception of the Treasurer, hold office for four years, from the second Monday of January next after election. They must, except the Lieutenant Governor, reside at the seat of government during their term of office. The Treasurer holds office for two years and until his successor is elected and qualified. He is ineligible to the office for two years next after the end of the term for which he was elected. No person is eligible to the office of Governor or Lieutenant Governor who has not attained the age of 30 years and who has not been for the five years immediately preceding his election a citizen of the State. The Governor has the usual veto power over legislative measures. The Lieutenant Governor is President of the Senate.

Judiciary.-Judicial power is vested in a supreme court, circuit courts, appellate courts, county courts, probate courts, and such courts as may be created by law in and for cities and incorporated towns. The supreme court consists of seven judges, one of whom shall be chief justice. Four of these constitute a quorum, and a concurrence of four is necessary to every decision. The State is divided into seven districts, in each of which a judge of the supreme court is elected for a term of nine years. The State, exclusive of Cook County and other counties having a population of 100,000 or over, is divided into judicial circuits. For each of these three judges are elected for a term of six years. The circuit courts have original jurisdiction of all cases in law and equity and such appellate jurisdiction as is or may be provided by law. They are required to hold two or more terms each year in every county. Inferior appellate courts, of uniform organization and jurisdiction, may be created in districts formed for that purpose. In these courts such appeals and writs of error as the General Assembly may provide may be prosecuted from circuit and other courts. Appellate courts are held by such number of judges of the circuit courts and at such times and places and in such manner as may be provided by law. One judge is elected for each county. County courts are courts of record and have original jurisdiction in all matters of probate, settlement of estates of deceased persons, and such other jurisdiction as may be provided by general law. Cook County, which comprises the city of Chicago, forms one judicial district. The courts of Cook County consist of 14 judges of the Circuit Court of Cook County, one of whom is chief justice, and 18 judges of the superior court of Cook County. These are all elected for six years.

Suffrage and Elections.-Persons who have resided in the State for one year, in the county 90 days, and in the election district 30 days immediately preceding any election therein, and those who were electors in the State on the first day of April, 1848, or obtained a certificate of naturalization before any court of record in the State prior to the first day of January, 1870, or those who are male citizens of the United States above the age of 21 years, are qualified voters. The Legislature of 1913 passed a measure giving to all women who are citizens of the United States and 21 years old the right to vote for nominees for all offices created by statute. Its limitations prevent women from voting for governor, United States senators, representatives in Congress, members of the Legislature, nearly all judges, and limits the voting privilege to the presidential electors, university trustees, and

various county, township, and municipal officers. This measure was upheld as valid by the Supreme Court of the State in 1914. The Legisla ture in special session in 1910 passed acts providing for primary elections. Three primary

laws passed prior to that year had been declared unconstitutional by the State court. The first of these measures, passed in 1910, was a general act to provide for the holding of primary elections by political parties, and the second provided for the holding of primary elections for the nomination of members of the General Assembly and the election of senatorial committeemen. By provisions of the general act a political party which at the general election for State and county officers next preceding a primary polled more than 2 per cent of the entire vote cast is declared to be a political party within the State and may nominate all candidates provided for in the act. Primary elections are held for the nomination of all candidates for State, congressional, senatorial, county, town, city, or village officers, and for the election of precinct, ward, and State central committeemen, and delegates and alternate delegates to national nominating conventions. The act does not apply to nominations of candidates for election of PresiIdent and Vice President of the United States, trustees of the State University, school or township officers. All conventions are held on the first Friday after the first Monday next succeeding the September primary. The convention of each political party has power to make nominations for presidential electors and trustees of the University of Illinois. It may also adopt a party platform.

The primary to nominate candidates for State, congressional, senatorial, and county officers to be elected on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November is held on the first Wednesday after the second Tuesday in September. The Legislature of 1913 amended the measures relating to elections so as to bring them into conformation with the Seventeenth Amendment of the United States Constitution, providing for the direct election of senators.

In every year

in which a President of the United States is to be elected, a primary is held on the second Tuesday in April to nominate delegates and alternate delegates to national nominating conventions and for the purpose of securing an expression of the sentiment and will of the voters in respect to candidates for the nomination for President. This is the presidential primary and provides that the vote of the State at large is to be considered advisory to delegates at large to conventions, and the vote of each congressional district is considered to be advisory to delegates of the district. Candidates for United States senator are included as "State officers" and are nominated at the September primary in the same manner as other State officers.

Local and Municipal Government.-The General Assembly provides for township organization under which any county may organize whenever a majority of the legal voters voting at any general election shall so determine. Each county has a board of commissioners. The county affairs of Cook County, which includes Chicago, are managed by a board of commissioners of 15 persons, 10 of whom are elected from the city of Chicago and 5 persons from outside that city. The officials include a county judge, county clerk, sheriff, and treasurer. The Legislature of 1910 passed a measure providing for a commission

form of government in towns and cities, by the terms of which all cities and villages not exceeding 200,000 in population have the power to adopt a commission form of government. Whenever the electors of such city or village equal in number to one-tenth of the votes cast for all candidates for mayor or president of the board of trustees at the last preceding election shall petition the judge of the circuit court of the county to submit to a vote of the electors of the city or village the proposition as to whether it shall adopt and become entitled to the provisions of the act, it is the duty of the judge of the court to submit such a proposition at a special city or village election to be held within 60 days. The measure includes provisions for the recall of elective officers and for the initiative and referendum. By the provisions of the general election law, on a written petition signed by 25 per cent of the registered voters of any incorporated town, village, city, township, county, or school district, or 10 per cent of the registered voters of the State, it shall be the duty of the proper election officers in each case to submit any questions of public policy so petitioned for to the electors of such incorporated towns, villages, etc., at any general or special election named in the petition. Not more than three propositions shall be submitted at the same election, and these propositions must be submitted in the order of their filing.

Other Constitutional and Statutory Provisions. No corporation may be created by special laws, or its charter extended, changed, or amended, except those for charitable, educational, penal, or reformatory purposes. It is unlawful for commissioners of any penitentiary or other reformatory institutions to let by contract to any person or persons or corporations the labor of any convict confined within the institutions. There is a pure-food law conforming in its chief features to the national law, administered under the supervision of the State Food Commissioner. There is a stringent workmen's compensation law, applying to certain dangerous industries only. Physicians are required to report cases of occupational diseases, and employers must arrange for the examination by a licensed physician, once every calendar month, of all employees in dangerous processes likely to result in such diseases. A State mining board composed of five members has charge of the administration of the coal-mining laws. The Legislature of 1913 passed a measure providing for mothers' pensions and for the municipal ownership of public utilities. The State is under a system of local option for the control of liquor traffic. At the end of 1913 the following cities with a population of 5000 or more were under "no license": Champaign, Evanston, Jacksonville, Oak Park, Paris, Rockford, Urbana, and Zion City. The proportion of the population under "no license" on that date was 33 per cent. The local-option law, which was enacted in 1907, provides for a vote on the liquor question in townships, villages, and cities. Drinking and drunkenness on railroad trains and interurban cars are prohibited. The Legislature of 1913 passed a 4mile dry-zone bill which makes it impossible for saloons to be located within 4 miles of the State University at Champaign and Urbana.

Militia. The total number of males of militia age in 1910 was 1,330,556. The organization consists of a first, second, and third brigade of infantry, the first regiment of cavalry, the first

battalion of field artillery, a company of engineers, a company of signal troops, and a company of sanitary troops. There are five regiments of 12 companies each, one regiment of 12 companies, one machine-gun platoon, and two regiments of 11 companies each. The cavalry regiment consists of nine troops, and the field artillery consists of one battalion and three batteries. The total number of enlisted men on Jan. 1, 1913, was 5408. The officers numbered 506.

Population. The population by decades has been as follows: 1810, 12,282; 1820, 55,211; 1830, 157,445; 1840, 476,183; 1850, 851,470; 1860, 1,711,951; 1870, 2,539,891; 1880, 3,077,871; 1890, 3,816,351; 1900, 4,821,550; 1910, 5,638,591; 1914, 5,986,781; 1920, 6,485,280. The population per square mile in 1910 was 100.6. In 1910 the population in places of 2500 or more was 3,476,929, or 61.7 per cent. The rural population in 1910 was 2,161,662. The white population in 1910 numbered 5,526,962, and the negroes numbered 109,049. The whites of native parentage in 1910 numbered 2,600,555. The native whites of foreign or mixed parentage numbered 1,723,847. The foreign-born whites numbered 1,202,560. Germans are most numerous among both the foreign-born whites and native whites of foreign parentage. The State was divided by sex in 1910 between 2,911,674 males and 2,726,917 females. The males of voting age numbered 1,743,182.

In 1910 there were 12 cities with a population of 25,000 or over. The populations of these in 1910 were as follows: Chicago, 2,185,283; Peoria. 66,950; East St. Louis, 58,547; Springfield, 51,678; Rockford, 45,401; Quincy, 36,587; Joliet, 34,670; Decatur, 31,140; Aurora, 29,807; Danville, 27,871; Elgin, 25,976; Bloomington, 25,768. The estimated population of Chicago on July 1, 1914, was 2,393,325.

Religion. Estimated upon the reported number of Church communicants, the Methodists about equal the Roman Catholics in their adherents. The Baptists, Disciples of Christ, Presbyterians, German Evangelicals, Congregationalists, Lutherans (General Council), and Protestant Episcopalians follow in importance in the order named.

Education. The free-school system of Illinois dates from 1855, and progress has been made in perfecting it, especially in lengthening the school year. According to the thirteenth census, the school population, ages 6 to 20, was 1,615,914; the average number in school attendance was 1,025,053; out of a total population of 10 years old or over (4,493,734), only 168,294, or 3.7 per cent, were illiterate. Illiterates among the native whites numbered only 40,486, or 1.3 per cent, and among foreign-born whites, 117,751, or 10.1 per cent. Among the negroes illiterates numbered 9713, with a percentage of 10.5. On June 30, 1913, the school population, ages 6 to 21, was, according to the report of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1,582,180; the enrollment was 1,010,215. There were employed 5609 men teachers and 24,956 women teachers, making a total of 30,565 teachers. The average annual wages paid to men teachers was $772.07 and to women teachers $643.70. The amount expended for all school purposes in 1913 was $37,923,943. 1912 there were 671 high schools, in which were enrolled 71,577 secondary students; of these, 65 schools were in cities of 4000 population. There were in addition 91 private high schools and

In