ÎLE DE FRANCE, êl de fräns. The former name of Mauritius (q.v.), an island in the Indian Ocean.

ÎLE DE FRANCE. One of the old provinces of France, having Paris as its capital, and now mostly comprised in the departments of Seine, Seine-et-Oise, Seine-et-Marne, Aisne, and Oise. During the last century of the Carolingian dynasty, the Ile de France was possessed by a race of powerful nobles who took the title of dukes of France. One of the ablest of these was Hugh, or Hugues, surnamed the Great, or the White, who for 20 years previous to his death (956) virtually wielded the sovereign power under the Carolingian kings Louis IV and Lothair. His son Hugh Capet eventually became the actual sovereign. Consult A. Longnon, "L'Ile de France," in Mémoires de la Société de l'Histoire de Paris et de l'Ile de France, vol. i (Paris, 1875), and E. W. Rose, Cathedrals and Cloisters of the Isle de France (2 vols., New York, 1910). ÎLE DE RE. See RE, ILE de. ILEOCÆCAL (il'ê-ô-sē ́kal) VALVE. A valvular constriction that guards the passage between the large and the small intestine, at the opening of the cæcum. It consists of a double fold of mucous membrane and is present in all mammals except certain carnivora.

ILER'DA. See LERIDA.
IL/EUM. See INTESTINE.

IL'EUS (Neo-Lat., from Lat. ileos, Gk. eiλeós, eileos, ineós, ileos, severe colic, from elleiv, eilein, to roll up; connected with Lat. volvere, to roll, Eng. wallow). A severe colic, due to intestinal obstruction. Its symptoms are pain, nausea, and vomiting-which latter may contain feculent matter-rapid and feeble heart, and collapse. The obstruction may relieve itself, or, if of mechanical origin, it may require operative interference to save life.

I'LEX (Lat., holm oak). A tree often named in the Latin classics, the evergreen oak or holm oak (Quercus ilex). It is a native of most parts of the south of Europe and of the north of Africa and often attains large dimensions. Its leaves are ovate-oblong, acute, leathery, hoary beneath; but they vary much in some respects, from the size of a sloe leaf to that of a beech and from being very spiny at the edge to perfect evenness. Its wood is very hard and heavy, tough, durable, and useful, particularly for axles, pulleys, screws, and whatever is to be subjected to much friction. The acorns are of various quality, sometimes bitter and sometimes sweet and eatable. In modern botany Ilex is the generic name of the holly (q.v.).

ILFORD, il'ferd. An urban district in Essex, England, on the Roding, 7 miles east-southeast of London (Map: London, D 9). Its modern growth and importance are due to the photographic industry, the establishment of dry-plate works, and a paper mill. The erection also of the London County Council's Claybury Hall Lunatic Asylum, holding 2000 persons, has been instrumental in adding to the population. The chapel of the twelfth-century mediæval hospital

of St. Mary and St. Thomas is of archæological interest. The British Museum contains fossil remains of mammoths discovered here. Across the river is Little Ilford. Pop., 1891, 10,913; 1901, 41,244; 1911, 78,205.

ILFRACOMBE, il'frå-kōōm. A market town, seaport, and watering place on the north coast of Devon, England, finely situated amid picturesque irregular hills, on an inlet of the Bristol Channel, 11 miles north of Barnstaple (Map: England, B 5). The harbor is formed by ramparts pier. The climate is mild, and it has an excelof rock and furnished with a lighthouse and a lent promenade. Fishing is still an active industry, but shipping has declined. It is an old town and in the fourteenth century was of considerable commercial importance. Pop., 1901, 8557; 1911, 8935.

ILGEN, el'gen, KARL DAVID (1763-1834). A German philologist and educator, born at Burgholzhausen in Saxony and educated at Leipzig. In 1789 he became rector of the Gymnasium at Naumburg, in 1794 professor of Oriental languages at Jena, and in 1802 rector of the Landesschule at Pforta, where he labored with conspicuous success for nearly 30 years. His main works are: De Jobi Natura atque Virtutibus (1788); Urkunden des ersten Buches Mosis in ihrer Urgestalt (1798); Die Geschichte Tobis nach drei verschiedenen Originalen übersetzt (1800); Hymni Homerici (1796); Scolia Græcorum (1798); Opuscula Varia Philologica (1797) ; Animadversiones ad Vergilii Copam (1820). Consult Naumann, Ilgeniana (Leipzig, 1853).

IL GRECCHETTO. See CASTIGLIONE, GIOVANNI BENEDETTO.

ILI, ĕ'lē'. A river which rises, under the name of Tekes, in the Tian-Shan Mountains, on the borders of Russia and China, not far from Lake Issyk-kul, flows at first in a northeasterly and then in a westerly direction, passing the town of Kuldja, and falls into Lake Balkhash in the Russian Central Asiatic Province of Semirietchensk (Map: Asia, J 4). It is about 800 miles long, flows through a fertile and populous valley stocked with sheep and cattle, and is navigable from Kuldja.

IL'IAC ARTERIES. The two arteries formed by the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta. The aorta (q.v.) divides at its lowest point— which is usually on the left side of the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra-into the two common iliac arteries, which pass downward and outward on each side to the margin of the pelvis for about 21⁄2 inches and then divide into the external and internal iliac artery of either side. The external iliac passes obliquely downward and outward to the femoral arch, when it enters the thigh and becomes the femoral artery. The internal iliac is a short vessel, about 11⁄2 inches in length, which divides into an anterior and a posterior trunk. The anterior trunk divides into several branches, which supply the bladder, the rectum, the generative organs, and muscles both within and on the outside of the pelvis, with arterial blood; while the branches of the posterior trunk mainly supply muscles within and on the outside of the pelvis. The importance of the internal iliac artery in carrying on the circulation in uterine life is noticed in the article FŒTUS.

IL'IAD. See HOMER.

ILIAD OF FRANCE, THE. A name sometimes given to the Roman de la Rose (q.v.). ILIAN TABLET. See TABULA ILIACA.

ILIJĆ, il'ich, Dragutin (1858– ). A Servian poet and critic. Besides some poems, his important works in prose are: Novels (1892); Splendid Pictures from the First Days of Christianity (1896); The Last Prophet (1897); and several dramas.

ILIJĆ, JOVAN (1823-1901). A popular Servian poet, born in Belgrade and educated at Kragujevac, Belgrade, and Vienna. He took part in the revolution of 1848-49 as a volunteer against Hungary; returning to Servia, he became a member of the Supreme Court and from 1869 to 1873 he was Minister of Justice. There have been four editions of his poems, which are mostly written in the manner of Servian folk poesy. The Bysmylach and the Dervish Baba are, however, of Oriental character. His prose writings are less important. His three sons were all writers.

ILIJĆ, VOYISLAV (1862-94). An important Servian poet, born in Belgrade; he died in Pristina (Albania) while Servian Vice Consul. The youngest and favorite son of Jovan Ilijé, he thoroughly studied Russian literature, being greatly influenced by Pushkin. He appeared before the public with his poems, chiefly elegiac, about 1880, and during the following 15 years held a leading position among the poets of his nation, giving a new direction to Servian poetry. A complete collection of his poems, originally published in various periodicals, appeared in 1907. He also wrote in prose, and left an unfinished tragedy, Radoslav.

ILION, il'i-on. A village in Herkimer Co., N. Y., on the Mohawk River and Erie and Barge canals, 12 miles east-southeast of Utica, on the New York Central and Hudson River and the West Shore railroads (Map: New York, E 4). It has a fine public library and a hospital. The manufactures include firearms, typewriters, store fixtures, knit goods, and cabinet and filing cases. The water works and electric-light plant are owned by the municipality. One or two families seem to have moved to the site of Ilion about 1816, but there was properly no village here until about 1828. It was incorporated in 1852. Pop., 1900, 5138; 1910, 6588; 1920, 10,169.

ILION, ILIOS. See ILUS; TROY.

ILI'ONA (Lat., from Gk. 'Iλɩóvŋ, Ilionë). In Greek mythology, the wife of Polymestor, King of Thrace. She was the daughter of Priam and Hecuba and according to one legend brought up her brother Polydorus, who had been committed to the care of Polymestor. When the latter, instigated by the Greeks, who wished to exterminate the race of Priam, designed the murder of Polydorus, Iliona substituted his own son, Deipilus, who was put to death instead. According to a story given by Vergil, Eneid, iii, 50 ff., Polymestor murdered Polydorus for the sake of a great sum of gold Priam had sent with Polydorus for safe keeping.

ILIONEUS, 1-li'o-nus (Lat., from Gk. 'Iλcoνεύς). The son of Niobe, killed with all her other children. He was praying, and Apollo would have saved him if the arrow had not already been sent.

ILITHYIA, il'i-thi'yà (Lat., from Gk. ExelOvia, Eileithyia). The Greek goddess who presided over childbirth. The plural form (Ilithyia) is used in the Iliad, but elsewhere only one goddess of the name is mentioned.

ILIUM. See TROY.

ILIUM (Lat., flank). A portion of one of

the bones of the pelvis, the os innominatum. In the undeveloped child it is a distinct portion, which afterward becomes united to the pubis in front and to the ischium behind and below. It is the hip bone, or haunch bone. See PELVIS. ILKESTON, il'kés-ton. A market town in Derbyshire, England, 9 miles northeast of Derby, on an eminence in the valley of Erewash (Map: England, E 4). There are manufactures of hosiery, lace, and stoneware; and coal and iron works in the vicinity. The town has a medicinal mineral spring and baths, which are now closed. It obtained a grant for a market and fair in 1251, but was incorporated in 1887. It owns its gas, water, markets, and cemetery. Pop., 1901, 25,384; 1911, 31,673.

ILKHANS, êl-känz'. See MONGOL DYNASTIES. ILLÆNUS, il-lē'nus. An important genus of trilobites, the type of the family Illænidæ, characterized by its large convex cephalic and caudal shields which are nearly smooth, both the glabella of the former and the axis of the latter being indistinct. The thoracic segments, usually 10 in number, are also smooth. The genus is represented by numerous species in the Ordovician and Silurian of Europe, Asia, and North America. See TRILOBITA.

ILLAMPU, ê-lyäm'pōō. A mountain of the Andes. See SORATA.

ILLA-TICSI, ĕ'lyȧ-tek'se (Quichua, Eternal Light). A name given to the supreme god of the Peruvians, Uiracocha.

ILLE-ET-VILAINE, êl ́-¿'-vê'lân'. A maritime department in the northwest of France, a portion of the old Province of Brittany, lying between the English Channel and the Department of Loire-Inférieure (Map: France, N., D 4). Area, 2699 square miles. Pop., 1911, 608,098. It is watered chiefly by the rivers from which it derives its name-the Vilaine, and its tributary, the Ille. Flax, hemp, wheat, buckwheat, oats, barley, potatoes, and fruits are extensively produced, and the cider of this district is esteemed the best produced in the country. The department is famous for its dairy products. Cattle are reared in great numbers, iron, zinc, and lead are worked, and great varieties of linen and woolen fabrics are manufactured. The seaports have large fisheries and yearly equip fleets for and Saint-Malo the principal seaport. the Newfoundland banks. Rennes is the capital,

resulting from the performance or attempted IL'LEGAL'ITY. A legal condition or status performance of an act forbidden by law. The act may be a contract or a conveyance or devise of property for a forbidden purpose or in violation of some principle of public policy, and the effect of the illegality is to render the transaction ineffectual as a legal act and, therefore, equity. Illegality may result either from a unenforceable in any proceeding at law or in statute prohibiting an act, as gaming or the taking of usury, or from general considerations of morality and public policy, as in the case of agreements for illicit cohabitation or conveyances in fraud of creditors. Hence we have the classification of such acts as evils prohibited by law (mala prohibita) and acts wrongful in themselves (mala in se).

The doctrine of illegality finds its most frequent application in the law of contracts. It is a general rule that the law will never give its aid to a party in the enforcement of an illegal contract into which he has entered, whether the same be in direct violation of a statute, against

them. The defendant in a suit based on such a contract is permitted to set up the illegality, as a defense, not from any tenderness for him, but because, under our procedure, there is no other way in which the plaintiff can be prevented from enforcing the illegal obligation.

But the law has not been content merely to refuse to lend its aid to the accomplishment of an illegal purpose. It goes further and refuses to allow its process to be used to undo an illegal act by restoring the parties to their former condition. Thus, if one has paid a consideration or made a conveyance or mortgage for an illegal purpose, as to compound a felony or as a reward or inducement for illicit cohabitation, the courts will refuse to recognize the illegality of the transaction as a ground for rescinding it. Thus, in the case of a mortgage given for an illegal purpose, the mortgagee cannot foreThe parties close nor the mortgagor redeem. are simply left in the predicament in which they have placed themselves.

On the other hand innocent third parties are always entitled to relief against an illegal transaction, as when a creditor seeks to set aside a conveyance or contract made in fraud of creditors.

For specific applications of the principle of illegality in conveyances of land, see CONDITION; and, in relation to corporate acts, CORPORATION; ULTRA VIRES.

IL'LEGITIMACY (from Lat. in-, not + legitimus, legal, from lex, law). According to the civil and statute law as found in many states, the status of children born out of wedlock. In England children born out of wedlock have been held as illegitimate even upon subsequent intermarriage of the parents; also children of the deceased wife's sister have long been considered illegitimate. In Italy much confusion has arisen as to legitimacy, owing to the strife between church and state. It has been held that children resulting from marriages which had been solemnized by the church only were illegitimate, a civil marriage being necessary to give legitimacy to offspring.

Where common-law marriages are recognized