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common or white horehound (Marrubium vulgare), is found generally throughout Europe, except in the more northern regions, and in the United States, growing in waste places, waysides, etc. It is about 1 to 12 feet high, bushy, with roundish, ovate, crenate, wrinkled leaves and whorls of white flowers. The whole plant has a whitish appearance, from the down with which its leaves are covered. It has an aromatic but not very agreeable smell. It is tonic, stimulant, and laxative, and is popularly and efficaciously used for coughs, as an infusion as a sirup with sugar, or as a candy. In England the name "horehound" is applied also to another plant, Ballota nigra, sometimes called black or fetid horehound, also of the family Labiata, and of a genus very closely allied to Marrubium. It closely resembles the white horehound in taste and possesses similar medical properties. A third British plant, Lycopus europaus, a plant of the same family, is sometimes called water horehound and is also known as gypsywort. All these species have been introduced in the United States, and, in addition, six or eight species of Lycopus, or water horehound, are rather abundant.

HOREHOUND.

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HO'RITES. An ancient people who dwelt in and around Mount Seir before the Edomites came there (Deut. ii. 12, 22). Biblical tradition preserves a recollection that the Horites formed a group of seven tribes (Gen. xxxvi. 20-30). They are said to have been smitten by Chedorlaomer and the kings of the East when they attacked Sodom in the days of Abraham (Gen. xiv. 6). They seem to have been absorbed by the Edomites, among whom several Horite clans continued to exist. The name is probably identical with the Haru of the Egyptian inscriptions. If so, it appears that the Horites also occupied territory in the West Jordan country, as the name seems to apply to the whole of southern Syria. Folk etymology explained it as "cave dwellers"; but this is doubtful, as is also the attempted identification with the Harri or Aryans, found among the Mitannians. Consult Ed. Meyer, Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstämme (Halle, 1906), and Böhl, Kanaanäer und Hebräer (Leipzig, 1911). See EDOM.

HORIZON (Lat. horizon, from Gk. opiwv, pres. p. of opifew, horizein, to bound, from öpos, horos, boundary). 1. In popular language, the

circular line formed by the apparent meeting of earth and sky. Astronomers call this the sensible horizon, distinguishing it from the rational horizon, i.e., the circle formed by a plane passing through the centre of the earth, perpendicular to the plumb line, and produced to meet the heavens. 2. A term in geology, referring to a bed or beds which are characterized by some special forms of fossils found in them.

HORLA, ôr'lå', LE. A story dealing with madness, by Guy de Maupassant (1887), who himself became insane in 1892.

HORMAYR, hôr'mir, JOSEPH, BARON (17821848). An Austrian historian, born at Innsbruck. He studied law at the University of Innsbruck and afterward entered the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at Vienna. In collaboration with Archduke John he published a number of pamphlets against Napoleon, and in 1809, as intendant in the army commanded by John, he incited the popular uprisings in the Tirol, Vorarlberg, and Salzburg. After the truce of Znaim he returned to Vienna and devoted himself to historical work until his unauthorized attempt to stir up another revolt among the Tyrolese led to his being arrested at Metternich's command. On his release the Emperor made him court historiographer, but his imprisonment had so embittered him against Metternich that in 1828 he accepted the position of Councilor in the Bavarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Four years afterward he was sent to Hanover to represent the Bavarian government and in 1837 was transferred to Bremen. 1846 he was given charge of the government arIchives at Munich. His intimate connection with public men and events during one of the most interesting periods of European history gives a peculiar value to his writings, many of which deal with subjects of which he had a first-hand knowledge. His publications include: Allgemeine Geschichte der neuesten Zeit, vom Tode Friedrichs des Grossen bis zum zweiten Pariser Frieden (1817-19; 2d ed., 1831); the much criticized but highly entertaining Lebensbilder aus dem Befreiungskriege (1841-44); and Das Land Tirol und der Tirolerkrieg von 1809 (1845).

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HORMIZD, hôr'mist, or ORMAZD. The name of several kings of Persia. See SASSANIDE.

HOR'MOGO'NIA (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Gk. öpuos, hormos, chain + yóvuos, gonimos, productive, from yóvos, gonos, seed). A term applied to the fragments into which the filamentous colonies of certain blue-green alga separate, each of which produces a new colony. See CYA

NOPHYCEE.

HORMONES, hôr'mōnz (Gk. opuáw, hormaō, I excite). A name applied by Sterling and Baylies to certain secretions which are supposed to act as "chemical messengers" between glands having an internal secretion (e.g., the pituitary body, thyroid gland, and suprarenal capsules) and to harmonize their activities. Schäfer holds that the term should be restricted to those principles which promote glandular activity, applying the term "chalone" (from Gk. xaλáw, chalao, I relax) to the principles which check activity. Consult Biedl, Internal Secretory Organs (New York, 1913).

HOR'MOS (Gk. öpuos, hormos, chain). A Greek dance in honor of Diana and supposed to have been instituted by Lycurgus. The dancers, both men and women, were entirely nude and wound through the public streets, a young couple leading. The rhythmic steps were now towards

the east and now towards the west, and the dance is therefore believed by some to have had astronomical significance. The figures were chaste and beautiful, and the nudity of the women was defended by Plutarch, who said he wished to have them become the equals of men in all respects and "learn to despise the opinion of the vulgar." The name was also applied to an ancient Scottish dance.

HOR/MUZ. See ORMUZ.

HORN (AS., Icel., OHG. horn, Ger. Horn, Goth. haúrn, Runic horna, horn; connected with Ir., Welsh corn, Galatian xáρvov, karnon, Lat. cornu, horn, and ultimately with Gk. Képas, keras, Skt. śrnga, horn, as well as with Lat. cervus, AS. heorot, Eng. hart). (1) A modification of the cuticle observable in man and most other vertebrated animals; and (2) a special adaptation of this substance to form appendages of the head in certain mammals. The word has many other applications, more or less remote from this, in zoology as elsewhere. Thus, the chitinous material of the harder parts of insects is frequently termed horn, whereas the tortoise shell, which is truly of this nature, is rarely so designated. The projections from the prothorax of stag and other beetles, the feelers or ovipositors of other insects, the eye stalks of snails, frontal feathers (plumicorns) of owls, the projecting front teeth of the narwhal, etc., are frequently called horns, though all are different in both substance and function from the true horns to which this article is restricted.

Nature and Service of Horn. Horn is the connective tissue of the epidermis hardened and thickened and in some cases mixed with or composed of agglutinated hairs. Its purpose is to form a resisting or protective surface or a tough tool or weapon. The whole, or principal part, of the epidermis may become of this nature, as is the case in the hide of armadillos and the scaly anteaters, ancient and modern, in serpents and lizards (whose scales are horny), and in the turtles which supply tortoise shell (q.v.). In the higher ranks it constitutes the whalebone developed from the palate of the baleen-bearing whales; becomes the protective sheath of the mandibles forming the serviceable beaks of birds and turtles; and, by more or less completely insheathing and extending the outermost bone of each digit, forms nails, claws, and hoofs (see NAIL), strengthening and arming the fingers and toes of such reptiles as have feet, of all birds, and of all the mammals except whales. Horn enters also into spurs on the legs and other parts of certain animals, forms one or more shields or weapons, or both, on the head; and callosities elsewhere, such as on the heel of man (and the corns on his toes), the knees of camels, etc., as use and habit call for a hardening of the cuticle to resist wear and relieve pressure. Further particulars as to these structures will be found in the articles BIRD, The Beak; CORN; INTEGUMENT; NAIL (nails, claws, hoofs, spurs, etc.); SKELETON; SNAKE (scales, rattle, etc.); TORTOISE SHELL; TURTLE; and under HORNS. The chemical composition of the various horny tissues is exhibited in the table accompanying this article.

These tissues differ slightly in the quantity of inorganic matter which they contain, but the difference does not vary much beyond 1 per cent. Hair yields from 0.54 to 1.85 per cent of ash, containing, among other ingredients, peroxide of iron and a little silica. In feathers the quan

tity of silica is very considerable, and it is doubtless to this constituent that the shaft in a great measure owes its strength and hardness.

Horny Tissue appears as a variety of tumor upon different regions of the human skin, but especially upon the face and occasionally in dermoid cysts. These manifestations are considered as warts, of which the epidermal cells are intimately united in the same manner as in the nails; and they are classed with warts, corns, and some nævi, under the term "corneous papillomata." The tendency to horny excrescences on the skin is rare and belongs to advanced age. There is a disease of the skin called hystricismus, which is a peculiar variety of papillary hypertrophy, with hornifying of the epidermis of such a nature that it resembles short porcupine quills. Horny excrescences occasionally break and fall off spontaneously; but they grow again if not cured radically by the excision of the portion of skin upon which they are located.

Economic Uses of Horn. The horns of animals enter largely into the manufacture of many useful and ornamental articles and are employed for useful and ornamental purposes. The principal horns employed are those of the ox, sheep, and goat. These are quite different in structure from the antlers of various deer, which are really bone and resemble ivory in structure. More like true horns are hoofs, claws, nails, and quills. Horns have but 2 or 3 per cent of earthy matter, while bones have over 50 per cent. Horn can be softened and split into thin layers or lamina or pressed into molds. As it recovers its peculiar character of flexibility, toughness, and transparency when cold, it is particularly adapted for a great variety of purposes. It can also be dyed various colors. solution of gold in aqua regia dyes it red; a solution of nitrate of silver in nitric acid, black; a paste of red lead, made with a solution of potash, colors it brown; so that with a proper arrangement and application of these materials, the most admirable imitations of the much more costly tortoise shell can be produced, which, indeed, it resembles in structure. The more common vegetable dyestuffs, as logwood, brazilwood, barwood, saffron, indigo, etc., will also color horn, but neither so permanently nor so brightly as the metallic materials.

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By long-continued soaking, the horns of all the animals above mentioned can be softened, and those of the sheep and goat can easily be split into several layers after they have been soaked and boiled. These layers can not only be flattened out by putting them between smooth iron plates heated and placed in a press, but can be welded together firmly by pressing their edges together between polished copper plates and then plunging them for some time into boiling water and then into cold water. property enables the horn worker to use up the smallest cuttings with profit. Another valuable property of horn is that when heated it can be pressed into a die and not only takes a beautiful sharp impression, but if left in the die until cold it retains it. In this way it is employed in making handles for umbrellas, knives, forks, and a variety of other articles. Combs are made out of the flattened sheets, and beautiful carvings were made out of the solid parts of buffalo horns. Ox horns, too, are sometimes of fine quality and color and are fashioned into drinking cups and other articles, often highly orna

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again in water, and pressed between dies, after which they are buffed and polished.

HORN. A musical instrument, belonging to the family of brass wind instruments and distinguished by a cupped mouthpiece, a flaring bell, and a narrow, conical tube which is between 9 and 18 feet long and is twisted back on itself. The natural or French horn (q.v.), although having an exceedingly tender, sonorous tone, was a very imperfect instrument and is now entirely superseded by the valve horns. The horn is built in almost any key; there are horns in A, Bb, C, D, Eb, E, F, G. Its range is from C to c. As the horns (except the one in C) are transposing instruments, lower tones than C can be obtained by using different horns. For instance, on the low Bb horn the note C sounds Bb, on the Eb horn Eb, etc. The music for horns is always written in the G clef, except the very low tones. Strange to say, the tones written in the bass clef are always written an octave lower than the actual sound. In the smallest orchestra there are always two horns. The ordinary symphony orchestra has four, and Wagner employs as many as eight. When four horns are used, the first and third are written on the same staff in the score, and the second and fourth together on another staff. What kind of horns are employed depends upon the tonality of the composition and also to some extent upon the modulation within the tonality. Thus, a composer writing in C major might employ two horns in C and two in F or two in C and two in G. Some modern masters use the F horns for all keys. A peculiarity in writing music for horns is that no key signatures are used. All music is written in C, and every chromatic alteration is specially marked. Muted tones can also be produced upon the valve horns. They have a peculiarly ominous sound and are sometimes employed in dramatic works to express situations of fear, horror, mystery, etc. In view of the expressiveness of the instrument and the beautiful and varied effects obtainable it is somewhat surprising that composers have practically neglected it as a solo instrument. Schumann wrote a quadruple concerto for four horns with orchestra, op. 86, and R. Strauss a horn concerto, op. 11. Beethoven and Brahms employed it with splendid effect in their chamber music. Consult V. Mahillon, Le cor (Brussels, 1907), and J. Blaikley, The French Horn (London, 1909).

HORN, hōrn, Arvid Bernhard, COUNT (16641742). A Swedish statesman, born at Vuorentaka, Finland. After seeing service on the Continent for several years, he joined the Swedish army and was rapidly promoted to be general of brigade (1700). He assisted in the deposition of King Augustus of Poland (1704), and under

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HORN, GUSTAF, COUNT (1592-1657). Swedish general, born at Orbyhus. He studied at the universities of Rostock, Jena, and Tübingen, entered the army in 1612, and served in the Russo-Swedish War (1612-14). In 1630 he commanded half the army of Gustavus Adolphus in the advance of that monarch upon Frankforton-the-Oder. He directed the Swedish left in the battle of Breitenfeld, in 1631, and participated in the defeat of Tilly's army on the Lecli. In 1634 he was completely defeated, together with his ally, Bernhard of Weimar, at Nördlingen and made a prisoner by the Imperialists. He was not released until 1642. He later distinguished himself in the war against Denmark. Consult Seine Briefe, edited by Sondén (Stockholm, 1897).

HORN, PAUL (1863-1908). A German specialist in modern Persian philology, born at Halle. His education was at the university in that city, where he devoted himself chiefly to Oriental and linguistic studies and received the degree of Ph.D. in 1885. In 1889 he became privatdocent and in 1900 professor at the University of Strassburg. He wrote: Die Nominalflexion im Avesta und den altpersischen Keilinschriften (1885); Sassanidische Siegelsteine (1891); Die Denkwürdigkeiten Schah Tahmasp's (1891); Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie (1893); Neupersische Schriftsprache (1898); Die deutsche Soldatensprache (1899); Geschichte Irans in islamitischer Zeit (1900); Geschichte der persischen Litteratur (1901); Geschichte der türkischen Moderne (1902); Die persischen Gedichte des türkischen Sultans Selim (1904); "Die türkische Literatur," in Die Orientalische Literaturen (1906).

HORN, HOORNE, HOORN, or HORNES, Örn, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY-NEVELE, COUNT OF (c.1518-68). A Flemish statesman and soldier, born at Nevele. Trained to arms under Charles V, he distinguished himself in the war against the Schmalkaldic League and later accompanied Philip II on his travels in Germany, Italy, Spain, and England. At the battle of SaintQuentin (1557) Horn did brilliant service as commander of the artillery. Later he accompanied Philip to Spain, but in 1561 returned to Brussels, as Councilor of State. In this capacity he sided with Egmont and the Prince of Orange

in opposition to Cardinal Granvella and the Spanish party. He urged on Margaret of Parma to a policy of concession, and, having been sent to Tournay to reëstablish order there, he showed a spirit of toleration which won for him the regard of the patriotic party, but increased the animosity of the Ultramontanes. The failure of Egmont (q.v.) and Horn to throw in their lot with the Spanish party was, however, fatal. When the Duke of Alva arrived, the two noblemen were treacherously seized and, after an illegal trial before the Council of Blood, were executed in the great square of Brussels, June 5, 1568. Besides the contemporary chronicles, consult: Juste, Le comte d'Egmont et le comte de Hornes (Brussels, 1863); the popular account by Schiller, "The Trial and Execution of Counts Egmont and Horn," in his Works, vol. iv (Philadelphia, 1883); Cambridge Modern History, vol. iii (New York, 1905); also the histories by Motley and others, cited under NETHERLANDS.

HORN, VAN DE, or VAN (1635-83). A Dutch buccaneer. After studying seamanship on board of merchant vessels, at the age of 24 he bought one of his own and set up as a pirate. Next he became a sailor of fortune, serving whichever European power would pay him most highly, and it was chiefly France that engaged him to wage war upon Spanish ships by fair means or foul, generally the latter. He was with De Graff in the despoiling of Vera Cruz (1683), but fought a duel with him over the division of plunder and died from the results of the wound that he received.

HORN'ADAY, WILLIAM TEMPLE (1854

). An American zoologist, born at Plainfield, Ind., and educated at the Iowa State Agricultural College and in Europe. In 1875-79 he was collecting naturalist for Ward's Natural Science Establishment, Rochester, N. Y., and he served as chief taxidermist of the United States National Museum in 1882-90 and as superintendent of the National Zoological Park in 1889-90. After some years in the real-estate business at Buffalo, N. Y., he was appointed director of the New York Zoological Park in 1896. He became president of the Wild Life Protective Association and was president of the American Bison Society in 1907-10; through his efforts, especially in the direction of legislation, much was done to protect wild birds, game, seals, bison, and wild life in general. Besides numerous magazine articles, he is author of Two Years in the Jungle (1885; 7th ed., 1901); Free Rum on the Congo (1887); The Extermination of the American Bison (1887); Taxidermy and Zoological Collecting (1891); The Man who Became a Savage (1896); Guide to the New York Zoological Park (1899); The American Natural History (1904; rev. ed., 4 vols., 1914); CampFires in the Canadian Rockies (1906); CampFires on Desert and Lava (1908); Our Vanishing Wild Life (1913); Wild Life Conservation in Theory and Practice (1914).

HOR'NAU, BARON VON. See GERBERT, MARTIN.

HORN'BEAM' (horn + beam, AS. beam, OHG. boum, Ger. Baum, tree; connected ultimately with Gk. øve, phyein, to grow, Skt. bhū, to become), Carpinus. A genus of the family Betulacea, which consists of trees with compact, tough, hard wood, almost smooth whitishgray bark, deciduous leaves, and monœcious flowers. The common hornbeam, or white beech,

of Europe (Carpinus betulus), very frequent in moderately moist, shady woods of many parts of Europe, is a beautiful tree which attains a height of 60 to 100 feet. It has ovate, acuminate, almost triply serrate leaves, and the small nutlike fruit is subtended by large, deeply threepartite bracts. The wood, which is much used by carpenters and wheelwrights, is white, very hard, uncommonly strong and tough, and therefore suitable for bearing heavy strains. It takes a very fine polish and, when well stained, might readily be mistaken for ebony, In the earth, or where exposed to the changes of the weather, it is not very durable. It burns readily and is one of the best kinds of firewood; it affords an excellent charcoal, and the ashes yield much potash. The young stems, by reason of the dense growth of their twigs, are very suitable for forming live fences and bowers; and as it bears clipping well, the hornbeam was often employed to form live walls, formerly fashionable. The genus is represented in North America by Carpinus caroliniana, a small tree 25 to 40 feet high, which occurs from Quebec to Florida and west to Minnesota and Texas. Its wood is very hard, dense, and heavy, and is one of the toughest woods of the Northern States. It is known as hornbeam, blue beech, water beech, and ironwood. The hop hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana) is of much the same habit, range, and properties. It is of slow growth and is seldom planted, although a very ornamental tree. This tree is also known as ironwood and leverwood.

HORN BILL'. The name of an African and East Indian family of large birds, forming the family Bucerotida and remarkable for the enormous size of the bill and for a large bony protuberance (epithema, or casque) with which it is usually surmounted. The bill is curved, broad at the base, compressed towards the tip, the bony protuberance on the upper mandible assuming different forms in different species. Two subfamilies are sometimes recognized-the Bucorvinæ and the Bucerotinæ. The former are African, have the casque hollow, and are of terrestrial habits. They are described under GROUND HORNBILL. The latter contain the "true" or typical hornbills, of which there are many genera and species scattered over northwestern Africa, India, and the Oriental region. All are rather large birds, the biggest 5 feet in length from the tip of the beak to the end of the tail, have long full tails and strong feet, fitted for arboreal habits. Their colors are mainly black and white; the great bills are yellow, often strongly marked with red and black. They are omnivorous and in captivity show an ostrichlike voracity, swallowing anything offered, bones and all. The food is always caught in the tip of the bill, then tossed into the air and recaught. In nature they feed largely upon flowers and fruit, cut from their fastenings by the saw-edged beak. Their flight is slow and heavy, but it may be long sustained. The bird is very noisy, the sound of the wings of a large hornbill being audible for a mile, and when two or three are flying together the noise is said to resemble that made by a steam engine.

Breeding Habits. Some, if not all, of the species have the remarkable habit of imprisoning the female during incubation. This is done by stopping up the entrance to the nest, which is in a hollow tree, with mud or excrement. There seems to be some doubt whether it is done

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