put varies from year to year and is never large. In 1909, 3727 acres were planted to coffee, and the product was 9,834,026 pounds, valued at $213,085. It is almost entirely consumed in the islands.

The growing of pineapples has become of great and increasing importance, and a new product of this industry is the preparation of the juice of pineapples put up in bottles. This product has found a ready sale in the United States. The output of canned pineapples increased from 1200 cases of two dozen cans each in 1900 to 510,000 cases in 1909. In 1910 there were invested in the industry more than $2,000,000, and about 6000 acres were under cultivation. In 1913 the canned pineapple exported to the United States was valued at $4,054,711. The tobacco and cotton industries are being developed and give promise of being important. Some of the tobacco is of a high grade, especially for wrappers. In 1912 there were four plantations under tobacco, and the output in that year was 104,000 pounds, valued at $49,500. During the same year a cigar factory was established and the manufacture of cigars was begun. The principal varieties of cotton grown are the Sea Island, Caravonica, and Egyptian. The production has been small, in 1909 amounting to only 5500 pounds. In addition to pineapples other fruits are grown. The most important of these are bananas, papaya, limes, oranges, and breadfruit. The total value of the fruits exported to the United States in the calendar year 1913 was $4,268,020. Grapes and orchard fruits are produced in small quantities. One of the most promising of the newer industries is the growing of Bermuda onions. A superior quality of sisal hemp is produced, and rubber trees have been planted with some success.

Live Stock and Dairy Products. The livestock industry is important, but most of the meat is consumed in the Territory. In recent years there has been a reduction in the number of cattle, but a corresponding increase in weight and a reduction in the maturing age from about four years to about three years or less. On account of disease and the overstocking of ranges the number of sheep has also fallen off. The Oriental population consumes large quantities of pork. The quality of the live stock has been greatly improved by the importation of fine breeds. The total value of the milk, cream, and butter sold in 1909 was $215,481. The poultry of all kinds in 1910 numbered 95,667.

Forest Reserves. The United States Government has set aside a considerable area of public land for forest reserves. There were, in 1913, 30 reserves covering 689,261 acres. With the addition of reserves covering a little over 100,000 acres the forest-reserve system of the Territory will be practically completed. Tree planting is conducted on a large scale. In the calendar year 1912, 1,303,698 trees were planted, compared with 1,134,940 for the preceding year.

Irrigation. A large proportion of the sugar farms require irrigation to produce satisfactory results. Water is obtained by pumping from artificial wells and by conducting surface water through tunnels and ditches.

Mineral Resources. There are no large deposits of important minerals. It is not to be anticipated that useful mineral products will ever be of great importance relatively in the Hawaiian Islands, as they are limited both in kind and in quantity. Although the actual num

ber of mineral species is quite large and corresponds to those of similar volcanic areas, the greater number of them are merely mineralogical specimens, rather than available for commercial purposes. It must not be understood, however, that the mineral wealth of Hawaii is wholly insignificant. On the contrary, there is an apparent field for considerable development. Among the minerals noticed are sulphur, pyrite, common salt, sal ammoniac, limonite, quartz, chrysolite, garnet, labradorite, feldspar, soda alum. copperas, Glauber salt, nitre, and calcite. The Hawaiian volcanoes have been natural laboratories, working on an almost unprecedented scale, with a strong decomposing agency of acid steam, high temperature, rainfall, and perhaps sea infiltration, so that secondary decomposition products are numerous and common. Many of the minerals identified have no economic significance, while others occur too sparsely to be properly utilized. As in other volcanic localities and island resorts much frequented by travelers and health seekers, there is a considerable trade in specimens and curiosities of the two extreme types of products, the volcanic and the marine. These consist of minerals and fantastic lava formations from the craters and coral and shells from the shores and sea.

Sulphur is found in large quantities in the craters and upper slopes of the volcanoes. Very large deposits of gypsum, some of it almost pure, exist in the islands. Mineral paints, especially red ochre and yellow ochre, are abundant. There is an abundance of building stone in the islands, but the climatic conditions and mode of life do not call for large stone construction. Large pockets of kaolin have been found, and it is believed that there are workable quantities of this mineral in the islands. An industry of local importance is the gathering of sea salt from accumulations formed by the natural concentration and evaporation of sea water. Pearls have been found, but a productive industry of commercial importance remains to be established.

Manufactures. Manufacturing industries which have not been called into being by the agricultural products of the islands exist for the production or repair of articles of local consumption. In 1909 there were 500 manufacturing establishments, which gave employment to an average of 7572 persons during the year and paid out $2,795,000 in salaries and wages. Of the persons employed, 5904 were wage earners. The products turned out by these establishments were valued at $47,404,000, and materials costing $25,629,000 were consumed. Thus, the value added by manufacture was $21,775,000, which represents the net wealth created by manufacturing operations during the year. The table on page 4 gives the most important data relating to the manufacturing industries of the Territory in 1909 in comparison with 1899. (The industrial census of 1904 did not include the Hawaiian Islands.)

From this table it will be noted that the industries of Hawaii as a whole showed a marked development during the decade. This was due in part to the impetus given to manufacturing industries by annexation to the United States. During this period the number of establishments increased 125.2 per cent and the average number of wage earners increased 61.5 per cent, while the value of products increased 103 per cent and the value added by manufacture 96.1

per cent.

It will be noted that the manufacture of sugar is by far the most important industry. Cane sugar alone is produced, although experiments in growing sugar beets indicate that this industry may secure a foothold. Although the sugar industry greatly preponderates, it also exerts a powerful effect on other industries. Exclusive of sugar, the value of the manufactures increased from $4,099,000 in 1899 to $11,454,000 in 1909, or 179.4 per cent. Nearly all the sugar manufactured is exported to the United States. The cleaning and polishing of rice is the industry second in importance. With the exception of some of the larger mills in and near Honolulu, this industry is carried on by

As noted below, the wage earners in all the industries of the Territory numbered 5904. Of these, 5401 were males and 503 females. The wage earners under 16 years of age numbered 62.

Honolulu is the only large city in the island, and, in 1909, 22.6 per cent of the total value of products was made in that city and 41.2 per cent of the average number of wage earners were employed there. From 1899 to 1909 there was a more rapid increase in Honolulu than in the districts outside. The relatively large number of establishments in Honolulu is due, however, to the fact that in this city are found many of the poi shops, bakeries, tin shops, and less important industries.

which bas a fleet of about 20 steamers. During 1913 this company carried 84,493 passengers and approximately 429,134 tons of freight. In 1913-14 the company constructed a modern pontoon floating dry dock.

Traffic is carried on extensively between Hawaii and the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States and Mexico. The bulk of the traffic with the Atlantic coast is carried by the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company, which entered the Hawaiian trade in 1901 and has grown rapidly. The bulk of the trade with the Pacific coast is handled by the Matson Navigation Company and has also developed rapidly. The Oceanic Steamship Company in 1913 operated one passenger and one freight steamer between Honolulu and San Francisco on a fourweek schedule. The Associated Oil Company operated several steamers and sailing vessels from Hawaii to the Pacific coast. In addition to this service there are several steamship lines whose vessels call regularly at Honolulu on their voyages between San Francisco and the Philippines. These include the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, the Toyo Kisen Kaisha, a Japanese company, and the Canadian-Australian Royal Mail Line.

The most important steam railroad in the islands is a line on the island of Oahu. It had in 1913 about 113 miles of road, extends along the coast from Honolulu to the north end of the island, and has a branch with subbranches between the two ranges of mountains which conIstitute this island. It connects with more than 100 miles of private railroads on sugar plantations. On the island of Hawaii, the Hilo Railroad Company operates the principal road. This is the only standard-gauge road in the Territory and its line is about 90 miles in length. The only street railway in the Territory is in Honolulu and is an unusually well-equipped and well-conducted line.

For several years the United States government has been making extensive improvements in the harbors, notably at Pearl Harbor, which now constitutes a naval station. Here a dry dock was in process of construction in 1913. When the proposed improvements are completed it will be one of the most important naval stations in possession of the government. The harbor of Honolulu, although the main port of the Territory, is small and requires constant enlargement. The Federal government since the annexation of the islands has carried on improvements here. A breakwater was in process of construction on the island of Hawaii at Hilo in 1912, and other harbor improvements in the Territory were under construction in 1913.

The Territory has been connected by cable with both shores of the Pacific for many years. Hawaii was one of the first countries to install the wireless system, and in 1914 several services of this nature were in extensive use for interisland communication. Wireless communication with California has also been carried on successfully, and on the island of Oahu are two powerful stations used by the Marconi Telegraph Company for its transpacific wireless service. Each of the five largest islands has an extensive telephone system. There were, in 1913, 6488 telephone stations and 5714 miles of wire.

Commerce. Imports and exports for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1913, exclusive of specie, aggregated $80,991,456. This was a decrease of $4,446,120 from the amount in the

preceding fiscal year. The decrease was entirely in exports to continental United States, and was due to low prices and a shortage in the sugar crop on account of drought. This more than offset the large increases in imports both from continental United States and from foreign countries and in exports to foreign countries. The imports amounted to $36,002,940, an increase of $7,308,618 over those of the preceding year. Those from continental United States amounted to $29,129,409, an increase of $6,033,531, and those from foreign countries amounted to $6,873,531, an increase of $1,275,087. From 1907 to 1913 the imports from continental United States more than doubled. The exports in the fiscal year 1913 amounted to $43,471,940, a decrease of $11,977,498. Those to continental United States amounted to $42,713,294, a decrease of $12,362,871, while those to foreign countries amounted to $758,646, an increase of $385,373. The imports from the United States for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, amounted to $25,571,569. Of these the most important were manufactures ready for consumption, which amounted in value to $15,552,992. The other imports of most importance were chiefly foodstuffs. The exports to the United States for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1914, amounted to $40,628,200. Of this, sugar, raw and refined, was valued at $33,187,920. Fruits and nuts were valued at $4,780,583; canned pineapples, $4,536,919. The exports of Hawaii to foreign countries in the fiscal year 1914 amounted to $902,985, and the imports from foreign countries amounted to $6,282,558. The largest value of imports was from Japan, $2,516,463; from British India, $950,304; from Germany, $696,197; from Chile, $332,310; from Australia and Tasmania, $569,287. The largest value of exports was to the Philippine Islands, $517,978.

Finance. The net receipts for the fiscal year 1913 amounted to $4,247,701, and the net disbursements to $4,208,389. The net receipts exceeded the net disbursements by $39,311. The net cash balance at the close of the year was $660,720, cómpared with $621,409 at the close of the fiscal year 1912. The principal receipts are from property taxes and land sales and harbor, wharf, and pilot revenues. The most important disbursements are for interest on the bonded debt, general expenses, the support of Territorial institutions, government, and the maintenance of public health. The bonded debt of the Territory at the beginning of the fiscal year was $5,454,000, which was increased during the year by the issue of $1,500,000 of 4 per cent public-improvement bonds, and decreased by a payment of $110,000, leaving the total bonded indebtedness at the end of the year $6,844,000. This was 3.9 per cent of the assessed value of property. The limit of the aggregate indebtedness is fixed by the organic act as 7 per cent of such assessed value, and the limit of the amount that may be incurred in any one year was fixed at 1 per cent. The bonds issued have been for public improvements, public-school buildings, improvements on roads, etc.

Population and Immigration. The population of the islands is extremely heterogeneous and has changed greatly in character as a result of the immigration of different races. There is no definite knowledge as to the population in early times. In 1778 Captain Cook placed the number at 400,000, but this is considered gener

ally to be about a fourth too large. The native population has decreased rapidly from the time of the first acquaintance of Europeans with the islands. While the cause of this decline has never been fully understood, prominent among the reasons is the introduction of foreign diseases to which natives are peculiarly susceptible. The birth rate of the islands is also small. These conditions indicate that the practical extinction of the race is only a matter of time. While the Hawaiians have been indisposed to intermingle freely with other races, there is a small number of "part Hawaiians." Marriages between the natives and Chinese are quite common, but the Japanese have shown an aversion to mixed marriages. The population of the islands at each census from 1832 to 1910 inclusive has been as follows: 1832, 130,313; 1836, 108,579; 1850, 84,165; 1853, 73,138; 1860, 69,800; 1866, 62,959; 1872, 56,897; 1878, 57,985; 1884, 80,578; 1890, 89,990; 1896, 109,020; 1900, 154,001; 1910, 191,909. The population on June 30, 1913, was estimated at 217,744, an increase of 25,835, or 13.46 per cent, since 1910. The large increase in the population in recent years is the result of the immigration of foreign laborers. In 1910 the pure Caucasian element in the population numbered 44,048, constituting 23 per cent, or a little over one-fifth. In the decade 1900-10 the number of Caucasians increased 15,229, or 52.8 per cent, the percentage of increase for this race being practically the same as in the preceding decade. The increase of the Japanese in the decade 1900-10 was 18,564, or 30.4 per cent. In the same period the Chinese decreased 4093, or 15.9 per cent. The following table shows the distribution of the population in 1900 and 1910.

The only races which showed a decrease in the three years from 1910 to 1913 are the pure Hawaiians through an excess of deaths, and the Chinese through the excess of departures. The largest increase during these three years was in the number of Filipinos, they having been introduced by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association; the Spanish, introduced by the Territorial government; other Caucasians, chiefly Americans, who came in large numbers, many of them in the military forces of the United States; and part Hawaiians, Portuguese, and Japanese, mainly through an excess of births. The Territory in 1913 introduced 2413 Spanish and 228 Portuguese. There were also introduced 65 Russians. From 1907 to 1913 the Territorial authorities introduced 7695 Spanish, 5196 Portuguese, and 2121 Russians, a total of 15,012, of whom 5399 were men, 3644 women, and 5969 children. Early attempts were made in the history of the industrial development of the islands to introduce Polynesians, but these did not result satisfactorily. Since the acqui

sition of the islands by the United States, the laws for the exclusion of Chinese laborers have been in effect, and this source of labor has been closed. The large influx of Japanese labor was also ended by the agreement between the governments of the United States and Japan, made in 1906, as a result of agitation over Japanese labor in California. The Japanese government agreed to permit the emigration only of laborers having passports. In recent years the sugar planters have to a large extent substituted Filipinos for Japanese and Chinese labor. During 1913 there were introduced 5747 Filipinos, and from 1909 to 1913, 13,715 Filipinos. The percentage of non-Asiatic labor employed on the sugar plantations increased from 12.30 from the organization of the Territorial government to 37.15 in 1913.

Immigration is divided into two classes, unassisted and assisted. The assisted immigration includes that induced to come to the Territory by the Department of Immigration and Labor and by the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association. Unassisted immigration includes that of Americans from the mainland of the United States. The problem of securing labor in the islands is a serious one, and efforts have been made as noted above to obtain laborers from European countries, especially from Portugal and Spain, from Russia, Manchuria, and Siberia. During the five years ending 1912, 5306 laborers from these countries were induced to come to Hawaii. During 1912, however, the introduction of Russians from Manchuria was discontinued.

The population of the several islands in 1910 was as follows: Oahu, 81,993; Hawaii, 55,382; 1920, 255,912; Maui, 28,623; Kauai, 23,744; Molokai, 1791; Lanai, 131; Niihau, 208; Kahulaui,2.

Banks. There were, in 1913, 17 banks in operation in the Territory. One of these was a savings bank, two were commercial banks, and the others both commercial and savings. There were four national banks. The aggregate deposits on Dec. 31, 1912, amounted to $17,026,297. The commercial deposits amounted to $11,641,901, and the savings deposits to $5,384,395. The deposits in the savings banks numbered 18,787, which is nearly 10 per cent of the population, the Japanese having the largest percentage of the population depositing in savings banks, 41.52.

Ethnology. The indigenous inhabitants of the Hawaiian Islands are, in physique, good representatives of the Polynesian race, rather tall, and often quite good-looking. In head form they have a tendency towards brachycephaly. In language the Hawaiians are most nearly related to the Marquesans and Tahitians. The narratives of settlement of Polynesian folk upon these northern islands are ample proof of three migration streams. The earliest was that of a fleet of proto-Samoans direct from Samoa. This was succeeded by a Tongafiti migration by way of the Marquesas. The last migration, that which established the social system of the Hawaiians as existing when they were discovered, was from Tahiti; this was not merely a wandering, but intercourse between Tahiti and Hawaii was maintained for several generations. In mental ability and artistic genius the Hawaiians rank high among their kindred, as their advanced governmental institutions, their assimilation of foreign culture, their industrial and artistic manufactures (kapa printing, straw plaiting, feather

weaving, etc.), and their development of a literature amply demonstrate. It was upon one of the peculiarities of the Hawaiian family system, the punulua, best comprehended as a survival of polyandry, that Morgan (1871-77) based his second stage in his scale of evolution of the family, the "punuluan family." From the older culture the Kahuna beliefs, the hulahula dances, etc., have survived.

Religion. With a population representing so many races, there is naturally a variety of religions. The great activity of the early missionaries succeeded in bringing the native population within the fold of the Christian Church. However, the Christian faith is ofttimes lightly held, and their old-time pagan practices are sometimes secretly indulged in. The native Protestant following is nearly twice that of the Roman Catholic, the Mormons among them numbering about 4000. The Portuguese are mainly Roman Catholic, but most of the other European and American elements represented are Protestant. The Chinese and Japanese hold generally to their Oriental faith.

Education. Schools were established in Hawaii as one of the earliest results of missionary effort. The first constitution, adopted in 1840, provided for schools in districts wherever 15 or more children suitable to attend school lived close together. Enactments have been made in recent years which have greatly increased the efficiency of the administration of schools, particularly by the Legislature of 1911. Universal education is free and compulsory. Every child between the ages of 6 and 17 is obliged to attend either a public or a private school. The general character of the educational system has continued to be American as a result of foundations laid by American missionaries. As a result of legislation passed in 1911, the public schools were placed largely on an automatic adequate financial basis. During 1913 there was expended for the maintenance of public schools $677,799, compared with $630,334 during 1912 and $479,351 in 1911. Of the expenditure in 1913, $634,434 was contributed by the Territory out of current revenues. Of this $569,334 was for teachers' salaries and $46,319 for other expenses, including school supplies, furniture, books for school libraries, etc. The cost and maintenance of the public schools was $26.44 per pupil in 1913, as compared with $26.53 in 1912. The Legislature of 1911 provided for new buildings, chiefly out of loan funds, while that of 1913 provided for other buildings, chiefly out of current revenues.

The number of all schools in the islands in 1913 was 212. Of these 161 were public schools and 51 were private schools. The teachers in all schools numbered 986, and public schools 674. Of the teachers, 238 were males and 748 females. There is a normal school at Honolulu, and in 1907 the Legislature established a College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts at Honolulu. In 1913 permanent quarters for this college were completed. There is a high school in Honolulu and a seminary on the island of Maui. There is also an industrial school at Waialee on the island of Oahu, which was founded in 1902. Oahu College, founded in 1852, offers advanced courses of study. It is well equipped with buildings and apparatus and has a considerable endowment.

Charities and Corrections. The correctional institutions of the Territory include the prison at Honolulu, two reform schools, to which boys

and girls respectively are committed by the juvenile courts, and the local jails. In 1913 plans were completed for new buildings for the prison. For a discussion of the care and aid given to lepers, see the section Public Health and Sanitation.

Public Health and Sanitation. The matter of public health in the Territory is of peculiar importance and has called for more attention than almost any other on the part of the government in recent years. The powers of the Board of Health have been greatly extended by the Legislature. Most of the work is done through the Territorial Department of Public Health, but more or less is done also by the local governments. There is close coöperation between the Territorial health officers and those of the United States Public Health Service. The most important institutions are those having to do with leprosy. New methods have been adopted in dealing with this disease in recent years. There were in 1913 four institutions-the leper settlement on the island of Molokai and the leper hospital and the homes for nonleprous boys and girls respectively of leprous parents at Honolulu. At the close of 1913 there were 726 lepers in the islands. Of these 444 were males and 282 females; 606 were Hawaiians and part Hawaiians, 47 Portuguese, 38 Chinese, 13 Japanese, 5 Germans, 3 Americans, and 14 scattered among other races. For a further discussion of this disease in its connection with Hawaii, see LEPROSY. The natives of the islands are peculiarly susceptible to tuberculosis, and the campaign against this disease has been carried on with success, particularly on the islands of Oahu and Hawaii.

War has been waged against rats as a result of bubonic plague. From 1910 to 1913 no case of this plague occurred in Honolulu, but, owing to the prevalence of this disease in the Orient, it is necessary to take preventive measures. During 1913 there were seven cases of bubonic plague in Hamakua and one in south Hilo. In these districts in the year mentioned 137,581 rats and mongooses were killed, of which 20 were found to be infected with plague.

Government. The form of government is territorial and is carried on by the provisions of an Act of Congress passed in 1900. This Act organized the islands into a Territory of the United States. There is a Territorial Representative in Congress.

Executive.-The executive power of the Territory is lodged in a governor, holding office for four years, who is appointed by the President. He must be at least 35 years of age and be a citizen of the Territory. The other executive officer is the Secretary, who is also appointed by the President for the same term as the Governor. With the consent of the Senate the Governor appoints an attorney-general, treasurer, commissioner of public lands, commissioner of agriculture and forestry, superintendent of public instruction, superintendent of public works, auditor, a high sheriff, and members of the various boards and commissions which carry on the routine of the government.

Legislative. The Legislature consists of the Senate and House of Representatives. The Senate is composed of 15 members and the House of 30. There are four senatorial districts, in which two, three, four, and six Senators respectively are elected, viz., seven at one biennial election and eight at the next; and six repre