English Bible (1896-1901) and then of New Testament exegesis. He contributed to various Bible encyclopædias and to religious periodicals and is author of The Synoptic Problem (1912); The Most Beautiful Book Ever Writ ten (1913); The Gift of Tongues (1913).

HAYES, ISAAC ISRAEL (1832-81). An American Arctic explorer, born in Chester Co., Pa. He went with Captain Kane as surgeon on the second Grinnell expedition in search of Sir John Franklin (1853-55). Distinguishing himself by tracing by sledge journey the coast of Grinnell Land to Cape Frazer, 79° 43' N., Hayes differed with Kane as to the advisability of abandoning the Advance and attempted unsuccessfully to reach Upernivik by a boat journey, returning to Kane in the winter of 1853. Upon his return to the United States Hayes was fired with a desire to verify his conviction of the existence of an open polar sea. Through the influence of several scientific societies he succeeded in obtaining financial support and set out from Boston in 1860, with two astronomers and but 12 other persons, on board the United States. Wintering in Foulke Fiord, near Littleton Island, on the west coast of Greenland, he made an heroic attempt to reach the polar ocean in the spring of 1861. His astronomical observations were incorrect, either as to latitude or as to longitude, and it is uncertain at what point he thought himself to be on the shores of an open polar sea. Greely has given cogent reasons for fixing on Cape Goode, 80° 11' N., as Hayes's farthest. From Cape Goode he would naturally look down on the large area of open water (from heavy tides) that occurs at the southern end of Kennedy Channel. The result of his explorations was to confirm him in the opinion, soon proved to be entirely erroneous, that an open route to the pole was practicable for steamships in summer from Cape Frazer. After his return Hayes was appointed from Pennsylvania as surgeon of volunteers, in which capacity he served until the end of the Civil War, being brevetted lieutenant colonel. Removing later to New York, he entered political life and served for five years as a member of the New York Assembly. He made a voyage to Greenland in 1869; published An Arctic Boat Journey (1860), The Open Polar Sea (1867), Cast Away in the Cold (1868), The Land of Desolation (1871); and was honored by medals from the Royal Geographical Society of London and the Société de Géographie of Paris.

HAYES, RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD (1822–93). The nineteenth President of the United States. He was born in Delaware, Ohio, Oct. 4, 1822. He was a descendant in the sixth generation of George Hayes, who left Scotland in 1680 and settled at Windsor, Conn. His grandfather, Rutherford Hayes, born in New Haven, Conn., in 1756, settled in Brattleboro, Vt. Here the father of the President, also named Rutherford, was born. Rutherford senior and his wife emigrated to Ohio in 1817, but the father died shortly before his son's birth. When the boy was 16 years old, he was sent to Kenyon College, where he graduated at the head of his class in 1842. He studied law for two years in the office of Thomas Sparrow, of Columbus, and subsequently spent two years (1843-45) in the Harvard Law School. In 1845 he was admitted to the bar at Marietta, Ohio, and soon afterward entered into practice at Fremont, the residence of his uncle Sardis Birchard, then a wealthy

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banker. In 1849 he removed to Cincinnati, where he soon gained a remunerative practice and became prominent in his profession. 1852 he married Miss Lucy W. Webb, daughter of Dr. James Webb, of Chillicothe, Ohio. took an active part in the first Republican presidential campaign and from 1858 to 1861 served as city solicitor. In 1861, when the Civil War broke out, he enlisted for the whole war, and on June 7 was commissioned as major of the Twenty-third Ohio, of which W. S. Rosecrans was colonel. To the regiment was assigned the duty, at Clarksburg, W. Va., of protecting the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and of defending the border from raids; and Major Hayes took a prominent part in various expeditions necessary for the defense of the position. He served for a time as judge advocate of the Department of Ohio, and in August, 1862, he was promoted to the colonelcy of the Seventy-ninth Ohio, but he preferred to remain, with the rank of lieutenant colonel, with the Twenty-third, which had been incorporated with Burnside's command in the Army of the Potomac. At South Mountain (q.v.) the Twenty-third, led by Hayes, was hotly engaged, more than 100 of Hayes's men falling dead or wounded, and he himself being wounded in the arm. There was a pause for reënforcements, when a dangerous flank movement of the enemy was discovered, and Hayes was again seen at the head of the regiment. He was finally carried, fainting with loss of blood, from the field. Upon his recovery he was promoted to the rank of colonel and rejoined his regiment near the falls of the Great Kanawha. There he remained until March 15, 1863, when his regiment was ordered to Charleston, W. Va. After this he led in several important expeditions, notably in that which he himself organized to dispute the retreat of Morgan (q.v.) and his band after their raid through Ohio. By a quick movement he cut off Morgan's retreat and forced him to surrender. In the famous raid upon the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, in May, 1864, he led the principal assault upon the enemy's fortifications with admirable boldness and success. He took an honorable part in the attack on Lynchburg, June 18, covering the retreat of the Union forces under dangerous conditions with perfect success. In the campaign of the Shenandoah, under Sheridan (q.v.), his services were conspicuous and valiant. In the battle of Winchester especially he displayed great coolness and courage in the most trying circumstances. "For gallant and meritorious services in the battles of Winchester, Fisher's Hill, and Cedar Creek," he was after the last-named battle speedily promoted to the rank of brigadier general; and "for gallant and distinguished services during the campaign in West Virginia, and particularly at the battles of Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek," he was, on March 13, 1865, brevetted major general.

His achievements in the war made his name popular in Ohio, and when the Republicans of the Second District felt the need of a strong candidate for Congress, he consented to accept the nomination, with the understanding that he would not take the seat unless the war should meantime be ended. When, after the close of the war, he entered Congress, he at once attracted attention by his ability. He was reelected in 1866, but had served only his first term when the Republicans of Ohio, in 1867, nominated him as their candidate for Governor,

under the conviction that he was the one man whom they could hope to elect. He was chosen by a majority of 3000 and reëlected in 1869 by a majority of 7518. He was elected for the third time in 1875, and while occupying the place was nominated by the Republican party as its candidate for President of the United States, William A. Wheeler being nominated for Vice President. The nominees of the Democratic party were Samuel J. Tilden and Thomas A. Hendricks. The contest was severe and close, and disputes arose as to the electoral votes of several States. After a period of great tension all the contested cases were decided in favor of Hayes by the Electoral Commission (q.v.), and, having a majority of one electoral vote (185 to 184), he was duly inaugurated on March 4, 1877. Aside from violent partisan disputes upon the questions adjudicated by the Electoral Commission, his administration was admitted by men of all parties to have been pure and honorable. An effort was made to reduce the evil of using appointments to office as rewards for partisan services, but this policy did not meet with hearty support among politicians. The President also failed to maintain close harmony with the party leaders in his attitude towards the "reconstructed" States, from which he aimed to withdraw the Federal troops, even against the vigorous demands of the radicals for a continuation of the military supervision. He was generally recognized as a pacificator at a time when conciliation was essential to peace. Upon all political questions save those above referred to he was in full harmony with the Republican party, and by his courageous and unflinching exercise of the veto power prevented the adoption of measures calculated to injure the credit of the country and hinder a return to specie payments. He also, by the interposition of the same power, prevented the repeal of the laws enacted by Congress, under the express authority of the Constitution, to guard the purity of national elections. After his retirement from public office President Hayes devoted himself as a private citizen to the support of philanthropy and education. He died at Fremont, Jan. 17, 1893. Consult Stoddard, Hayes, Garfield, and. Arthur (New York, 1889), and Gladden, The Great Commoner of Ohio (Columbus, 1893). For the circumstances of his election, see Haworth, The Disputed Election of 1876 (Cleveland, 1906), which is somewhat biased, and Bigelow (ed.), Letters and Literary Memorials of Samuel J. Tilden, vol. ii (New York, 1908). There are also three campaign biographies: Howard, Life, Public Services, and Select Speeches of Rutherford B. Hayes (Cincinnati, 1876); Howells, Life of R. B. Hayes (New York, 1876); and Conwell, Life and Public Services of Gov. . . . Hayes (Philadelphia, 1876). For an account of the administration of Hayes, see UNITED STATES.

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HAYEZ, l'âts, FRANCESCO (1791-1882). An Italian genre and historical painter, born in Venice. He studied under Maggiotto at the Venice Academy and afterward at the Academy of Milan and under Palagi in Rome. In 1820 he was appointed professor at the Milan Academy and became head of the Romantic movement in Italian art. He is chiefly noted as a vigorous colorist. Among his best-known works are frescoes in the Vatican and the Venice Academy and the following pictures: "The Two Foscari," Vienna Museum; "Peter the Hermit"; "The

Farewells of Pietro Rossi and his Family" (1820); "The Flight of Bianca Capello (1854), National Gallery, Berlin; "The Battle of Magenta," and a portrait of Cavour.

HAY FEVER, HAY ASTHMA, HAY COLD, ROSE COLD, or AUTUMNAL CATARRH. A nervous affection which recurs annually at about the same time of the year and lasts several weeks, characterized by a profuse flow of secretion fron the nose, as well as of tears from the eyes, with frequent sneezing, general malaise, irritability, insomnia, depression, and in many cases asthma. The eyes flinch in bright light, headache occurs daily, appetite is lessened, and rarely there is fever. In some patients the attack appears in June and lasts about a fortnight. This is termed rose cold. Many suffer first in July, during haying; but probably the greater number begin to suffer early in August and are relieved only on the approach of frost in October. The cause appears to be threefold: 1. A central nervous disease, with the lesion probably in the floor of the fourth ventricle in the brain, as in spasmodic asthma. 2. Intranasal deformity, as a deviating septum, or distorted and chafing turbinates. 3. A special pollen of some plants, affecting some and failing to excite others; while during the whole year fine dust causes in these patients sneezing, coryza, and slight rhinitis, lasting an hour or so. Removal to the seashore or a sea voyage benefits many patients; while a sojourn in the mountains at an altitude of 1000 feet or more benefits a large number. Of the mountains in the eastern part of the United States the White Mountains have the greatest reputation with regard to the effect of their atmosphere upon hay-fever patients. On returning home before frost, however, the affection recurs. It is said that most hay-fever patients are people of considerable intellectual development; certainly many are neurotics. Arsenic, iodides, and bromides benefit some. Nasal sprays and internal administration of extract of suprarenal gland (adrenalin, q.v.) are serviceable in many cases, relieving the nasal stenosis. In England and on the Continent the disease appears to be of milder type and to run a course of only a month. Dunbar's pollantin, an antitoxin obtained from animals into which pollen of rye and other grasses had been injected, was used in 1894 by Berlin experimenters who reported 57 per cent of cures, 32 per cent of improvement in the early variety of the disease, 70 per cent of cures, and 19 per cent of improvement in the fall variety. Pollantin is applied in the form of serum, powder, or ointment-generally to the eyes, sometimes to the nose. American clinicians do not obtain such a high percentage of cures as those reported by the Berlin investigators. Many sufferers are cured or greatly relieved by surgical correction of diseased conditions in the nose.

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HAY'FORD, JOHN FILLMORE (1868An American civil engineer. He was born at Rouse's Point, N. Y., and graduated as a civil engineer from Cornell University in 1889. Until 1909 he served (periodically) with the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey in various capacities, becoming expert computer and geodesist in 1898, and in 1900 inspector of the geodetic work and chief of the computing division. was assistant astronomer of the International Boundary Commission of the United States and Mexico in 1892-93, taught civil engineering at Cornell in 1895-98, and in 1909 became director of the College of Engineering of Northwestern

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University. Besides monographs, he is author of A Text Book of Geodetic Astronomy (1898).

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HAY'GOOD, ATTICUS GREEN (1839-96). An American clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, born in Watkinsville, Ga. He graduated at Emory College, Georgia, in 1859, and soon afterward entered the ministry. tween 1870 and 1875 he edited the Sunday-school publications of the Southern branch of the church. He was president of Emory College from 1876 to 1884 and from 1878 to 1882 was editor of the Wesleyan Christian Advocate. Large sums of money were placed in his hands to promote various institutions, and in 1883 he was elected general agent of the Slater fund of $1,000,000 for the education of Southern negroes. He declined an election as Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church South in 1882, but accepted another election in 1890. His works include: Our Children (1876); Our Brother in Black (1881); Speeches and Sermons (1884); Pleas for Progress (1889); Jackknife and Brambles (1893); The Monk and the Prince (1895).

HAY'LEY, WILLIAM (1745-1820). An English poet, born at Chichester. He was educated at Eton and at Trinity College, Cambridge. After some ill success as a playwright, he began the production of poetical epistles to his friends-one on Painting to Romney (c.1777), e.g., and one on History (1780) to Gibbon. In English Bards and Scotch Reviewers Byron impales Hayley as the author of the eminently successful poems, The Triumphs of Temper (1781) and The Triumphs of Music (1804). His prose Life of Milton (1794) was a more creditable performance, and through the writing of it he became an intimate friend of Cowper, for whom he was influential in obtaining a pension. Blake's illustrations enhance the value of his Ballads Founded on Anecdotes of Animals (1805), and on the whole Hayley is more interesting as the friend of great men than on his own account. His volume of Memoirs, published in 1823, is his most important contribution to literature.

HAYM, him, RUDOLF (1821-1901). A German writer on philosophy and literary history, born at Grünberg in Silesia. He studied at the universities of Halle and Berlin and was a delegate to the National Assembly at Frankfort (1848-49). From 1858 to 1864 he edited the Preussischen Jahrbücher. In 1851 he became instructor in philosophy and modern literature at the University of Halle, in 1860 he was made assistant professor and in 1868 professor. He wrote a number of excellent biographies, among them: W. von Humboldt (1856); Hegel und seine Zeit (1857); Arthur Schopenhauer (1864); Herder, nach seinem Leben und seinen Werken dargestellt (1877-85); Das Leben Max Dunkers (1890). He also published Die romantische Schule (1870), Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben (1901); and edited Briefe von W. von Humboldt an G. H. L. Nicolovius (1894). Consult Philosophische Abhandlungen dem Andenken Rudolf Hayms gewidmet von Freunden und Schülern (1902).

HAY'MAR'KET, THE. A former market for hay and straw in London, founded in the first half of the seventeenth century and discontinued in 1830. On the square of the same name, occupying the site of the market, stand the Haymarket and His Majesty's theatres. Addison wrote The Campaign while living there. HAYMARKET SQUARE RIOT, THE. An

occurrence at Chicago, May 4, 1886, in a square in Randolph Street, where an anarchist meeting was in progress. The attempt to disperse the gathering resulted in the killing of seven policemen and the wounding of 27 others, by a bomb, thrown by an unidentified member of the mob, supposed to have been one Schnaubelt. The actual bomb thrower was never caught, but August Spies, Adolph Fischer, George Engel, and Albert Parsons were hanged as accomplices on Nov. 11, 1887; Samuel Fielden and Michael Schwab were sentenced to imprisonment for life, and Oscar Neebe for 15 years (all three pardoned by Gov. John P. Altgeld, q.v.); and Louis Ling escaped the gallows only by committing suicide in prison.

HAYMARKET THEATRE. One of the most famous playhouses in London. It was originally built in 1720 by John Potter, on the site of the King's Head Tavern, in the Haymarket, and leased to a French company, whence the appellation, the New French Theatre, by which it was for some time known. Fielding produced his burlesque Tom Thumb the Great there in 1730 and in 1734 became manager. Ten years later Charles Machlin assumed its management and was followed in 1747 by Samuel Foote. In 1776, however, Colman the Elder purchased it, and it was managed by him until 1794. In 1820, under Harris's management, the theatre was abandoned, and a new one was built near by, which was opened on July 4, 1821, with The Rivals. In 1880 it was again removed, its present site being the south end of the Haymarket, opposite Charles Street. Consult Cyril Maude, The Haymarket Theatre: Some Records and Reminiscences (London, 1903), and H. B. Baker, History of the London Stage (New York, 1904).

HAYMERLE, hi'měr-le, HEINRICH KARL, BARON (1828-81). An Austrian statesman, born and educated at Vienna. He took part in the students' rising in the revolution of 1848 and narrowly escaped execution. He served in the diplomatic corps at Athens, Dresden, and Frankfort as Secretary of Legation; became Ambassador to Copenhagen in 1864, took part in negotiating the Treaty of Prague (1866), and from Berlin went to Constantinople (1868) and to Athens (1869), thence to The Hague (1872), and in 1877 to the Italian court. In the following year he took part in the Berlin Congress and in 1879 succeeded Andrássy as Minister of Foreign Affairs. In this post, which he held till his death, he was especially active in effecting friendly relations with Italy and cementing the alliance with Germany. Consult Arneth, Heinrich Freiherr von Haymerle (2d ed., Berlin, 1882).

HAYMO. See HAIMO.

HAYNAU, hi'nou, JULIUS JAKOB, BARON (1786-1853). An Austrian general. He was the natural son of the Elector William I of Hesse and was born at Cassel, Oct. 14, 1786. He entered the Austrian service in 1801 and served throughout the Napoleonic wars, being wounded at Wagram. He was gradually advanced in rank, becoming colonel in 1830, major general in 1835, and field marshal lieutenant in 1844. During the Italian campaigns of 1848-49 he evinced great military talents, but acquired also an unenviable reputation for cruelty, especially in the repression of the insurrection at Brescia, March 31 and April 1, 1849. Haynau was engaged in the siege of Venice, when he was summoned to Hungary to command the Imperial

forces in that country. On August 9 he gained a decisive victory over the Hungarians near Temesvár. After the surrender of the Hungarian main army at Világos he executed a number of the leading Hungarian generals. In 1850, however, after being loaded with honors, he was dismissed from public service for the intractability of his disposition. In the same year he made a tour of Europe, but so general was the hatred his acts had inspired that he was several times in great danger from mobs, and while in London was assaulted and beaten by the infuriated draymen of Barclay's brewery. For this insult the British government declined giving any satisfaction. In Belgium and France he was also received by the populace with strong dislike, but the vigilance of the authorities preserved him from actual harm. He died at Vienna, March 14, 1853. Consult Schönhals, Biographie des Feldzeugmeisters Julius Freiherrn von Haynau (3d ed., Vienna, 1875), which seeks to vindicate him from charges of cruelty.

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HAYNE, hãn, PAUL HAMILTON (1831-86). An American poet, born in Charleston, S. C. After the death of his parents he was reared by his uncle, Robert Y. Hayne (q.v.). He studied law after having been educated at South Carolina College, but did little practicing because he was under no financial necessities and because his bent was literary. When in his early twenties he edited Russell's Magazine and was connected, as editor or contributor, with other Charleston and Southern publications, notably as contributor to the Southern Literary Messenger. He was a prominent member of the small literary coterie of which William Gilmore Simms and Henry Timrod (q.v.) were conspicuous ornaments. In 1855 a volume of his poems appeared; another followed in 1857, and a third in 1859. During the Civil War he saw active service and suffered great financial losses-among others that of his library, which was burned. 1865 to his death he resided at a small cottage home near Augusta, Ga., which he called Copse Hill. His health was not good, but he maintained his spirits under his various misfortunes and won a genuine though limited reputation as a poet in both the North and his native section. His memory is still cherished warmly in Augusta and the surrounding region. His later publications include: Legends and Lyrics (1872); The Mountain of the Lovers (1873); and his complete Poetical Works (1882). He also edited, with a memoir (1873), the poems of his friend, Henry Timrod, and of Dr. F. O. Ticknor (1879), and wrote memoirs of R. Y. Hayne and H. S. Legaré (1878). Hayne's poetry is the work of a genuine artist, whose qualities, however, are not salient enough to attract greatly the general reader. Although he produced many good poems, in which much of the languorous sweetness of the South may be discovered, it was not his fortune to compose, like his friend Henry Timrod, lyrics of great power and popular appeal. Nevertheless he is one of the most important of Southern writers and deserves more attention at the hands of historians of American literature than he has hitherto received.-His son, WILLIAM H. HAYNE (1856- ), born in Charleston, inherited some of his father's poetical ability. His publications include Sylvan Lyrics (1893) and many occasional verses in the magazines.

eral Constitution. He was born in St. Paul's Parish, Colleton District, S. C., on Nov. 10, 1791, was educated in a private school at Charleston, studied law in the offices of Langdon Cheves (q.v.), was admitted to the bar at Charleston in November, 1812, and attained immediate prominence in his profession. During part of the War of 1812 he acted as a captain in the Third South Carolina Regiment. From 1814 to 1818 he was a Democratic-Republican member of the State Legislature, serving as Speaker of the House in the latter year, and from 1818 to 1822 was Attorney-General of the State. In 1823 he was elected as a States' Rights Democrat to the United States Senate, in which body he quickly became conspicuous as a pronounced strict-constructionist and an advocate of free trade and of States' Rights. He vigorously opposed the tariffs of 1824 and 1828, denounced the antislavery programme of the Panama Congress, and in various debates upheld the view that slavery was purely a domestic institution, and as such should be wholly exempt from Federal legislation or interference. He is best known, however, for his great debate with Daniel Webster in January, 1830, arising out of the so-called Foote's Resolution, but covering the important question of the relation of the States to the Federal government. Hayne began the debate on January 19, and Webster answered on the following day, while Hayne again spoke on the 21st, 25th, and 27th, and Webster on the 26th and 27th. In these speeches, besides attacking New England, and especially Massachusetts, for the part taken by that section in the War of 1812, he brilliantly upheld the theory that the Federal government was in reality a compact between the various States, as such; that the Federal government itself was a party with each of the individual States to the compact thus formed, and that any State, when convinced that that compact had been broken, could for its own protection nullify or arrest the enforcement within her borders of any law deemed to be in violation of the Constitution. He naturally supported South Carolina in her controversy with the Federal government over the tariff measures of May, 1828, and July, 1832; was a member of the Nullification Convention which assembled at Charleston on Nov. 19, 1832; and as chairman of the Committee of Twenty-one, reported the famous Ordinance of Nullification, which was passed by the convention on November 24. Soon afterward he resigned from the Senate, partly, no doubt, in order that Calhoun might take his seat in that body; and in December he was elected Governor of the State and commander in chief of the State forces. On the 13th he delivered his inaugural address, pledging himself to maintain at all hazards the principle of nullification, and on the 20th issued a ringing counterproclamation to the famous proclamation issued by President Jackson on the 10th. During the whole crisis he administered the executive office with marked ability, and though firmly convinced of the correctness of the position taken by his State, he used his influence on several occasions to restrain the nullificationists from acts of violence. His term as Governor ended in December, 1834. He was mayor (intendant) of Charleston in 1835-37, and president of the Louisville, Cincinnati, and Charleston Railroad from 1836 until his death. He died at Asheville, N. C., Sept. 24, 1839. Consult: Paul H. Hayne, Lives of Robert Y. Hayne and Hugh Swinton Legaré (Charleston,

1878); McDuffie, Eulogy upon the Life and Character of the Late Robert Y. Hayne (ib., 1840); Lindsay Swift (ed.), The Great Debate Between Robert Y. Hayne, of South Carolina, and Daniel Webster, of Massachusetts (Boston, 1898), in the "Riverside Literature Series"; Jervey, Robert Y. Hayne and his Times (New York, 1909).

HAYNES, hanz, ELWOOD (1857- ). An American inventor. Born at Portland, Ind., he graduated from Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 1881, and after study at Johns Hopkins University (1884-85), taught sciences for a year. He was manager of the Portland Natural Gas and Oil Company until 1890 and then field superintendent of the Indiana Natural Gas and Oil Company until 1901. In 1898 he became president of the Haynes Automobile Company. În 1893-94 he constructed a horseless carriage, now exhibited at the Smithsonian Institution. He found several metallic alloys useful in connection with the manufacture of automobiles.

HAYNES, HENRY WILLIAMSON (1831-1912). An American archæologist, born in Bangor, Me., son of Nathaniel Haynes, editor of the Eastern Republican. He graduated at Harvard in 1851, studied law, and practiced for a few years. Then he was appointed professor of Latin and later of Greek in the University of Vermont, a chair from which he resigned in 1873 to make archæological researches in Europe and in Egypt. His memoirs on the Paleolithic Age in Egypt (1878) won him a medal and a diploma from the Anthropological Congress of that year in Paris and afterward were published in the papers of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Haynes was long a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and recording secretary of the Massachusetts Historical Society.

HAYNES, JOHN (?-1654). An English Colonial Governor in New England. He was born in Essex, but emigrated to Newe Towne (now Cambridge), Mass., with other Puritans in 1633. He was Governor of Massachusetts in 1635-36 and then became one of the settlers of Hartford, Conn. In 1639 he was chosen Governor of Connecticut (of whose constitution he was one of the five framers), and to this office he was reelected as often as the law permitted-i.e., each alternate year until his death-serving in five of the alternate years as Deputy Governor. In Bancroft's History of the United States, vol. i, he is described as being "of a very large estate and large affections; of a heavenly mind and a spotless life; of rare sagacity and accurate but unassuming judgment; by nature tolerant, ever a friend of freedom."

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HAYNES, JOHN HENRY (?-1910). An American archæologist, born at Rowe, Mass. He graduated from Williams College in 1876 and taught school for several years in Massachusetts. An expedition to Crete made with W. J. Stillman, aroused his interest in archæology. went with the American expedition to Assos, tutored at Robert College, Constantinople, for three years, was manager of the Wolfe expedition to Babylonia in 1884, and then was teacher and treasurer at the Central Turkey College at Amtal until 1888. He accompanied two expeditions to Babylonia and had charge of two more in 1892 and 1898, under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania, and in the intervals served as United States Consul at Bagdad. His discoveries were of importance.

HAYNES, JOSEPH. See HAINES. HAY-PAUNCEFOTE (ha'-pans'fut) TREATY. The convention negotiated in 1901 by John Hay, Secretary of State, on the part of the United States, and Lord Pauncefote, the British Ambassador at Washington, on the part of Great Britain, which abrogated the ClaytonBulwer Treaty (q.v.) and defined the policy which should govern the United States in the construction and maintenance of an Isthmian canal between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty was extremely unpopular in the United States, owing to its provision that any canal which should be constructed to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans should be the work of both nations and should be under their joint control. The statement in President McKinley's annual message to Congress in 1898, that the construction of the canal had become a national necessity, led to diplomatic correspondence that resulted finally in the opening of negotiations, with the end in view of so modifying the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty that, without affecting the general policy of neutrality enunciated therein, the United States would be enabled to proceed alone with the construction of the canal and have the sole right of control over it. The treaty then negotiated, and transmitted to the United States Senate by President McKinley on Feb. 5, 1900, provided: (1) for the construction of the canal by or under the auspices of the United States government; (2) for its neutralization on the same basis as the Suez Canal; and (3) for an invitation to other powers to join in guaranteeing such neutrality. The convention was finally ratified by the Senate on Dec. 20, 1900; but with three amendments— the first of which provided that the restrictions contained in the second article, based on the Suez convention, should not apply to such measures as the United States might find it necessary to take for their own defense and the maintenance of public order; the second explicitly stated that the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty was thereby abrogated; and the third struck out the provision in regard to the guarantee to be asked of other nonconstructing powers. In its amended shape Great Britain refused to ratify the convention, and it expired by limitation on March 5, 1901. Negotiations for a new treaty were immediately started, however, by Secretary of State Hay and Lord Pauncefote; the new convention was signed by them on Nov. 18, 1901, transmitted to the Senate by President Roosevelt on December 5 following, and ratified by that body, with but slight opposition, 11 days later. The principal differences between

the first and final treaties were three in number: (1) no guarantees of the canal's neutrality were to be asked either of Great Britain or any other power; (2) the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty was specifically abrogated, although the general principle of neutrality contained therein was retained; (3) certain undefined rights of control were to be allowed to the United States in time of war, the exact nature and extent of which were not specified, but there was no requirement that the canal should be kept open and free in time of war as in time of peace, nor was there a prohibition of the erection of fortifications commanding the canal or its adjacent waters. It was further provided that the canal to be constructed should be open to the ships of all nations on equal terms, and that no change in the sovereignty of the territory traversed by the