they fled the country, but returned in 1596, and the following year Errol, having complied with the King's conditions by abjuring his religion and subscribing to the Confession of Faith, was restored to his rights and possessions. The genuineness of his profession was, however, doubted by the Scottish Kirk, and after various unsuccessful attempts to satisfy themselves on that point, Errol was in 1608 excommunicated and imprisoned in Dumbarton Castle, but was finally released in 1611 and in 1617 he was absolved from excommunication. He died July 16, 1631.

HAY, GEORGE (1729-1811). A Scottish Catholic bishop and polemical writer, born of Protestant parentage in Edinburgh, where he was educated and apprenticed to a surgeon. He became a Catholic, studied in Rome, and, in 1778, after the death of Bishop Grant, became Vicar Apostolic of the Lowlands. A year later his chapel houses were mobbed and burned and his library ruined by fanatics, who were aroused by the fear that government purposed more lenient treatment of the Catholics. Hay was influential in the reëstablishment of the Scots College at Rome, and in building a Catholic seminary at Aquhorties (1799). He wrote The Scripture Doctrine of Miracles (1775) and The Sincere, Devout, and Pious Christian (1781-86), a work still esteemed in the Catholic church. A complete edition of his works with a memoir was published in five volumes at Edinburgh (187173).

HAY, JAMES, EARL OF CARLISLE (c.15751636). An English diplomat and favorite of James I. He was born at Pitscorthy, Fifeshire, and educated in France. James knighted him, took him to England, gave him a rich wife, Honora, heiress of Sir Edward Denny, and repeatedly paid off the debts which Hay, who was an easy-going spendthrift, was always making. In 1619, soon after his creation as Viscount Doncaster, he was sent on a mission to Bohemia, where James's son-in-law, Frederick of the Palatinate, was for a short time King. A little later we find him in France (1621-22), exerting himself unsuccessfully in an effort to make peace between Louis XIII and the Huguenots. He was made Earl of Carlisle in 1622 and was sent back to Paris two years later to arrange a marriage between Charles and Henrietta Maria, and advised the King against promising Richelieu that there should, in event of the marriage, be any abatement of laws against Catholics. Carlisle seems to have distrusted the French alliance now as strongly as he had before desired it; and he retired from politics when it became apparent that the court policy was for peace with France. The title of Carlisle became extinct on the death of his son James (1660). See HAY, LUCY.

HAY, JOHN (1838-1905). An American statesman, author, and journalist. Born in Salem, Ind., of Scottish ancestry, Oct. 8, 1838, he graduated from Brown University in 1858 and studied law at Springfield, Ill., where he became acquainted with Abraham Lincoln, then the leader of his profession and of the Republican party in Illinois. In 1861 he was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of Illinois. He accompanied President-elect Lincoln to Washington and was his assistant private secretary until his (Lincoln's) death, with the exception of a brief interval during which he served as adjutant and aid-de-camp to the President and of a few months when he served in the army under

Generals Hunter and Gillmore. He rose to the rank of major and was later brevetted lieutenant colonel and colonel. After Mr. Lincoln's death he went to Paris as Secretary of Legation (1864– 67). He then served (1867-68) as Secretary of Legation and chargé d'affaires at Vienna, and after a short interval went in the same capacity to Madrid, where he remained until 1869. From 1870 to 1875 he was an editorial writer on the New York Tribune and for a short time acted as editor in chief of that journal as substitute for Horace Greeley. In 1874 he married the daughter of Amasa Stone, of Cleveland, Ohio. From 1879 to 1881 he served under President Hayes as First Assistant Secretary of State; then until 1883 he acted in Whitelaw Reid's place as editor of the Tribune; and afterward for 16 years he was engaged in literary work, chiefly in preparing a biography of Lincoln. On March 19, 1897, he was appointed by President McKinley Ambassador to Great Britain, to succeed Thomas F. Bayard. His 18 months' service in this capacity was marked by thoroughness, skill, and tact, and did much to cement relations with Great Britain and to increase the diplomatic prestige of the United States. On Sept. 20, 1898, he was appointed Secretary of State, to succeed William R. Day, who had just resigned. His conduct of the foreign affairs of the nation was characterized by unusual vigor and foresight. He at once made a modus vivendi concerning the Canadian-Alaskan boundary. Perhaps his greatest diplomatic achievement was when in September, 1899, he secured the "opendoor" policy in China by the written guarantees of the European nations, and prevented the Empire from being dismembered. In this the United States for the first time acted in concert as a world power. During the British war in South Africa he used his good offices to secure the neutrality of the continental European powers. When the United States began negotiations to build the Panama Canal, he negotiated a treaty with England (see HAY-PAUNCEFOTE TREATY) that made this possible. Again, when Colombia refused to ratify the canal concessions to the United States in 1900, he was influential in having the new Republic of Panama recognized and in completing negotiations for the canal. In 1902 he called on the European Powers to prevent atrocities on the Jews in Rumania; in the same year he settled a dispute between Europe and Venezuela by upholding and extending the scope of the Monroe Doctrine; he was instrumental in establishing a Philippine policy; and largely through his efforts an arbitration court was reestablished at The Hague. In all, he brought about more than 50 treaties, including the settlement of the Samoan dispute, as a result of which the United States secured Tutuila, with an excellent harbor in the Pacific; a definitive Alaskan boundary treaty in 1903; the negotiation of reciprocity treaties with Argentina, France, Germany, Cuba, and the British West Indies; the negotiation of new treaties with Spain; and the negotiation of a treaty with Denmark for the cession of the Danish West India Islands. Mr. Hay died July 1, 1905.

Mr. Hay was the author of Pike County Ballads (1871); Castilian Days (1875); a translation of Emilio Castelar's treatise on the Republican Movement in Europe (1875); and (with John G. Nicolay) he wrote an authoritative life of Lincoln, entitled Abraham Lincoln: A History (9 vols., 1890). He was one of the seven orig

inal members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Consult Lorenzo Sears, John Hay, Author and Statesman (New York, 1914).

At

HAY, JOHN. See TWEEDDALE, MARQUIS Of. HAY, LUCY, COUNTESS OF CARLISLE (15991660). An English political intriguer, daughter of Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland. the age of 18, much against the will of her imprisoned father, she married James Hay (q.v.). Cartwright, Herrick, Carew, and Suckling sang of her beauty and wit. She soon gained a high place in the favor of the Queen and did much for Strafford with her influence. When Strafford was dead, she became the spy and servant of the Parliamentary party, which she warned of the plan to arrest the five members. In both civil wars she was intimate with the aristocratic Presbyterian party and intrigued in behalf of Holland. In 1649 she was arrested, imprisoned, and threatened with the rack, and was held in confinement until 1652.

HAY, OLIVER PERRY (1846- ). An American paleontologist, born at Saluda, Jefferson Co., Ind. He studied at Eureka (Ill.) College, Yale, and Indiana University (Ph.D., 1884); taught in several institutions, being professor of biology and geology at Butler College, Indianapolis (1879-92); was at the Field Museum, Chicago (1895-97), and assistant and associate curator of vertebrate paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History, New York (1901–07); for four years was engaged in private investigations; and in 1912 became research associate at the Carnegie Institution, Washington. assisted in geological surveys of Arkansas, Indiana, and Iowa, was associate editor of the American Geologist in 1902-05, and published Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America (1902) and The Fossil Turtles of North America (1908).

He

HAYASHI, hä'ya-shê, COUNT TADASU (18501913). A Japanese diplomat, born at Sakura and educated in England. After holding minor offices he was Assistant Minister for Foreign Affairs in 1891-95, Minister to China in 1895-96 and to Russia in 1897-99. In the latter year he represented Japan at The Hague Peace Conference and from 1900 to 1905 was Ambassador to England. He helped to bring about, and signed, the treaties of alliance of Jan. 20, 1902, and Aug. 12, 1905, between Great Britain and Japan (q.v.). He was Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Saronji cabinet in 1906-08 and Minister of Commerce in 1911-13. In 1896 he was made Baron, in 1902 Viscount, and in 1907 Count.

HAY ASTHMA. See HAY FEVER. HAY BOTE, or HEDGE BOTE (from hay, AS. hege, OHG. hag, Ger. Hag, Eng. haw, hedge + ME. bote, Eng. boot, advantage, recompense). A common-law right of a tenant for life or years to cut timber for the repair of hedges and fences. Such a tenant is restrained by the law of waste from cutting timber, or woods suitable for building, excepting for certain specified purposes included in the ordinary use and upkeep of the premises, as for firewood, necessary repairs, and the like. The excepted cases were known as botes, or estovers. See ESTOVER.

HAY'DEN, FERDINAND VANDEVEER (182987). An American geologist, born in Westfield, Mass. Graduating from Oberlin College in 1850, he studied medicine at Albany, N. Y., and in 1853 commenced a series of scientific explorations by an examination of the remains of extinct animals found in the Bad Lands of Dakota.

The next three years were passed in a similar exploration of the upper Missouri, resulting in the discovery of an important collection of fossils, which was afterward divided between the academies of science of St. Louis and Philadelphia. Being appointed geologist of a government expedition to the Northwest, he acted in this capacity until the outbreak of the Civil War, when he entered the Union army as a surgeon. He rose to be chief medical officer of the Army of the Shenandoah. In 1865, and until 1872, he was professor of geology and mineralogy in the University of Pennsylvania, vacating this post on account of his duties in connection with exploratory work in the West. In 1867 he had been placed in charge of a geological survey of Nebraska which was the beginning of a much broader survey, known as the Geological Survey of the Territories, and for which from 1869 to 1872 he conducted explorations in Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. One of the results of this work was the establishment of the Yellowstone National Park as a government reservation. From 1873 to 1879 he served as director of the Territorial survey, and in the latter year, when the present United States Geological Survey was organized, he became geologist in charge of the Montana division. He resigned from public office in 1886. His papers and reports on the geology and other natural features of the West are numerous, the more important being incorporated in 10 volumes of Reports of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories.

HAYDN, hid'n, JOHANN MICHAEL (17371806). An Austrian musician, brother of Josef Haydn, born at Rohrau. From 1745 to 1755 he was a chorister at St. Stephen's, Vienna, and, after studying the violin and organ, assistant organist there. In 1757 he was kapellmeister at Grosswardein, in 1762 concertmeister to Archbishop Sigismund at Salzburg, and in 1777 organist of the cathedral and of St. Peter's Church in that city. In 1800 his property was destroyed by the French occupation of Salzburg, but his brother and friends and the Empress Maria Theresa came to his assistance, and he was enabled to open a school of composition. This enterprise was very successful, among its pupils being Weber and Reicha. His best works were his oratorios, masses, cantatas, and anthems, which his brother held in the highest estimation. He published little, but his compositions embrace almost every department of music. Consult O. Schmid, Joh. Michael Haydn: Sein Leben und Wirken (Langensalza, 1906).

A famous

HAYDN, JOSEF (1732-1809). Austrian composer. He was born at Rohrau, Lower Austria, March 31, 1732. His father was a traveling wheelwright, with a natural love of music. The sweetness of the boy's voice and his correct ear for pitch were noted early. His cousin, Matthias Frankh, a schoolmaster and choirmaster in Hainburg, took the lad, whom the father had destined for the Church, to his home for musical instruction. Though treated at times with much harshness, he undoubtedly was started on his career by Frankh.

From his eighth to his eighteenth year Haydn was a pupil in the choir school of St. Stephen's, Vienna, Kapellmeister Reutter having heard him sing in Hainburg. Though wretchedly poor and often without sufficient food, he studied diligently and at 13 composed a mass. When his voice broke, Reutter made his boyish prank in cutting off a fellow pupil's queue the occasion

for his dismissal. A former chorister whom he chanced to meet took him in, and a kind-hearted tradesman, named Buchholz, loaned him 150 florins. Haydn not only repaid the loan, but years afterward remembered Buchholz's granddaughter in his will. Gratitude, tolerance, and the never-failing good humor which is reflected in his music, and which even a wretched marriage could not mar, mingled in his nature. Through Metastasio, the Italian poet and librettist, Haydn secured pupils, himself taking lessons in composition from Porpora, for which he paid by menial duties. In 1758 his circumstances changed for the better. Through Baron Fürnberg, for whom he had composed his first quartet, and Countess Thun, he was appointed musical director to Count Franz Morzin, for whose orchestra he wrote his first symphony. It was during this incumbency that he married the eldest daughter of a Viennese wigmaker, named Keller. He had loved the younger daughter, but she entered a convent, and urged by her father he married her sister instead. His wife was utterly unsympathetic and unworthy of him. She tore up his manuscripts for curl papers and pie forms, squandered his earnings for finery, and even selected a house to live in in anticipation of her widowhood. By an irony of fate Haydn survived her and went to live in this very house.

In 1760 he became kapellmeister to Prince Paul Anton Esterházy and retained this position under his original patron's successors till near the time of his death. Prince Nikolaus played upon the barytone (a stringed instrument superseded by the cello), and for this instrument alone Haydn wrote 175 pieces. For operatic performances in the princely household he composed more than a dozen operas, and for concerts numerous symphonies, quartets, and

sonatas.

Haydn and Mozart became acquainted in 1781, and from then until Mozart's death a close and generous friendship existed between them. Beethoven (q.v.) was a pupil of Haydn's for about a year, but, despite the fact that the latter praised some of his compositions, he soon grew dissatisfied with his teacher. Haydn's fame, however, steadily increased, and when, in December, 1791, he arrived in London under engagement to Salomon the violinist, he was the musical lion of the season, as he was also on his second visit, in 1794. His Salomon symphonies were composed for his London concerts. The famous Austrian national anthem he composed in 1797, and in 1798 he produced his greatest work, the oratorio The Creation, following it with The Seasons in 1801. His last years were ailing, and his undermined constitution could not stand the shock of the bombardment of his beloved Vienna by the French in May, 1809. After the third shot he fell into convulsions, and on May 31 he died. For almost a century after his death Haydn was regarded as the "Father of the Symphony" and the "Father of the Modern Orchestra." The recent rediscovery of the works of Stamitz (q.v.), who was born 15 years before Haydn, establishes beyond a doubt the claims of the latter to both these honors. As a matter of fact, the earlier works of Haydn are much inferior to those of Stamitz. Only gradually did Haydn's genius unfold itself, more especially after his acquaintance with Mozart, whom he venerated beyond everything and whom he regarded as the greatest musical genius the world had ever seen. Haydn adopted

Stamitz's style and form (the "sonata form”) and his individual treatment of the orchestral instruments without adding anything of his own on the mere technical side. His inborn genius, however, filled these forms with such content that before long Stamitz fell into undeserved oblivion. Haydn, though not the creator of the new instrumental style, still maintains his lofty position in the history of music as the earliest of the really great masters of the new style. The prevailing note of his music is joyousness, frequently mingled with droll and even boisterous humor; he never compasses the sublime and occasionally merely hints at the tragic.

Haydn was honored even during his lifetime by a monument erected near his birthplace by Count Harrach, in whose service his mother had been. He attended the unveiling on his return from his first London season. His musical output was enormous. It included 104 symphonies, 77 string quartets, 66 divertissements, 16 concert overtures, 51 concertos for various instruments with orchestra, 68 trios for various combinations of instruments, 12 sonatas for violin and piano, 33 sonatas for piano, and an endless number of smaller pieces. Besides the oratorios already mentioned, he wrote Il ritorno di Tobia, 26 masses, 2 requiems, and a great number of motets and sacred arias. His 24 operas and his songs are forgotten to-day. Die sieben Worte am Kreuze, originally written as a symphony, was later changed to an oratorio by his brother Johann (q.v.). In 1908 Breitkoff and Härtel, of Leipzig, began the publication of the first complete edition of Haydn's works (estimated to comprise more than 80 volumes). The editor is E. von Mandyczewski. works have never been published, and as recently as 1913 an unknown symphony was discovered.

Many

Bibliography. C. F. Pohl, Mozart and Haydn in London (Vienna, 1867); id., Josef Haydn (2 vols., Leipzig, 1875-82); Nohl, Life of Haydn (trans. by Upton, Chicago, 1889); L. Schmidt, J. Haydn (Berlin, 1907); M. Brenet, Haydn (Paris, 1909); F. H. Cowan, Haydn (New York, 1912).

HAY'DON, BENJAMIN ROBERT (1786-1846). An English historical painter. He was born at Plymouth, Jan. 26, 1786, the son of a printer and publisher. He was educated at Plymouth and at Plympton. While an apprentice to his father, he was attacked by a malady that caused a dimness of vision which in after life prevented his executing small pictures. In 1804 he went to London and spent two years studying, drawing from the cast by himself, attending the Academy schools and the lectures on anatomy by Charles Ball. He was one of the first of the English artists to appreciate the Elgin Marbles, and it was largely through his efforts that they were acquired by the nation. From his studies of them he received inspiration for the painting "Dentatus" (1809), which brought him a premium of 100 guineas at the Academy Exhibition. But he was never elected a member of the Academy, owing to his constant quarrels with the members. His quarrel with the Academy was further aggravated by various slights, and by letters written by himself for publication, which alienated many of his powerful friends. In 1821 he married Mary Hymans, a beautiful widow, who did much to lighten his disappointments in life.

His life was an heroic struggle against adverse circumstances, partially the fault of others, but also as a result of his unscrupulousness in money matters, vanity, and egotism. His Journal, consisting of 26 manuscript volumes, contains a vivid record of this struggle. He painted only very large historical canvases, which involved him in debt, and he was several times an inmate of the debtors' prison. During his second confinement he painted the "Mock Election," which George IV purchased for 500 guineas.

Although his ability was not recognized by the Academy, he numbered among his admirers such men as Keats and Wordsworth, both of whom wrote sonnets to him, Sir Walter Scott, Charles Lamb, Southey, Hazlitt, and Mrs. Siddons. They especially appreciated his ambitious plans for the promotion of British art, which he inculcated in his letters, pamphlets, books, and lectures. Among his published works the best known is his Lectures on Design (London, 1844– 46), delivered at the Mechanics' Institute at London, and often repeated, not only in the principal cities of England, but at the University of Oxford. As a teacher, he was equally successful, numbering among his pupils Sir Charles Eastlake, Charles and Thomas Landseer, William Harvey, George Lance, and William Berwick. But although his ideas on schools of design and the decoration of the Houses of Parliament were adopted, he was neglected when it came to carrying them out. His cartoons for the latter were rejected. He struggled through life, mostly in great poverty, and finally, overcome by the mental strain consequent on the failure of the exhibition of his last two pictures, he committed suicide in the Thames, June 22, 1846.

Haydon was the greatest British historical painter of his day. His aims and ideals were lofty, and with the advantage of good technical training (such as certain continental schools afforded) he might have achieved wonders.

As

it was, his art was deficient in pictorial qualities. Haydon's drawing shows knowledge of anatomy, although it is often defective in proportions; his color, at times rich, is not always harmonious; his conceptions are always vigorous, but the execution is very unequal. The works which attracted most attention during his lifetime were: "Joseph and Mary Resting on the Road to Egypt" (1806); "Dentatus" (1809); "Romeo and Juliet" (1809); "Judgment of Solomon" (1814); "Christ's Entry into Jerusalem" (1820), now in Philadelphia; "Lazarus" (1882), now in the National Gallery; "Christ Blessing Little Children"; the "Antislavery Society at Freemasons' Hall" (1840), now in the National Portrait Gallery. Among his other works are "Venus and Anchises"; "Alexander and Bucephalus"; "Napoleon at St. Helena," Metropolitan Museum, New York; "Cassandra"; "Xenophon"; "Eucles," National Gallery; "The Mock Election"; "Maid of Saragossa"; "Banishment of Aristides"; "Nero Playing the Lyre during the Burning of Rome." Consult: Haydon's Correspondence and Table Talk, edited by his son, F. W. Haydon (London, 1876); Tom Taylor, Life of Haydon (ib., 1883); Redgrave, A Century of Painters of the English School (ib., 1866); Symonds, B. R. Haydon and his Friends (New York, 1905).

HAYDUCKS, hi'duks. See HAIDUKS.
HAYE, L. M. de la. See CORMENIN.
VOL. XI.-3

HAYEL, hä'yèl, or HAIL, hä'el. Capital of the Sultanate of Shomer, situated in the northern part of Arabia, about 250 miles northeast of Medina, 3550 feet above sea level (Map: Turkey in Asia, E 5). It is a walled town, a place of considerable trade, and summer residence of the emir. Pop., 25,000.

HAYEM, â'yäN', GEORGES (1841- ). A French physician, born in Paris. He was educated at the University of Paris, where in 1879 he became a professor in the faculty of medicine. He was made a physician of the SaintAntoine Hospital and in 1886 was elected a member of the Academy of Medicine. From 1873 to 1898 he edited the Revue des sciences médicales en France et à l'étranger. He also became an Officer in the Legion of Honor. His works include: Des hémorragies intra-rachidiennes (1872); Du sang et de ses altérations anatomiques (1889); Leçons de thérapeutique (1887-93); Leçons sur les maladies du sang (1900); Les évolutions pathologiques de la digestion stomacale (1907); Maladies de l'estomac (1913).

HAYES, hāz, AUGUSTUS ALLEN (1806–82). An American chemist, born at Windsor, Vt. He graduated at the Norwich Military Academy in 1823 and began the study of chemistry under Professor Dana at Dartmouth. Here he distinguished himself by his researches on the proximate constituents of American medicinal plants and by his discovery of the organic alkaloid sanguinaria, a compound remarkable for the brilliant colors of its salts. He was for a time assistant professor of chemistry in the New Hampshire Medical College and while there in 1827 investigated the compounds of chromium, and his paper on this subject was highly praised by Berzelius. His contributions were published in the Proceedings of the American Academy and of the Boston Society of Natural History, the American Journal of Science, and the Annual of Scientific Discovery. In 1837 his investigations into the generation of steam and the economy of fuel led to the construction of improved furnaces and boilers.

HAYES, C(HARLES) WILLARD (1859-1916). An American geologist, born at Granville, Ohio. He graduated from Oberlin College in 1883, and, after a year as a high-school principal and further study, gained his Ph.D. at Johns Hopkins in 1887. He was connected with the United States Geological Survey from 1887 to 1911 (chief geologist, 1902-11), serving in 1898-99 also as geologist of the Nicaraguan Canal Commission. In 1911 he became first vice president and general manager of the Mexican petroleum company, El Aguila. He is known for his articles on theoretic and economic geology and on the geology of the southern Appalachians, and for his Handbook for Field Geologists (1912).

HAYES, DOREMUS ALMY (1863- ). An American Methodist Episcopal theologian. Born at Russelville, Ohio, he graduated from Ohio Wesleyan University in 1884 and from Boston University School of Theology in 1887, in the latter also receiving the degree of Ph.D. from Boston University. He was professor of the Greek language and literature at the University of the Pacific from 1888 to 1891; was then for a year in Berlin and Leipzig as Jacob Sleeper fellow of Boston University School of Theology; in 1895-96 was professor of biblical theology in the Iliff School of Theology; and thereafter was professor in Garrett Biblical Institute-of the