ties. At Edinburgh he was lecturer on histology and then became Chandos professor of physiology at St. Andrews. In 1898-99 he was president of the Royal Medical Society. His distinctive work was in experiment on animals, e.g., on cold and reflex action and the series of experiments with dogs on which was based the Schäfer method of resuscitation from drowning (1904).

HERRINGBONE MASONRY. See MA

SONRY.

HERRING GULL. See GULL.

HERRING HOG. A porpoise; especially, in New England, the common small harbor porpoise, also called puffing pig. See PORPOISE.

HERRINGS, BATTLE OF THE. See FASTOLF, SIR JOHN.

HERRMANN, ALEXANDER (1844-96). An American prestidigitateur, born in Paris. After public performances in various European cities from 1856, he appeared in 1861 in the United States and in the same year was naturalized. He traveled professionally all over the world, even to the Far East, the home of the sleightof-hand art, where he was received with amazement. In 1874 he made his first transcontinental tour of the United States. As a master of pure sleight of hand, and as a performer who united the entertaining with the mystifying, he has perhaps never been surpassed.

HERRMANN, her mån, or HEERMANS, har'mans, or HARMAN, härʼmàn, AUGUSTINE (1605-86). An American colonist, active chiefly in the affairs of New Netherland and afterward in those of Maryland. He was born in Prague, Bohemia, and after receiving an excellent training in modern languages and mercantile life, entered the service of the Dutch West India Company. He settled in New Amsterdam as early as 1643, took an important share in the civic life of the Dutch settlements, and was of much service in regulating the relations of New Netherland with Rhode Island and Maryland. Having been sent to Maryland in 1659 to uphold the rights of New Netherland as against the claim of Lord Baltimore to the Delaware River, he presented the case of his Colony with great force, and the State of Delaware may in some measure owe its existence to the arguments established on that occasion. He made a map of Maryland and Virginia, which was first published in 1670 and is remarkably accurate in the tidewater section. For this map he received from Lord Baltimore an extensive grant of land in Cecil Co., Md., with manorial privileges. He was given the title of Lord of Bohemia Manor, became a member of the Governor's Council, a justice of Baltimore County, and in 1678 was made a commissioner to treat with the Indians. His descendants were lords of Bohemia Manor until 1735.

HERRMANN, hĕr mån, ERNST ADOLF (181284). A German historian, born at Kämmerswalde. He studied at Dorpat, and at Berlin under Ranke, and then lived in Dorpat (183739) and in Dresden. In 1847 he became docent at Jena, then professor of history there, and afterward (1857) at Marburg. His work was mostly on the history of Russia; especially important was his completion of Strahl's Geschichte des russischen Staates (1846-66). Among his other writings are: Beiträge zur Geschichte des russischen Reichs (1843); Die österreichisch-preussische Allianz vom 7. Februar 1792 und die zweite Teilung Polens (1861),

which contained an attack on the historian Von Sybel; and Peter der Grosse und der Zarewitsch Alexei (1880).

HERRMANN, WILHELM (1846- ). A German Protestant theologian, born in Melkow (near Jerichow), Saxony, where his father was pastor. He was educated at Halle, where he became lecturer in 1874, after fighting in the Franco-Prussian War. In 1879 he was appointed professor of systematic theology in the University of Marburg. Herrmann is to be classed among the followers of Ritschl, whose work he criticized in Der evangelische Glaube und die Theologie A. Ritschl's (2d ed., 1896). Among his other important works are: Bedeutung der Inspirationslehre für die evangelische Kirche (1886); Begriff der Offenbarung (1887); Gewissheit des Glaubens (2d ed., 1889); Der Verkehr des Christen mit Gott (1886; 6th ed., 1908; Eng. trans. by Stanyon, 1895); Römische und evangelische Sittlichkeit (3d ed., 1903); Sittliche Weisungen Jesu (1904; 2d ed., 1907); Offenbarung und Wunder (1908); Ethik (4th ed., 1909); Die Not der evangelischen Kirche und ihre Ueberwindung (1913). Harnack and Herrmann's Essays on the Social Gospel appeared in English (trans. by Craik) in 1907.

HERRNHUT, hĕrn'hoot. A small town in the Kingdom of Saxony, situated on the south slope of the Hutberg, 1120 feet above the sea, 11 miles from Zittau (Map: Germany, F 3). It is noted throughout Germany as the central seat and birthplace of the present Moravian Brotherhood. The town has manufactures of linen, cotton, and bleached goods, and furniture. Its products are famous all over Germany. There are here a monument to Count Zinzendorf, a fine church, a school for choral music, an ethnographic museum, and other institutions belonging to the Moravian church. The community was founded in 1722 by a colony of persecuted Moravians, some of whom were descended from the old Bohemian and Moravian Brethren. In coming into Saxony they were sheltered and protected by the pious Count Zinzendorf, to whom Herrnhut belonged. Pop., 1900, 1242, including 830 Moravians; 1910, 1364.

HER/RON, FRANCIS JAY (1837-1902). An American soldier, born in Pittsburgh, Pa. Graduating at the Western University of Pennsylvania (later the University of Pittsburgh) in 1853, after 1856 he was engaged in business in Iowa. He served in Iowa volunteer regiments in the Civil War, becoming brigadier general of volunteers in July, 1862, for a time commanding the Army of the Frontier, and being made major general of volunteers in November, 1862. At Vicksburg he commanded the left wing of the investing forces and at the close of the war received the surrender of the Confederate forces west of the Mississippi. He resigned in 1865, entered on the practice of law in New Orleans, was United States marshal of the District of Louisiana from 1867 to 1869, and was Secretary of State of Louisiana in 1872-73. Subsequently he practiced law in New York City.

HERRON, GEORGE DAVIS (1862- ). An American clergyman and writer, born at Montezuma, Md., and educated at Ripon College, Wisconsin. He held Congregational pastorates at Lake City, Minn., and Burlington, Iowa, and in 1893 became professor of applied Christianity in Iowa College. Opposition to his teachings led him to resign in 1900, and he then initiated a social crusade in Chicago and New York,

founded the Social Crusader, and lectured upon "The Economics of the Kingdom of Heaven" and similar topics, chiefly advocating a transformation of the present economic order in conformity with the Christian principle of the brotherhood of men. He aroused great controversy throughout religious circles generally in 1901 by his separation from his wife, his second marriage, and his published theories regarding a free marriage relation. At a meeting of the Iowa Congregational Council he was deposed from membership. Later he took up his residence in Italy, where he devoted his time to literary work. His principal writings are: The Larger Christ (1891); The Call of the Cross (1892); A Plea for the Gospel (1892); The New Redemption (1893); The Christian Society (1894); The Christian State (1895); Social Meaning of Religious Experiences (1897); Between Cæsar and Jesus (1899); Why I Am a Socialist (1900); Wagner and Parsifal (1903); The Day of Judgment (1904).

HERSART, T. C. H. See LA VILLEMARQUÉ, VICOMTE DE.

She

HERSCHEL, her'shel, CAROLINE LUCRETIA (1750-1848). A German-English astronomer, sister of Sir William Herschel. She was born at Hanover and lived there till 1772, when she went to England to live with her brother at Bath. When he turned astronomer, she became his constant helper, and on his being appointed private astronomer to George III acted as his assistant in the famous observatory at Slough, receiving a small salary from the King. found time for a series of independent observations with a small Newtonian telescope made for her by her brother. Her special occupation was to scan the heavens for comets, seven of which she discovered, in regard to five of which she has the credit of priority of discovery; and several remarkable nebulæ and clusters of stars included in her brother's catalogues were described from her original observations. In 1798 she published A Catalogue of Stars taken from Mr. Flamsteed's Observations, etc. This work was published at the expense of the Royal Society and contained 561 stars omitted in the British catalogue. She lived with her brother during the whole of his career and on his death, in 1822, returned to her native country. In 1828 the Royal Society conferred on her their gold medal for completing the catalogue of nebulæ and clusters of stars observed by her brother. She was afterward chosen an honorary member of the Royal Society. Consult M. C. Herschel, Memoir and Correspondence of Caroline Herschel (London, 1876), and Clerke, The Herschels and Modern Astronomy (ib., 1895).

HERSCHEL, JOHN (1837- ). An English astronomer, son of Sir J. F. W. Herschel, born at the Cape of Good Hope. He served for a few months in 1859 in India in the Bengal Engineers, which he had entered in 1856, and then was appointed to the Trigonometrical Survey, where he served until his retirement in 1886. In 1868 and 1871 he observed total eclipses of the sun for the Royal Society and made important discoveries in regard to the spectrum of the corona.

HERSCHEL, SIR JOHN FREDERICK WILLIAM (1792-1871). An eminent English astronomer, the only son of the astronomer William Herschel. He was born at Slough, near Windsor, March 7, 1792, and was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge. His first publication was A Collec

tion of Examples of the Application of the Calculus of Finite Differences (1820). In 1822 he applied himself especially to astronomy, using his father's methods and instruments in observing the heavens. For a time he worked with Sir James South in reëxamining the nebulæ and clusters of stars described in his father's catalogues. The results of the reëxamination were given in 1833 to the Royal Society in the form of a catalogue. The catalogue contained observations on 525 nebulæ and clusters of stars not noticed by his father and on a great number of double stars-in all, between 3000 and 4000. His "Treatise on Sound" appeared in the Encyclopædia Metropolitana in 1830, and his "Treatise on the Theory of Light" in the same work in 1831, in which year also appeared in Lardner's Cyclopædia his "Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy." In 1836 appeared his "Treatise on Astronomy," in Lardner's Cyclopædia. At this time Herschel was at the Cape of Good Hope, where he arrived in January, 1834, with the intention of completing the survey of the sidereal heavens by examining the Southern Hemisphere as he had done the Northern. Here he established his observatory at a place called Feldhausen, 6 miles from Table Bay. On March 5, 1834, he began his observations, which were embodied in his Results of Astronomical Observations Made during 1834-38 at the Cape of Good Hope; Being a Completion of a Telescopic Survey of the Whole Surface of the Visible Heavens, Commenced in 1825 (1847). On his return to England, in 1838, honors were showered on him. He had been awarded the Royal Society's gold medal in 1826; he now was made a D.C.L. of Oxford, was created Baronet, and succeeded the Duke of Sussex as president of the Royal Society, and in 1848 he became president of the Royal Astronomical Society. In 1849 he published his Outlines of Astronomy. In 1850 he was appointed master of the mint. This office, on account of ill health, he resigned in 1855. Consult Clerke, The Herschels and Modern Astronomy (London, 1895). For a list of his contributions, consult the Royal Society's great catalogue.

HERSCHEL, SIR WILLIAM (1738-1822). An eminent German-English astronomer, born at Hanover, Germany, Nov. 15, 1738. The son of an army musician, he was trained in his youth to follow his father's profession. After serving for four years as oboist in the band of the Hanoverian Guards, he went to England in 1757. His first few years in that country were spent in privation, but subsequently he became a military bandmaster at Leeds. In 1765 he became organist at Halifax and a year later removed to Bath, where he was appointed to the post of organist of the Octagon Chapel. At Bath he would seem to have become interested in astronomy and during his spare moments devoted himself assiduously to the study of that and kindred sciences. The wonders revealed to him by a small hired telescope stimulated his desire to become the possessor of a larger instrument, and in 1773 he set about making for himself a Gregorian telescope of 52-foot focal length, which he completed in the following year. His two great ambitions were "to carry improvements in telescopes to their utmost extent" and "to leave no spot of the heavens unexamined," and with these in view he steadily increased the power of his tele