2 Uncounted.

3 Common.

Mr. CAHALANE. In summarizing the report of the National Park Service I will say that surplus populations of hoofed mammals in a few of the national parks continue to be among the more serious of the wildlife problems that confront us.

In meeting these problems, the National Park Service has had excellent cooperation from State fish and wildlife departments, in adjusting the hunting seasons immediately outside of the park boundaries in order that migratory animals that are present in the parks in too large numbers may be removed. In that way sport accrues to the benefit of the hunters outside of the parks.

Where circumstances have prevented an adequate kill by hunters, the National Park Service has entered into cooperative agreements with the State fish and wildlife departments for the disposal of animals. that have been killed by authority of the director within the parks, by the park employees, by the park ranger staffs.

The Fish and Wildlife Service has conducted range studies in several national parks and has recommended control measures in some of them.

In a few instances, State game officials have cooperated in providing protection personnel to supplement the park staffs where these were inadequate to properly police the parks and enforce Department of the Interior regulations governing fishing. This cooperation has been extended especially in hunting seasons when there were numbers of hunters immediately adjacent to the parks.

Several important species are threatened with extinction in some of the national parks. În other areas certain species have been extirpated and should be restored.

According to national park principles, an animal that has been completely wiped out of existence would not be replaced by a related species. Even though the relationship is fairly close, it would be, nevertheless, a different animal.

In three areas exotic birds and mammals have established themselves, or threaten to invade the parks.

The problem created by troublesome bears in Yellowstone and Yosemite National Parks has been rather considerably relieved through educational programs designed to discourage the feeding and petting and other undue intimacy with bears, and by determined action in dispersing or destroying the bears when other means failed. Of course, a marked decline in the number of park visitors has also played a part in improving the situation.

I have brought along with me, at the chairman's request, samples of several posters that have been issued in the past year. Two of the posters are pictorial cartoons about 18 or 20 by 28 inches in size.

One of them consists of four frames from a Merrie-Melodies cartoon by Schlesinger, showing an encounter between a park visitor and a park bear. The visitor reads the sign erected by the National Park Service "Danger! Do not feed the bears"-and thereupon proceeds to offer a surplus sandwich to the bear. The animal, who presumably, has also read the sign, becomes enraged and slaps the visitor down; then emphasizes the lesson of the sign to him by pulling the sign off the tree and presents it for a rereading.

The second cartoon is a reproduction of a newspaper strip cartoon by Walt Disney. It is a Donald Duck cartoon of Donald and the three

little ducks driving into a park, which, in the original cartoon, was Sequoia Park.

We wrote to Mr. Disney and asked him if he would allow us to use the cartoon, and also to change the sign so that it would be applicable to all of the parks having a bear problem.

The Disney Studio very kindly agreed. We therefore were able to print this poster showing Donald Duck and family coming in, disregarding the sign, offering food to the bear who, eventually, like many park bears, proceeds to take everything, chasing Donald Duck and the rest of the family out of their car.

The other two posters are also large sized. One is a simple blunt "Warning. It is dangerous to feed, molest, or approach bears closely. Play safe."

The fourth poster is an attempt to put over to the public the conception that bears should be enjoyed but avoided, at least at close range; also to try to tell park visitors who are interested in the welfare of the animals that the junk-pop, sandwiches, and food, so-called— is actually detrimental to the bears. This is done in an indirect way by posting a

Notice to bears. Beware of sabotage. We want to warn you that certain humans in this park have been passing biscuits and soda pop to some of your brothers. Keep you self-respect. Avoid them. Don't be pauperized like your uncles were last year. You remember what happened to those panhandlers, don't you? Do you want gout, an unbalanced diet, vitamin deficiency, and gas on the stomach? Beware of ersatz foodstuffs. Use only natural foods and hunt these up yourselves. These visitors mean well but they will ignore the signs. If they come too close, read this notice to them. They will catch on after a while. And it is signed "The Committee." And a final note, "If you can't read, ask the bear at the next intersection."

The CHAIRMAN. I would like to ask at that point if any of those signs are available for distribution to the public schools, as our committee has had some requests from schools wanting to know if they could get some of those signs for use in school classrooms.

Mr. CAHALANE. Yes, sir; they are available, and we have already distributed a small number. We will be glad to make them available to anyone who wants them.

The CHAIRMAN. Then if we get requests we may refer them to the Park Service?

Mr. CAHALANE. Yes, sir; or we can supply you with posters if you want to send them out from here.

We also have had printed a considerable number of small cards for distribution by hand. One set bears the cartoon in black and white, and the others these notices and warnings.

Proceeding with the summary of our report. Interest in fish and fishing in the national parks and monuments has been manifested by many persons. The Fish and Wildlife Service has cooperated in studying fish problems in two national parks during the year-during the summer season just passed.

There is crying need for more adequate research by aquatic biologists in many areas of the national park system in order that practical management may bring about satisfactory and efficient programs of stocking and use of fish resources. There seems to be a great gap in scientific knowledge of our park streams and lakes-for that environment which is hidden below the surface of the water and therefore is usually ignored by most people.

The CHAIRMAN. May I ask there, who does most of the fish research and hatchery and planning work for the national parks? The Fish and Wildlife Service or the Park Service?

Mr. CAHALANE. The Fish and Wildlife Service, and in a few instances State fish and game departments, propagate and rear the fish that are planted in the national parks.

Planting, in most cases, is done by the park staffs who have the intimate knowledge of the streams and know where the fish should be put in, and the optimum time to do to.

Research work on fish, has been done in the past by the Fish and Wildlife Service, and in a number of instances by private investigators or State investigators.

For instance, Dr. Carl L. Hubbs, now at Scripps Institute of Oceanography but formerly of the University of Michigan, has done considerable research on the aquatic resources of Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Missouri, Mr. Cochran, has complained that in several instances he thought there was overlapping in conservation work.

Is it your opinion that there is no overlapping of that work in the national parks with respect to the fish in streams and that the bulk of the fish work is now being handled by the agency directly charged with the fish program?

Mr. CAHALANE. I think that there is no overlapping of fisheries work in the national park system.

The propagating and rearing is one job in itself. When the fish are brought to proper size, they are either delivered to the park by the fisheries' employees or they are picked up at the hatchery by the park people.

The CHAIRMAN. Please tell us how many biologists, fish hatchery men, and other technical men engaged solely in fish work you have in the Park Service.

Mr. CAHALANE. We have no one in the Park Service who is engaged exclusively in fisheries work.

The CHAIRMAN. What is your technical set-up, from a purely wildlife conservation standpoint in the Park Service?

Mr. CAHALANE. In the Director's office, there is one person, the biologist (myself) who is charged with the job of advising the Director regarding wildlife and grazing management in the national park system, and in planning and guiding wildlife studies that are made by the park staffs.

The CHAIRMAN. How many national parks do you have to service in that way, and what is the total acreage?

Mr. CAHALANE. The number of national parks is 27 (Big Bend having been added last May, bringing the total to that number), and the total area of the national park system (including monuments and other areas is 21,000,000 acres.

The CHAIRMAN. And you are the only bilogist to serve that area? Mr. CAHALANE. That is correct; yes.

The CHAIRMAN. Then what other technical men do you have in either biology or fish conservation?

Mr. CAHALANE. We have none as such, officially designated to work on those subjects. We have in the parks a small staff of park naturalists numbering approximately 20 at present. Some of these

men are biologists, but a number of them are geologists. We also have a number of rangers who, by education and experience, are qualified in the wildlife field.

The CHAIRMAN. How many miles of fishing.streams do you have in the national parks?

Mr. CAHALANE. There are 4,450 miles of fishing streams in national parks.

The CHAIRMAN. Do you know how many people visit the national parks each year?

Mr. CAHALANE. Yes. Approximately 21,000,000 visitors in 1941, the last normal travel year before the war.

The CHAIRMAN. Can you give the number of fishermen that visited the national parks?

Mr. CANALANE. That is a number that would have to be approximated. It might be estimated as at least 10 percent of the 21,000,000 people who visited the parks in the last normal year.

The CHAIRMAN. In which park do you have the most fishermen? Mr. CAHALANE. Probably in Yellowstone.

The CHAIRMAN. Which is the next?

Mr. CAHALANE. I would say either Great Smoky Mountains or Yosemite.

The CHAIRMAN. They must be right crowded in those parks, because in the Shenandoah National Park I have seen 1 for about every 50 feet of stream.

Mr. CAHALANE. That is correct, and that condition prevails on the more accessible streams in the Great Smokies.

The CHAIRMAN. I thought you had more visitors in the Shenandoah National Park than any other park.

lot of

Mr. CAHALANE. The official count is more, but, of course, those people go down the main highway and do not get more than about 50 feet off the road.

The CHAIRMAN. By the "main highway" you mean the Skyline Drive?

Mr. CAHALANE. Yes.

The CHAIRMAN. They just go there to see the scenery, but do not actually stop to enjoy the recreational opportunities?

Mr. CAHALANE. That is correct. As you know, Shenandoah National Park is extremely narrow. It only averages about 4 miles in width. The streams run from the main ridge outward and their course in the park is, therefore, very short.

If Shenandoah had a comparable mileage of streams to the Great Smokies or Yellowstone, the number of fishermen, of course, would be

enormous.

Mr. BISHOP. Are you familiar with the Shawnee National Park, which takes in southern Illinois, Kentucky, and Tennessee? Mr. CAHALANE. No, sir. That is national forest, is it not? The CHAIRMAN. That is national forest.

Mr. CAHALANE. No; I am not familiar with it.

Mr. BISHOP. At that point, do the National Park Service and the U. S. Forest Service overlap in any capacity?

Mr. CAHALANE. No, sir; they do not. The national forest system, of course, is for the protection of watersheds, and conservation and economic production of wood products. The national parks are for the preservation of the superlative scenery of America in a natural