on strong hardy horses fit for the charge; and though but poorly disciplined, were well armed with the basket-hilted broadsword, then common throughout Scotland. The English gentlemen, on the other hand, were mounted on fleet blood-horses, better adapted for the race-course and hunting-field than for action. There was among them a great want of war-saddles, curb-bridles, and, above all, of swords and pistols; so that the Scots were inclined to doubt whether men so well equipped for flight, and so imperfectly prepared for combat, might not, in case of an encounter, take the safer course, and leave them in the lurch. They were unpleasantly reminded of their want of swords on entering Wooler. Their commanding officer having given the order: Gentlemen, you that have swords, draw them,' a fellow among the crowd inquired, with some drollery: "And what shall they do who have none?" This was a question more easily asked than answered.

'Out of the four troops commanded by Foster, the two raised by Lord Derwentwater and Lord Widdrington were, like those of the Scots, composed of gentlemen, and their relations and dependants. But the third and fourth troops differed considerably in their composition. The one was commanded by John Hunter, who united the character of a border farmer with that of a contraband trader; the other by a person named Douglas, who was remarkable for his dexterity and success in searching for arms and horses-a trade which he is said not to have limited to the time of the rebellion. Into the troops of these last-named officers many persons of slender reputation were introduced, who had either lived by smuggling, or by the ancient Border practice of horse-lifting, as it was called. These light and suspicious characters, however, fought with determined courage at the barricades of Preston.'*

The combined forces of Kenmure and Foster having been apprised that a detachment from Mar's army had been sent across the Firth of Forth to join them, crossed the Tweed, and directed their march towards Kelso, which had been appointed as the place of junction. The Earl of Mar, commander-in-chief of the rebels in Scotland, sent upon this mission towards the Borders a body of picked men, to the number of 2500, including the Mackintoshes, the Farquharsons, and the greater part of the regiments of Lords Strathmore and Nairn, Lord Charles Murray, and Drummond of Logie Drummond-the whole under the command of Brigadier Mackintosh of Borlum, a veteran of zeal, experience, and intrepidity. After various bold exploits, one of which was a threatened attack of Edinburgh, which caused great alarm, Mackintosh marched southward through the

Tales of a Grandfather, third series, vol. i. p. 261. It is supposed that not a few of these Borderers joined the insurgents purely for the more convenient exercise of their calling. When it was reported that Hunter had quartered his troop near Carpenter's camp, a gentleman who knew his character well, could not help exclaiming: "Then we shall hear no more of Carpenter's dragoons. Let Hunter but get near them, and he will not leave them a horse to mount on.'

wilds of Lammermoor, and on the 22d of October joined the forces of Lord Kenmure and Mr Foster at Kelso, which had been hurriedly evacuated by the government militia and volunteers. The combined forces of the insurgents, when mustered in Kelso, were found to amount to about 600 horse and 1400 foot. The day of their arrival was entirely spent in appropriate religious exercises. Orders were given by Viscount Kenmure, who commanded when in Scotland, that the troops should attend divine service in the magnificent abbey of David I., then occupied as a Presbyterian place of worship. Mr Buxton, who has been already mentioned, read prayers, after which Mr Patten, chaplain to Mr Foster, and the historian of the rebellion, preached a sermon on hereditary right, from Deut. xxi. 17-'The right of the first-born is his.' In the afternoon, Mr Irvine, an old Scottish Episcopalian clergyman, delivered a discourse full of earnest exhortation to his hearers to be zealous and steady in the cause in which they had embarked; which discourse, by his own information to Mr Patten, he had preached nearly thirty years before in the Highlands to Lord Dundee and his army, a little before the battle of Killiecrankie. 'It was very agreeable,' says Patten, to see how decently and reverently the very common Highlanders behaved, and answered the responses according to the rubric, to the shame of many that pretend to more polite breeding.'

Next day, October 24, the whole army marched to the marketcross, with drums beating and colours flying; and a circle having been formed, with the chiefs and officers in the centre, King James was proclaimed by Mr Seton of Barnes, claimant of the vacant carldom of Dunfermline. The manifesto of the Earl of Mar was next read, at the end of which the people shouted: 'No union! no malt-tax! no salt-tax!' such being the popular grievances of the period. Here, as at other places, they appropriated the public revenues to their own use. They also instituted a search for arms, and seized several pieces of cannon brought by Sir William Bennet from the ancient fortress of Hume Castle, where they had in former times been employed for the purpose of annoying the English in their incursions into Scotland. They likewise plundered the mansions of several gentlemen in the neighbourhood, and destroyed all the corn they could find upon their estates.

They remained in Kelso from the 22d to the 27th of October, and hearing that General Carpenter had advanced as far as Wooler, for the purpose of attacking them, they held a council of war to deliberate on the course which they should pursue. One plan of operations was advocated by the Scots, another by the English. The former proposed to follow out the design with which Mar had sent the Highlanders across the Forth, by moving westward along the Border, reducing in their way the towns of Dumfries, Ayr, and Glasgow, and then, uniting with the insurgent clans of the West

Highlands, operate upon the rear of Argyle's army, while the Earl of Mar should attack him in front. In this way, they contended, there was every chance of their being able to drive the Duke of Argyle entirely out of Scotland. The English portion of the insurgents, on the other hand, insisted that they should march southward, and attack General Carpenter, who was coming towards them at the head of about 900 newly levied troops, who were not merely very raw soldiers, but much fatigued with forced marches. Their great superiority of numbers would have made them almost certain of victory, which would have cast no small lustre on their arms, and have drawn many accessions to their force. Either of these plans, if decidedly pursued, seemed to promise success; but unfortunately, the irreconcilable difference of opinion as to their comparative merits between the two portions of the army, rendered it impossible to adopt either course. The Highlanders positively refused to enter England, and the English were determined to advance no further in Scotland. In the end, a half-measure was agreed upon. They resolved to march neither against Carpenter nor Argyle, but to move westward along the Border-a course which might advance them equally on their road, whether they should finally determine to take the route to the west of Scotland or to Lancashire. Like all half-measures, this foolish scheme was signally unsuccessful; for General Carpenter and his dragoons, falling into their track and following in their rear, gave to their march the appearance of a flight. On the horse arriving at Jedburgh, an alarm was given that Lord Lumley, who had lately raised a body of light-horse in Northumberland, had attacked their foot, who were considerably in the rear. This intelligence produced no little consternation, and Charles Radcliffe, mounting his horse, called on 'all those who had any courage' to mount and follow him. Some of those who stood beside the general tore off the white cockades from their hats, to make themselves appear guiltless in the eyes of those by whom they expected to be immediately taken. Others sought places of concealment throughout the town. The greater part eventually mounted their horses, and marched out to join the foot; but the alarm proved false; so they returned, says Patten, 'worse frighted than hurt.' After remaining for two days at Jedburgh, the insurgents resolved to cross the hills into North Tynedale, and accordingly Captain Hunter, who was well acquainted with the country, was despatched thither to provide quarters for the army. But the Highlanders having still resolutely refused to cross the Border, they were eventually obliged to alter their intention, and to march towards Hawick. Here Lord Derwentwater, his brother, Mr Charles Radcliffe, and the other leaders, were hospitably entertained at a house belonging to the Duchess of Buccleuch.

While lying at Hawick, the disputes between the Highlanders and the English respecting their final course came almost to an open

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rupture, and the former separated themselves from the horse, and drawing up on a moor above the town, declared that they would on no consideration go into England to be kidnapped and made slaves of, as their ancestors were in Cromwell's time. And when the horse, exasperated at their obstinacy, threatened to surround them and force them to march, they cocked their pieces, and calmly observed that if they must needs be made a sacrifice, they were determined at least that it should be in their own country. While this humour lasted, they would allow no one to speak to them but the Earl of Wintoun, who earnestly advocated the plan of marching northward, and falling upon Argyle's rear. The English forces adhered with equal obstinacy to their own scheme of marching into England. Lord Derwentwater and his brother alone took part with the Highlanders, being of opinion that they would be better able to serve the cause in which they were embarked by joining the army in Scotland, than by continuing their route to England, where it was uncertain what assistance they might obtain, many of their friends there being men of fortune, and having too large an interest at stake to embark in the affair without strong assurance of success. Lord Derwentwater conceived it the wiser policy to strike a bold stroke in Scotland, and endeavour to complete the conquest of that country, which would enable them to raise a powerful army, and march upon England with an overwhelming force, possessing at the same time resources for supplies, and a place of retreat in case of any disaster; whereas, in England, should they be defeated, the cause would be ruined, having no means of retrieving the misfortune. The leaders having refused to listen to this prudent counsel, Charles Radcliffe begged for only 100 horse, that with them he might take his fortune along with the Highlanders. This also was refused, lest it should weaken their forces. At length, after several hours' debate, the Highlanders consented to continue with the army so long as it should remain in Scotland, but on no account to enter England.

On Sunday, October 30, they entered Langholm. Here they were informed by a gentleman who had that morning seen Carpenter's troops enter Jedburgh, that they were so completely worn out by fatigue as to seem almost incapable of resistance. But although this information was laid before a council of war, it was found impossible to come to any resolution to take advantage of it; and the utmost that the Scots could get their associates to consent to was, to join in an attack upon the town of Dumfries. The citizens of this town, however, who thus saw themselves a second time threatened by the insurgent forces, again assumed an attitude of resistance, and marched out to occupy a position in front of the place, on which they threw up some hasty fortifications. At the same time they received intelligence from General Carpenter, that if they could but defend themselves for six hours, he would within that time attack the rear of the enemy.

On the morning of the 31st of October the insurgents left Langholm for the purpose of attacking Dumfries; and an advanced party of 400 horse had proceeded as far as Blacketridge, when they were met by an express from their friends in Dumfries, informing them of the preparations which the citizens of that town had made for its defence. Immediately on the arrival of this message, the dispute was renewed between the Scots and English, the former insisting on their original plan of forming a junction with the Earl of Mar, while Mr Foster and his friends obstinately adhered to their proposal of entering England, affirming that they had received letters which assured them of the general co-operation of the numerous Roman Catholic gentry, and that upon appearing there they would be joined by 20,000 men. Lord Derwentwater continued strongly to protest against the proposed measure, as certain to end in their ruin; but his remonstrances were unheeded. The rest of the English leaders urged the advantages of their plan with such vehemence as to bear down all opposition. After a long altercation, they finally resolved upon the invasion of Lancashire, provided they could obtain the consent of the Earl of Wintoun and Brigadier Mackintosh, who were not present at the consultation, and who had all along strenuously opposed the measure. Mackintosh's opinion, however, had undergone a change on the subject. He is loudly accused of having been actuated by a love of plunder, which would have better become a lower rank in the army; and it is alleged that on this occasion he had been gained over by the prospects of personal advantage held out to him by the English gentlemen. The messenger despatched by the council to ascertain if the brigadier would agree to their project, found him in the middle of the river Esk in the act of stopping about 300 of his men, who, already aware of the design of taking them into England, had commenced a retreat towards the Highlands. On the message being delivered to him, he immediately decided in favour of the proposal to march into England, where there were 'both meat, men, and money,' and accordingly exerted himself to prevail upon his men to obey the orders of the council. He succeeded with the greater part; but a detachment of about 500 resisted all his arguments; and, disregarding his orders, broke away entirely from their companions, with the purpose of returning home through the western districts and by the heads of the Forth. The difficulty of finding provisions, however, compelled them to separate into small parties, and the greater part of them were consequently captured by the peasantry about the upper part of Clydesdale, and committed to prison. The Earl of Wintoun was also so strongly dissatisfied with the resolution adopted by the general body, that he left the army with a considerable part of his troop, and proceeded some distance towards the north, as if he had renounced the enterprise entirely. Being overtaken, however, by the messenger from the council, and entreated to accede to their wishes, he stood for