οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι (Διὸς δ ̓ ἐτελείετο βουλή) ἐξ οὗ δὴ ταπρῶτα διαστήτην ερίσαντε

Ατρείδης τε, ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν, καὶ διος Αχιλλεύς.

The cause of dissension between Achilles and Agamemnon. Thebe, a town of the Troad (or Phrygia) had been destroyed; among the captives was the daughter of Chryses, high priest of Apollo: he comes to the Greek camp to ransom his daughter from Agamemnon, to whose lot she had fallen.

Τίς τ' ἄρ σφωε θεῶν ἔριδι ξυνέηκε μάχεσθαι; Λητοῦς καὶ Διὸς υἱός, ὃ γὰρ βασιλῆϊ χολωθείς, νοῦσον ἀνὰ στρατὸν ὦρσε κακήν, ὀλέκοντο δὲ λαοί, 10 οὕνεκα τὸν Χρύσην ἠτίμησ ̓ ἀρητῆρα

The unburied corpses are those neglected after the second and third combats: the rites of burial were paid to those slain in the first.—5. πᾶσι παντοίοις, ' all birds, generally stated for birds of prey. Zenod. proposed Οἰωνοῖσί τε δαῖτα; mere hypercriticism. Διός δ' ετελείετο βουλή, 'but thus the will of Zeus was being effected,' i. e. his determination to revenge the outrage on Achilles, and fulfil his engagement with Thetis by rendering the Greeks inferior in the combat, and thus forcing them to supplicate her son. Cf. ν. 347, Ζεὺς μὲν ἄρα Τρωέσσι καὶ Εκτορι βού λετο νίκην. Stasinus (Cypriaca) refers the Trojan war to the wish of Zeus to lessen the number of men upon earth. Heyne remarks that Zeus conceals his intention and promise to Thetis until θ'. 473. Meanwhile he suffers events to take place (as the combat between Paris and Menelaus, Il. δ'.) which appear to oppose his design. 6. ἐξ οὗ = = a quo tempore; “ jungenda cum προϊάψεν et τεῦχε” (Η.) ταπρῶτα, adverbially first, * at first; ταπρῶτα imprimis, τὰ πρῶτα res primas (Wolf. This is uncertain, sec. Spitz. διαστήτην, having quarrelled, stood at vari ance.' A strange reading is cited by Sch. Lips. : διὰ στήτην ἐρίσαντο, στήτη being Doric for γυνή.-8. The poet interrogates the Muse, and, having received her inspiration, commences his narrative. Plainly the story of the Iliad does not arise from any romantic or chivalrous passion towards woman; but from the insult on Achilles' honour, in depriving him of his special γέρας, and the primary cause of this insult was the impiety of Agamemnon towards the suppliant priest of Apollo. τίς τ' ἄρ, τε, ' and who then ;' τε has so little of the conjunctive force that perhaps it might be untranslated; yet the English 'and' sometimes has the same "slight adjective force to what precedes.' τ ̓ ἄρ=τε ἄρα, not τοι ἄρα, for ἄρ is often short. σφωε= illos duo. Zenod. reads σφῶι, which would be vos duo (H.) ἔριδι ξυνέηκε, ' thus join. Cf. v. 66: θεῶν ἔριδι ξυνιόντων.

9. 8, ' for that God' = ἑκείνος. ὅ is usually demonstrative in Homer, and should be accented. χολωθείς, embittered against' (χολοώ, χόλος, gall).—10. ωρσε, from ὄρνυμι. ὀλέκοντο, cf. “ quicquid delirant reges, plectuntur Achivi.”—11. ούνεκα = οὗ ἕνεκα. τὸν Χρύσην, a viola

̓Ατρείδης. ὁ γὰρ ἦλθε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας ̓Αχαιῶν, λυσόμενός τε θύγατρα, φέρων τ' ἀπερείσι ̓ ἄποινα, στέμματ ̓ ἔχων ἐν χερσὶν ἑκηβόλου Απόλλωνος χρυσέῳ ἀνὰ σκήπτρῳ, καὶ ἐλίσσετο πάντας Αχαιούς, 15 Ατρείδα δὲ μάλιστα δύω, κοσμήτορε λαῶν· Ατρείδαί τε καὶ ἄλλοι ἐϋκνήμιδες Αχαιοί, ὑμῖν μὲν θεοὶ δοῖεν Ολύμπια δώματ ̓ ἔλ ἔχοντες, ἐκπέρσαι Πριάμοιο πόλιν, εὖ δ ̓ οἴκαδ ̓ ἱκέσθαι·

tion of the Homeric use of the article. See 9. Heyne supposes a particle to have dropped out, e. g. ονεκά τοι, or οὕνεκ' ἄρα, and then some copyist of a later age inserted the article, as below, 33, 106, 107. ήτίμησ', some Schol. have ἠτίμασεν ἀρητῆρα, but ἀτιμάζειν is never found in Iliad, often in Odys. 12. Accounting for the fact that it was at Thebe Briseis was taken, Heyne says: "Satis erit monere Thebem urbem esse munitam, cum Chryse, vicus cum templo, incursibus hostilibus pateret." The events here alluded to belong to the Antehomerica. Achilles destroyed eleven cities of the Troad prior to the opening of the poem, ζ'. 414.—13. λυσόμενος, 'to ransom his own daughter:' the proper force of the middle. We have the active λύειν 'to liberate one's own slave, ver. 20. ἄποινα. In Solon's time = blood-money, Saxon weregelt, (φόνος) in Homer includes λύτρα, price of redemption from slavery, ζωάγρια, compensation for saving life(some derive from a, intens., and ποινὴ =fullatonement). 14. στέμματ'; a laurel wreath bound with white wool, infula, a woollen fillet attached to an olive bough, or wrapped round the hands, was the usual equipment of suppliants. In the present case the orέuμa seems to be the peculiar chaplet worn by Chryses as high priest of Apollo: now taken from his head, and laid at the end of his augural staff, as if he were divested of his sacred office until avenged. Thus Cassandra, entering the scene of her murder, flings away her priestess's crown (Esch. Agam.) Livy gives a partial explanation of the symbol, i. 20. Εκηβόλου. The ancient interpretation was, 'the god who flings his beams afar,' referring to the distance of the sun in the heavens. Others render by 'giving fatal aim at distant objects,' or 'Apollo god of sudden death,' or 'brother of Hecate' (έκατος). Απολλων, either from ἀπόλλυμι, “ the destroyer, or ἀπελλων, ‘defender : not identified with sun until Æschylus. 15. χρυσέῳ, pronounced χρυσῷ, the v being long. ἀνὰ, “on' = ἐν, ‘super, as ἀθη ρολοιγὸν ἔχειν ἀνὰ φαιδίμῳ ὤμῳ. Od. λ'. 127. (See w'. 14).—17. εϋκνημίδες, in Iliad always epithet of 'Αχαιοί, in Od. of ἑταίροι. Cf. Od. ii. 402, Τηλέμαχ', ἤδη μέν τοι ἐϋκνήμιδες ἑταῖροι.—18. ἡμῖν μèv, i. e. 'May the gods grant,' &c., 'but then return to me my child.' The object most desired is put as the reward for a special service. Another formula of adjuration is ει, Lat. si. The Schol. asks, Why should Chryses, a Trojan himself, pray for Troy's destruction? The simple answer would be, 'The father prevailed over the patriot.' It may be true also, that Chryses was merely a Phrygian.—19. ἐκπέρσαι, utterly to destroy,' ἐκ-πέρθω, perdo. See B. L. under πρήθω.) Πριάμοιο. The

οἰωνοῖσί τε πᾶσι (Διὸς δ' ἐτελείετο βουλή) ἐξ οὗ δὴ ταπρῶτα διαστήτην ερίσαντε

̓Ατρείδης τε, ἄναξ ἀνδρῶν, καὶ διος Αχιλλεύς.

5

The cause of dissension between Achilles and Agamemnon. Thebe, a town of the Troad (or Phrygia) had been destroyed; among the captives was the daughter of Chryses, high priest of Apollo: he comes to the Greek camp to ransom his daughter from Agamemnon, to whose lot she had fallen.

Τίς τ' ἄρ σφωε θεῶν ἔριδι ξυνέηκε μάχεσθαι; Λητοῦς καὶ Διὸς υἱός, ὃ γὰρ βασιλῆϊ χολωθείς, δ νοῦσον ἀνὰ στρατὸν ὦρσε κακήν, ὀλέκοντο δὲ λαοί, 10 οὕνεκα τὸν Χρύσην ἠτίμησ ̓ ἀρητῆρα

The unburied corpses are those neglected after the second and third combats: the rites of burial were paid to those slain in the first. 5. πᾶσι= παντοίοις, ' all birds, generally stated for birds of prey. Zenod. proposed Οἰωνοῖσί τε δαῖτα; mere hypercriticism. Διός δ' ετελείετο βουλὴ, 'but thus the will of Zeus was being effected,' i. e. his determination to revenge the outrage on Achilles, and fulfil his engagement with Thetis by rendering the Greeks inferior in the combat, and thus forcing them to supplicate her son. Cf. ν. 347, Ζεὺς μὲν ἄρα Τρωέσσι καὶ Εκτορι βούλετο νίκην. Stasinus (Cypriaca) refers the Trojan war to the wish of Zeus to lessen the number of men upon earth. Heyne remarks that Zeus conceals his intention and promise to Thetis until θ'. 473. Meanwhile he suffers events to take place (as the combat between Paris and Menelaus, Il. δ'.) which appear to oppose his design. 6. ἐξ οὗ π = a quo tempore; “ jungenda cum προϊάψεν et τεῦχε” (Η.) ταπρῶτα, adverbially first, at first; ταπρῶτα imprimis, τὰ πρῶτα res primas (Wolf. This is uncertain, sec. Spitz. διαστήτην, having quarrelled, stood at vari ance. A strange reading is cited by Sch. Lips. : διὰ στήτην ἐρίσαντο, στήτη being Doric for γυνή.—8. The poet interrogates the Muse, and, having received her inspiration, commences his narrative. Plainly the story of the Iliad does not arise from any romantic or chivalrous passion towards woman; but from the insult on Achilles' honour, in depriving him of his special γέρας, and the primary cause of this insult was the impiety of Agamemnon towards the suppliant priest of Apollo. τίς τ' ἄρ, τε, ' and who then ;' τε has so little of the conjunctive force that perhaps it might be untranslated; yet the English 'and' sometimes has the same “ slight adjective force to what precedes.” τ' ἄρ=τε ἄρα, not τοι ἄρα, for ἄρ is often short. σφωε= illos duo. Zenod. reads σφῶν, which would be vos duo (Η.) ἔριδι ξυνέηκε, ' thus join. Cf. v. 66: θεῶν ἔριδι ξυν ιόντων.

9. 8, ' for that God' = ἑκείνος. ὅ is usually demonstrative in Homer, and should be accented. χολωθείς, embittered against' (χολοώ, χόλος, gall).—10. ώρσε, from ὄρνυμι. ὀλέκοντο, cf. “ quicquid delirant reges, plectuntur Achivi.”—11. οἵνεκα = οὗ ἕνεκα. τὸν Χρύσην, & viola

̓Ατρείδης. ὁ γὰρ ἦλθε θοὰς ἐπὶ νῆας ̓Αχαιών, λυσόμενός τε θύγατρα, φέρων τ' ἀπερείσι ̓ ἄποινα, στέμματ ̓ ἔχων ἐν χερσὶν ἑκηβόλου Απόλλωνος χρυσέῳ ἀνὰ σκήπτρῳ, καὶ ἐλίσσετο πάντας Αχαιούς, 15 Ατρείδα δὲ μάλιστα δύω, κοσμήτορε λαῶν·

Ατρεῖδαί τε καὶ ἄλλοι ἐϋκνήμιδες Αχαιοί, ὑμῖν μὲν θεοὶ δοῖεν Ολύμπια δώματ ̓ ἔχοντες, ἐκπέρσαι Πριάμοιο πόλιν, εὖ δ' οἴκαδ ̓ ἱκέσθαι·

tion of the Homeric use of the article. See 9. Heyne supposes a particle to have dropped out, e. g. ονεκά τοι, or οὕνεκ' ἄρα, and then some copyist of a later age inserted the article, as below, 33, 106, 107. ήτίμησ', some Schol. have ήτίμασεν ἀρητῆρα, but ἀτιμάζειν is never found in Iliad, often in Odys. 12. Accounting for the fact that it was at Thebe Briseis was taken, Heyne says : “Satis erit monere Thebem urbem esse munitam, cum Chryse, vicus cum templo, incursibus hostilibus pateret.” The events here alluded to belong to the Antehomerica. Achilles destroyed eleven cities of the Troad prior to the opening of the poem, ζ'. 414.—13. λυσόμενος, 'to ransom his own daughter:' the proper force of the middle. We have the active λύειν 'to liberate one's own slave, ver. 20. ἄποινα. In Solon's time = blood-money, Saxon weregelt, (φόνος) in Homer includes λύτρα, price of redemption from slavery, ζωάγρια, compensation for saving life(some derive from a,intens., and ποινὴ=fullatonement).—14. στέμματ'; =a laurel wreath bound with white wool, infula, a woollen fillet attached to an olive bough, or wrapped round the hands, was the usual equipment of suppliants. In the present case the orέuua seems to be the peculiar chaplet worn by Chryses as high priest of Apollo: now taken from his head, and laid at the end of his augural staff, as if he were divested of his sacred office until avenged. Thus Cassandra, entering the scene of her murder, flings away her priestess's crown (Esch. Agam.) Livy gives a partial explanation of the symbol, i. 20. Εκηβόλου. The ancient interpretation was, 'the god who flings his beams afar,' referring to the distance of the sun in the heavens. Others render by 'giving fatal aim at distant objects,' or 'Apollo god of sudden death,' or 'brother of Hecate' (έκατος). Απολλων, either from ἀπόλλυμι, “ the destroyer, or ἀπελ λων, ' defender:’not identified with sun until Æschylus.—15. χρυσέῳ, pronounced χρυσῷ, the v being long. ἀνὰ, ‘on' = ἐν, ‘super, as ἀθη ρολοιγὸν ἔχειν ἀνὰ φαιδίμῳ ὤμῳ. Od. λ'. 127. (See w'. 14).—17. εϋκνημίδες, in Iliad always epithet of 'Αχαιοί, in Od of ἑταίροι. Cf. Od. ii. 402, Τηλέμαχ', ἤδη μέν τοι ἐϋκνήμιδες ἑταῖροι.—18. ἡμῖν Hèv, i. e. May the gods grant,' &c., 'but then return to me my child.' The object most desired is put as the reward for a special service. Another formula of adjuration is et, Lat. si. The Schol. asks, Why should Chryses, a Trojan himself, pray for Troy's destruction? The simple answer would be, "The father prevailed over the patriot.' It may be true also, that Chryses was merely a Phrygian.—19. ἐκπέρσαι, ' utterly to destroy,' ἐκ-πέρθω, perdo. See B. L. under πρήθω.) Πριάμοιο. The

παῖδα δ' ἐμοὶ λύσαί τε φίλην, τά τ' ἄποινα δέχεσθαι, 20 αζόμενοι Διός υἱὸν ἑκηβόλον Απόλλωνα.

Agamemnon, refusing to liberate the daughter of Chryses, addresses him in harsh and violent language.

Ενθ ̓ ἄλλοι μὲν πάντες ἐπευφήμησαν ̓Αχαιοί, αἰδεῖσθαί θ' ἱερῆα, καὶ ἀγλαὸ δέχθαι ἄποινα· ἀλλ ̓ οὐκ Ατρείδη Αγαμέμνονι ἦνδανε θυμῷ, ἀλλὰ κακῶς ἀφίει, κρατερὸν δ' ἐπὶ μῦθον ἔτελλεν

Μή σε, γέρον, κοίλῃσιν ἐγὼ παρά νηυσὶ κιχείω, ἢ νῦν δηθύνοντ', ἢ ὕστερον αὖτις ἰόντα! μή νύ τοι οὐ χραίσμῃ σκῆπτρον καὶ στέμμα θεοῖο. τὴν δ ̓ ἐγὼ οὐ λύσω, πρίν μιν καὶ γῆρας ἔπεισιν ἡμετέρῳ ἐνὶ οἴκῳ, ἐν ̓́Αργεϊ, τηλόθι πάτρης,

25

30

·

Homeric, or old Ionic genitive, still more anciently ending in -σιο, whence adjectives in -σιος, connected, as Donaldson thinks, with Sansc. sya.20. λύσαί τε ... δέχεσθαι; infin. for imperative, an Archaic form of expression. The usual MSS. reading is λύσατε and δέχεσθε, which violates the metre. Clarke has λύσαιτε; Bentley, λύσαντε . . . δέχεσθε, referring to the two Atreidæ, and for dual with plur. he compares ψ'. 213, π'. 429, ρ'. 718, σ'. 341.22. ἐπευφήμησαν, shouted approval.” “ Est puto, acclamaverunt, ut significarent videri sibi æquum esse, ut revereatur rex supplicem" (H.) Questions of war were reserved solely for the king and his council (βούλη); of general conduct were submitted to the people (ἄγορα), on whose decisions the chiefs had a negative.—23. δέχθαι, Epic syncopated aor. from δέχομαι, 3rd sing. δέκτο, 2nd sing. imper. δέξο, infin. δέχθαι, part. δέγμενος. See B. L. 24. ήνδανε, scil. δέχθαι ἄποινα. θυμῷ = ἔν θυμῷ, as frequently; for the double dat. cf. τοῖσι, δὲ κακὴ φρεσὶν ἣνδανε βουλή (Od. v. 337).—25. ἀφίει, ' dismissed him ; imperf. from ἀφιέω (ἀφίημι), the is long in augmented tenses, short in the others (as far as Epic usage goes), except where is in arsis. It is always long in Attic writers. κρατερὸν, ' and concluded his forcible threat. ἐπέτελλε is simply ἐπέλεγε. Some render præterea adjecit. τέλλω connected with στέλλω, as τρέπω with στρέφω.

26. κιχείω, conjunct. 2nd aor. (κιχῶ), from κιχάνω: the tragic form is κιγχάνω.-27. ‘Let me not light upon you, either now by your delay in the camp, or hereafter by your again approaching me.' τοί= σοί. 28. χραίσμῃ, 2nd aor. The original part of the verb. The future and first aorist were added at a later time: to ward off,' with acc. of thing and dat. of person, never with accus. of person, and only found with a negative. (See B. Lexil.)—29. τὴν δ ̓ ἐγώ, but the maid I will not liberate, nay, rather than that, shall old age come on her. ἔπεισι= ἐπελεύσετε. Some render, I will not liberate her prior to old age, but this would require either the infinitive (see below, 97) or the conjunctive (ας σ'. 189, 190). πριν, in Homer tis common. πριν, β'. 354. πρῖν.