Carpenter, John, Archbishop of Dublin, 1770-'86, was the son of a merchanttailor, who resided in Chancery - lane, Dublin. Educated at Lisbon, and appointed curate of St. Mary's, Dublin, he distinguished himself in conjunction with Lord Taaffe, by efforts for the repeal of the Penal Laws. He was elevated to the archbishopric in 1770. He died 29th October 1786, and was buried in St. Michan's Churchyard. 12 | Carter, Thomas, a singer, pianist, and composer, was born in Ireland in 1768. Having early developed musical talents, the Earl of Inchiquin supplied him with means for pursuing the study. At eighteen he published six sonatas for the harpsichord. Subsequently he went to Naples to com Carr, George W., Rev., the founder of teetotal associations in Ireland, was born at New Ross in 1779. He entered Trinity College as a pensioner in 1794. In 1798 he served amongst the yeomanry at the battle of New Ross, and was made a burgess of the town in acknowledgment of his in-plete his musical education. Passionately trepidity and humanity on the occasion. In 1800 he was appointed to a curacy, which he eventually resigned because of conscientious objections to passages in the Prayer Book. He afterwards officiated in a small meeting-house. In 1829 he founded a temperance_society, said to have been the first in Ireland. He was intimate with Father Mathew, and was the hearty advocate of all philanthropic movements. He died at Camlin, near New Ross, 27th January 1849, aged about 70. 262 Carte, Thomas, Rev., a learned English historian, was born at Clifton, in Warwickshire, 1686. Suspected of complicity in the Insurrection of 1715, £1,000 was put upon his head, and he was obliged to fly to France, where he resided until, by the intervention of Queen Caroline, consort of George II., he was permitted to return to England about 1729. The work which has made him famous, The History of the Life of James, Duke of Ormond, was published in folio-vol. iii., comprising letters, in 1735 (in order that paginal references might be made in the other volumes), and vols i. and ii. in 1736. It is considered one of the most important historical works in the language, certainly the most important relating to Irish history of the period. The fine edition in 6 vols. 8vo., published at Oxford in 1851, is now the most available; its usefulness, however, is somewhat marred by the want of an index. In 1738 Carte issued proposals for the publication of a great History of England, and received promises of large annual subscriptions for the furtherance of the work. These were mostly withdrawn upon the appearance of the first volume, in consequence of his mentioning in a short footnote that a person had been cured of the king's evil by the Pretender. Carte struggled on, but did not live to complete the work. The fourth volume, bringing the fond of travel, he visited India; whence he was obliged to return on account of ill health. The manager of Drury Lane then engaged him to write some operas. He excelled in ballads-"O Nanny, wilt thou gang with me?" was his; also some good sea-pieces. On one occasion, being unable to raise money by the sale of his own compositions, he imitated Handel's style, and procured without any difficulty £20 for the piece. He died of liver complaint, in November 1804, aged about 36. 250 Carve, Thomas, Rev., a writer, was born about 1590, at Mobarnan, in the County of Tipperary. He was chaplain to a regiment of Irish and English Catholics that the Emperor took into his service, and served many campaigns during the Thirty Year's War. After peace was concluded, he employed himself in the composition of several historical works, which, although destitute of critical acumen, abound in curious information. They are now scarce, and bring high prices. His Itinerarium (Mogunt. 1639), his Lyra, sive Anacephalaosis Hibernica (Sultz. 1660), and his Galateus (Nord. 1669), are his best known works. He died at Vienna (where he had passed some time as Apostolic Notary) 1664, aged 73. 34 339 Cathaldus, Saint, was born near Lismore, and flourished in the 7th century; he was one of the many ecclesiastics that spread the fame of Ireland on the Continent. He travelled to Italy and the Holy Land, was made Bishop of Tarentum, and settled for a time on the shores of Lake Leman. An interesting legend concerning him is related by Ware. His festival is the 8th of March. 119 339 Caulfeild, Sir Toby, 1st Baron Charlemont, was born near Oxford, 2nd December 1565. When a youth he served under Frobisher, and signalized himself with Essex in France and Belgium. He 196 216 Caulfeild, Toby, 3rd Baron Charlemont, son of the 2nd Baron, was governor of Charlemont Fort at the breaking out of the War of 1641-'52. On 22nd October 1641, the fort was surprised by Sir Phelim O'Neill, by whose orders, it is said, Lord Charlemont was put to death shortly afterwards. His brother William, the 5th Baron, was mainly instrumental in having Sir Phelim O'Neill taken prisoner and executed, and was in 1665 created a Viscount. 54 came over to Ireland in 1598 in command | by the dexterous adjustment and counterof a troop of horse. In 1615 he was ap- poise of factious interests, gained and prepointed one of the Council for Munster; served an uncontested ascendancy in every and afterwards one of the Commissioners department." The mass of the people, for parcelling out the escheated lands in ground to the earth by the Penal Laws, Ulster. He secured considerable estates passed their lives in a condition of abject for himself. Sir B. Burke writes: "In misery. Charlemont joined the liberal these employments King James I. found party, and the first public business in him so faithful, diligent, and prudent, that which he concerned himself was an effort his Majesty deemed him highly deserving to effect a reconciliation between Primate the Peerage of Ireland, and accordingly Stone, the virtual governor of Ireland, and created him, 22nd December 1620, Mr. Boyle, Speaker of the House of ComLord Caulfeild, Baron Charlemont." He mons. The quarrel was concerning the died 17th August 1627, aged 61, and was apportionment of £200,000 Irish surplus. buried in Christ Church, Dublin. He was Charlemont apparently succeeded in his succeeded by his nephew, Sir William. 54 good offices, unaware that his relative, Mr. Boyle, had in truth been induced to accede to the Primate by the promise of an Earldom, and £3,000 per annum for thirtyone years. In February 1760 Thurot occupied Carrickfergus and threatened Ulster. Lord Charlemont hastened at once to the north, to command a contingent of the raw levies that poured in for the protection of Belfast. We find the following in his memoirs: "The appearance of these men, many of whom were my own tenants, was singular and formidable. They were drawn up in regular bodies, some few with old firelocks, but the greater number armed with what is called in Scotland the Loughaber axe, a scythe fixed longitudinally to the end of a long pole, town was perfectly undisturbed by tumult, by riot, or even by drunkenness." Before long Thurot was obliged to evacuate Carrickfergus, leaving behind General Flobert and some other wounded officers and men. Flobert, as a prisoner, was received with distinction in Dublin, and Lord Charlemont accompanied him to London. Fellowship with the great minds in the metropolis was his highest pleasure. He was on terms of intimacy with Burke, Johnson, Hume, Goldsmith, Beauclerc, Reynolds, Hogarth, Baretti, and indeed all the members of the great Club. At the coronation of George III. we find him vindicating the right of the Irish Peeresses to walk in the procession-a question which created no little commotion. The liberal tendency of his mind was evinced by his seconding the proposal to permit six Catholic regiments to be raised for the service of Portugal. Government was, however, too suspicious of the Catholics to endorse such a proposition. In the course of 1762 the tithe exactions, landlord oppression, and heavy taxes laid on the cottiers for the making and repairing of roads, culminated in serious disturbances amongst the Protestant population in the north, and led to an emigration to the American colonies, Caulfeild, James, Earl of Charlemont, great-grandson of the 1st Viscount, was born in Dublin, 18th August 1728. Delicate health obliged his being educated at home, where he early exhibited those strong literary and artistic tastes that clung to him through life. From 1746 to 1754 he spent in continental travel-visiting places of historic interest, cultivating his taste for art, and becoming acquainted with eminent men. Passing through Holland, he went on to Turin, where he formed a life-long intimacy with David Hume. After a winter at Rome (where he conceived an almost filial respect for Benedict XIV.), in company with a party of friends he visited the Greek islands, Constantinople, the Levant, and Egypt. Returning home through Spain and France, he visited the philosopher Montesquieu. In June 1754 he returned to Ireland, in his twenty-sixth year in the full maturity of his powers, endowed with the most refined intellectual tastes. Foreign travel had not dimmed his love for his native land. He was now created LL.D., appointed Governor of Armagh, and was given a seat at the Privy Council. Ireland was at this time in a most wretched condition. She had lost most of the ground gained by Swift and Molyneux; as Mr. Wills says, "The Irish administration had by art, influence, and the subordinate methods of intrigue, by the management of the public purse, and the which afterwards perceptibly helped to fan the flame of American discontent. Lord Charlemont immediately repaired to the north, and by firmness and tact materially contributed towards bringing about a more settled state of affairs. All the force Government was then able to supply was 400 foot from Galway, and two troops of horse from Clonmel. For his services on this occasion he was created an Earl: but Government approval did not lessen his independent attitude in Parliament. In 1768 Lord Charlemont's marriage to Miss Hickman, of a Clare family, added greatly to his future happiness. Until 1768, members of the Irish House of Commons held their seats during the life of the Sovereign; and this contributed in no small degree to the corruption of Parliament. Lord Charlemont ably seconded the introduction and passage of a Bill for octennial parliaments. The discussion thereon created excitement throughout the country, and it was thought that the Commons passed it with the lingering hope that it would be vetoed by the Privy Council in London. Upon the success of this Bill he remarks: "Every measure intrinsically just and good will finally be carried by virtuous and steady perseverance. In the pursuit of that which is salutary and right, let no patriot be discouraged by defeat, since, though repeated efforts may prove ineffectual, the time will come when the labours of the virtuous few will finally succeed against all the efforts of interested majorities, when a coincidence of favour able circumstances will conspire with the justice and utility of the measure, and, beyond the reach of human foresight, carry into execution even that which, by the weak and timid, was deemed most impossible." In 1773 his mansion in Rutland-square was finished, and thenceforward he resided in Ireland even more constantly than before. Beauclerc, writing to him from London about this time, urging him to attend oftener the meetings of the Club, says: "If you do not come here, I will bring all the Club over to Ireland to live with you, and that will drive you here in your own defence. Johnson shall spoil your books, Goldsmith pull your flowers, and Boswell talk to you; stay then if you can." Although many minor measures of parliamentary reform had been carried, it was not until the American war broke out that Ireland was enabled to assert her legislative independence. Great Britain had then to withdraw almost all her army; and when the Mayor of Belfast solicited troops for protection against the French, he was informed that Government could do nothing, and that Ireland must rely on herself. "Then arose," says Mr. Lecky, "one of those movements of enthusiasm that occur two or three times in the history of a nation. The cry to arms passed through the land, and was speedily responded to by all parties and by all creeds. Beginning among the Protestants of the north, the movement soon spread, though in a less degree, to other parts of the island, and the war of religions and of castes that had so long divided the people vanished like a dream. Though the population of Ireland was little more than half of what it is at present, 60,000 men soon assembled, disciplined and appointed as a regular army -fired by the strongest enthusiasm, and moving as a single man. They rose to defend their country alike from the invasion of a foreign army and from the encroachments of an alien legislature. Faithful to the connection between the two islands, they determined that that connection should rest upon mutual respect and upon essential equality. In the words of one of their own resolutions, 'they knew their duty to their sovereign, and they were loyal; they knew their duty to themselves, and they were resolved to be free.' They were guided by the chastened wisdom, the unquestioned patriotism, the ready tact of Charlemont." "12 In July 1780 Lord Charlemont was chosen Commander-in-chief of the Volunteers-a position he occupied during the whole period of their embodiment. The organization and reviewing of the force occupied much of his attention. The famous resolutions passed at the Dungannon meeting, of 15th February 1782, are said to have been drawn up at his house, and with his approval. It scarcely belongs to this biography to relate how events now followed each other in rapid succession. Free Trade was secured; and then, mainly by the genius of Grattan, supported by Charlemont and the Volunteers, the edifice of Ireland's liberty was apparently crowned in 1782. Passing over the contest between Flood and Grattan as to the necessary guarantees for Irish liberty, we come to the great event with which Charlemont was connected-the Volunteer Rotunda Convention of 10th November 1783, from which may be dated the gradual decline of the power and influence of the Volunteers. This convention, inspired by Flood, insisted upon a reform of Parliament, by opening the close boroughs, giving votes to all Protestant forty-shilling freeholders, and to lease-holders of thirty-one years of which fifteen were unexpired, by amending rotten boroughs, excluding placemen from Parliament, ensuring purity of election, and limiting the duration of Par liament to three years. Lord Charlemont | did not enter fully into the spirit of these resolutions; he rather took the position of chairman, hoping to modify the proceedings of the Convention, and prevent the evils that might flow from the alternative of the presidency of the Bishop of Bristol. One hundred and sixty-eight delegates from the Volunteers attended. Several days of debate ensued, and upon a night of momentous importance Flood brought forward in Parliament the Volunteer Reform Bill. Through the influence of Government it was defeated by 158 to 49—more than half the majority being placemen. Had this Bill passed, Mr. Lecky surmises that the Catholics of Ireland would soon have been emancipated, the liberties of Ireland would have been placed on a broad basis, the blood of '98 might never have flowed, and the Union never have been consummated. The Volunteers had already at Dungannon shown their sentiments towards their Catholic fellow-countrymen by resolving "that as men and as Irishmen, as Christians and as Protestants, we rejoice in the relaxation of the Penal Laws." Upon the defeat of Flood's Bill, Lord Charlemont adjourned the Convention, and the peaceable separation of its members furnished the most eloquent refutation of the charges of opponents. Indeed their spirit was broken; many gatherings and reviews were held afterwards, but with gradually decreasing numbers; and Lord Charlemont adhered to the organization to the last, with the desire rather of keeping up his influence with its members than with any hope of resuscitating the movement. Matters might have taken a widely different course had he been a less scrupulous man, of greater force of mind. Mr. Lecky remarks: "This period was perhaps the only one in Irish history, when the connection between the two countries might have been easily dissolved, and when the dissolution would not have involved Ireland in anarchy or civil war." On the Regency question, in 1788, he sided with Grattan, and moved the address to the Prince of Wales requesting him to take upon himself regal power in Ireland. He exerted himself with zeal in the formation of the Whig Club, in which Wolfe Tone at one time took part. In 1791 he resigned the lord-lieutenancy of Armagh, in consequence of the executive having made changes in the government of the county. Even upon a man of Lord Charlemont's liberal principles the French Revolution began to tell, and we find him now opposing Catholic emancipation. His biographer remarks: "His refusal of their demands was so gracious, and accompanied with such known integrity of heart, that it conciliated them more than the votes of others in their favour, preceded, as such votes were, by angry and insulting speeches." 77 In 1793 he had to lament the death of his second son, aged 17. His circle now began to be sensibly narrowed, and his own health to fail. The successes of the French arms, and the increase of the United Irishmen were causes of deep anguish. Writing to his friend Haliday, he says: "I need not say how ardently I have ever loved my country. In consequence of that love I have courted her; I have even married her and taken her for life; and she is now turned out a shrew-tormenting herself and all her nearest connexions." His popularity continued, the people feeling they might implicitly trust in his honesty and patriotism; and when ill-health obliged him and his wife to visit Bath, Dublin turned out to bid them farewell. Literature and the arts were an unfailing source of pleasure to him in these latter years, as they had been through life. He took much interest in the proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, which had been established in 1785. He was its first president, and its meetings were often held at his house. At the last his mind began again to open to the justice of the Catholic claims. If the Insurrection of 1798 caused him the bitterest mortification, the proposal for the Union may be said to have broken his heart. Happily for his peace of mind, he passed away before the measure was accomplished, at Charlemont House, on 4th August 1799, aged almost 71. His remains were interred in Armagh Cathedral. He could scarcely be called a great statesman; he was not an orator, or a brilliant writer; but he was an honest man and a patriot. He is described as having been of middle size; his figure somewhat bent. He had injured his eyes by study; his eyebrows were large and black; his features strong, and more expressive than handsome; when in conversation they lit up with great animation. His Countess survived him about eight years. His son, the 2nd Earl, succeeded, and lived until 1863, when the honours of the family descended to his nephew, the 3rd and present Earl. 77 196 212 331 336 Celeclerech or Kilian, Saint, Bishop and martyr, Apostle of Franconia, flourished in the latter part of the 7th century. He was of an illustrious Irish family, and entered the monastic state early in life. Travelling abroad, he reached Rome in 686 or 687 and was well received by the Pope, who commissioned him to labour at dramatists that has appeared in the present times." He died in Paris, 5th April 1830, aged about 56. 16 42 Wurtzburg. There he established himself | with two friends, Coloman and Totnan. Amongst others they converted the Duke Gozbert. Celeclerech counselled him to Cherry, Andrew, an actor and dramabandon his wife Geilana, because she had atist, was born in Limerick, 11th January been the wife of a deceased brother. The 1762. He received a good education, and Duke departing on a warlike expedition, was apprenticed to his father's business Geilana procured the assassination of Cele--printing-in Dublin. The lad acquired clerech and his friends. Lanigan proceeds: "Geilana was seized with an evil spirit, which tormented her so much that she died soon after. The remains of the holy martyrs were found in 752 by St. Burchard, Bishop of Wurtzburg, and removed by him to a great church which he had erected in that city." His festival is the 8th of July. Murray tells us that the present 11th century Cathedral of Wurtzburg occupies the site of the original building erected upon the spot where St. Celeclerech was martyred. 119 234 Cellach, Celestin, or Celsus, was consecrated Archbishop of Armagh, 23rd September 1106, when only twenty-seven years of age. His Irish title was MacAid MacMaelisa. He took a leading part in the ecclesiastical affairs of his time. In 1125 he repaired the cathedral at Armagh. The latter part of his life was occupied in reconciling differences between the princes and great men of the kingdom. In 1128 he arranged a truce between the Kings of Connaught and Munster. He died at Ardpatrick, County of Limerick, 1st April 1129, aged about 50, and was buried at Lismore. It is supposed that he once presided over the see of Dublin. The Church was in a very corrupt state in his day: "By his exemplary conduct, charity, preaching, erecting of churches, laying down rules of discipline and morality for the clergy and people, and other pastoral exercises, [he] greatly contributed to bring about a better order of things." "19 118 339 Chenevix, Richard, a philosopher and chemist, was born in Ireland in 1774. Like many other celebrated Irishmen, he was descended from Huguenot ancestors. He distinguished himself in science and literature, notably by his chemical researches. A Fellow of the Royal Society and member of the Royal Irish Academy, he contributed numerous papers to the proceedings of these and other societies, in addition to distinct publications. Besides scientific works, he wrote The Mantuan Rivals, a comedy, and Henry VII., a tragedy. One of his best works, An Essay upon Natural Character, appeared after his death. The Edinburgh Review speaks of his Henry VII. as "the boldest, the most elaborate, and upon the whole the most successful imitation of the general style, taste, and diction of our older a taste for the stage, and at fourteen joined a company of strolling players, to return, after a short interval, half-starved and penniless. After a few years' steady work, he married the daughter of Mr. Knipe, a theatrical manager, and joined his company. At Belfast he acquired considerable reputation, and in 1797 he won success at the Theatre Royal, Dublin. He then accepted engagements in England, and his performance at Bath was pronounced "as finished a picture of the scenic art as had ever been performed on their boards." In 1802 he appeared at Drury Lane, and in 1804 produced The Soldier's Daughter. Other pieces followed, and he continued to act at Drury Lane until it was burned, when he took a company to Wales, with Edmund Kean as leading actor. He died at Monmouth, 7th February 1812, aged 50. 39 116(46) Chesney, Francis Rawdon, General, a distinguished explorer and military officer, was born 16th March 1789. His father, an Irish settler in America, had taken the loyalist side during the revolutionary war, and served with distinction under Hastings (afterwards Lord Moira) and Cornwallis, and at the time of his son's birth, was settled down as a revenue-officer at Ballyvea, in the County of Down. Young Chesney was a born soldier: it is recorded that at nine years of age he held a commission in the yeomanry. Presented by Lord Moira with a Woolwich cadetship, he passed through the Academy with honour. During the Peninsular War the chances of the service consigned him to garrison duty in Guernsey; but no sooner was leave granted to him after the restoration of peace, than he set himself the task of walking over Napoleon's principal battle-fields, upwards of 3,000 miles attentively studying the strategy of that commander, and of those who defeated him. During a visit home in 1814, he by his intrepidity and powers as a swimmer, rescued the crew of a French barque that had gone ashore in a blinding snowstorm; and for this he was presented with the medal of the Société des Naufrages. He early acquired the habit of devoting several hours daily to the study of military science; a practice from which no inducements could draw him away. His name first came before the public in 1829, when, as a lieu |