the British authority supreme in India. ker's Hill. He was second in command under Cornwallis at the battle of Camden, 1780, where he played a prominent part. On 25th April 1781, at the head of only 900 men, Lord Rawdon attacked and defeated the American General, Greene, who had nearly 2,000 troops under him, at Hobkirk's Hill. Ill health ultimately obliged him to return home. The vessel in which he embarked was captured by the French, and was carried into Brest; but he soon obtained his release. On his arrival in England, he was treated with great distinction, was appointed one of the royal aides-de-camp, and created a British peer, 5th March 1783. Lord Rawdon was an intimate friend of the Prince of Wales, and during the illness of George III. sustained the Prince's right to assume full regal power. In the House of Lords he gained the reputation of a clear and able orator, and a judicious man of business. In October 1789 he inherited the estates of his maternal uncle, the Earl of Huntingdon, and in 1793 succeeded his father as 2nd Earl of Moira. In 1794 he was advanced to the rank of major-general, and went with 10,000 troops to the assistance of the Duke of York, who was then returning through Brabant to Flanders, and was nearly surrounded by the superior forces of the French. The Earl of Moira made a rapid march across the country from Ostend, and by skilful movements in the face of much danger and under great hardships, effected a junction with the Duke and extricated him from his perilous position. Next year Lord Moira was ap-grandeur." He was ultimately advised by pointed to direct the Quiberon expedition. He was an ardent and active liberal in Irish politics, and was found associated on most questions with Grattan and Charlemont. His speech in the Irish House of Lords on 19th February 1798, was an eloquent appeal for reform, and a bitter denunciation of the cruelties and outrages to which the people were being subjected. He strenuously and to the last opposed the measure of Union. He was appointed Commanderin-chief in Scotland, and Constable of the Tower in 1803. In 1805 he effected a reconciliation between the Prince of Wales and the King, and in the same year was Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. When the Whigs came into power in 1806, Lord Moira was created Master-General of the Ordnance. In 1812, on the assassination of Mr. Percival, he made an ineffectual effort to form an administration. The same year he was appointed GovernorGeneral of India, and in the ten years of his sway subdued the Nepaulese, the Pindarees, and other native powers, and made his physicians to try the effects of a residence in Italy. With Lady Hastings and his family, he proceeded in the Revenge to Naples; but within a few days died on board that vessel, in Baia Bay, 29th November 1825, aged 70. His last request was that his right hand might be cut off, preserved until the death of the Marchioness, and buried with her. He was greatly beloved by his own family and friends. He left two sons and four daughters. His widow survived until 1840. His Dublin residence was Moira House, now the Mendicity Institution. The title became extinct on the death of the 4th Marquis of Hastings in 1868. 36 39 54 146 169 189 Regan, Maurice, an Irishman, was secretary and interpreter to Dermot MacMurrough in his dealings with the AngloNormans. A valuable fragment of Irish history, relating events between 1169 and 1173, was taken down from Regan's lips in Norman French verse. An English translation by Sir George Carew will be found among the Carew Papers, and may Reid, James Seaton, D.D., a Presbyterian clergyman, was born at Lurgan in 1798. He ministered to congregations at Donegore and Carrickfergus from 1818 to 1837. For the next four years he was Professor of Ecclesiastical History in the Belfast Institute, and from 1841 to 1851 Professor of Ecclesiastical and Civil History in the University of Glasgow. He died near Edinburgh, 2nd April 1851, aged 52. He was the author of a History of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, published in 1834, afterwards continued to the year 1853 by Dr. Killen. For particulars of the controversy between Dr. Reid and Dr. Elrington regarding conflicting statements in the History and Dr. Elrington's Life of Ussher, see Notes and Queries, 3rd Series. also be consulted in Harris's Hibernica | for no assigned reason, occupied and (Dublin, 1747). The last-mentioned edition wrecked the castle. He computed his is especially valuable on account of Harris's losses at £19,760. His son says: "It has appendix, giving a list of "such English been my father's lot since then to witness and Welsh adventurers as assisted in the the ravages of war in the Peninsula, where reduction of Ireland during the first sixteen Spaniards, French, Portuguese, and Engyears of the invasion." Regan's narrative lish, with their German auxiliaries, men breaks off abruptly. It is probably but a trained to rapine, alternately plundered fragment of a longer manuscript. 69 160t and devastated the country; but in all that disorder of which he was an eye-witness during six years, he has frequently assured me that he never saw such coolblooded, wanton, useless destruction as was committed [by the King's troops] at Kilkea and the surrounding country." Some attempts are said to have been made to assassinate him; and at length, harassed and worn out, he unreservedly went over to the government side, was lodged in the Castle, and openly gave evidence. In October 1798 the freedom of the city of Dublin was presented to him. His son feelingly descants upon the ingratitude with which he was treated by Government, the lukewarmness of his friends, and the virulence of his enemies and political opponents. A yearly pension of £1,000 for his life and the lives of his sons was settled upon him. He was for a time Postmaster at Lisbon, and was sent as Consul to Iceland. His sons also received official appointments. Reynolds spent the last few years of his life on the Continent. His death in Paris, on 18th August 1836, at the age of 65, is described as having been truly edifying. Letters from the Earl of Chichester, the Marquis of Camden, and other persons of note testify to the high appreciation in which he was held. 294 331 6 146 254 Reynolds, Thomas, the principal informer against the United Irishmen in 1798, was born in Dublin 12th March 1771. [We take the following particulars mainly from his Life, by his son, 2 vols. London, 1839-a work containing much interesting and valuable information regarding the times of which it treats.] He appears to have belonged to a wealthy Catholic family, and to have been educated at a Jesuit College in Flanders. During subsequent visits to the Continent he witnessed some of the principal events of the French Revolution. Upon his marriage to a sister of Wolfe Tone's wife, in 1794, he estimated his property at £20,000, apart from business. Reynolds settled at Kilkea Castle, County of Kildare, which he held on lease from the Duke of Leinster. He was a member of the Catholic Convention of 1792; but retired with the Earl of Fingall when more cautious counsels began to prevail, and soon afterwards became a Protestant. At the solicitation of Lord Edward FitzGerald, he joined the United Irishmen, was appointed treasurer of his district, and colonel of an insurgent regiment. Only then, as he states, fully instructed as to the designs of the United Irishmen, and overcome at the thought of the horrors impending over the country, he in March 1798 gave the informations that led to the arrest of the Leinster Directory. He then retired to Kilkea. During the Insurrection the Government troops, Rice, Thomas Spring, Lord Monteagle, a prominent politican, was born in Limerick, 8th February 1790. He was educated at Cambridge, and studied for the Bar. In 1820 he entered Parliament for Limerick, which he continued to represent in the Whig interest until the passing of the Reform Bill in 1832, when he was returned for Cambridge. He sat for that borough until his elevation to the peerage in 1839, lending his support to nearly every liberal measure. He was Under-Secretary for the Home Department in 1827; Secretary of the Treasury from November 1830 to June 1834; Secretary of the Colonies, and a Privy-Councillor, 1834; and Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1835 to 1839, when he was appointed Comptroller of the Exchequer, and raised to the peerage. He never occupied a more prominent place in the public mind than in 1834, when, as an Irishman, he may be said to have led the opposition to O'Connell's motion favouring the Repeal of the Union, on which occasion he replied to O'Connell's argument in a speech of six hours' duration. He frequently acted on royal commissions in matters of art, and gave much attention to the question of decimal coinage. He died at Mount Trenchard, near Limerick, 7th February 1866, aged 75. 7 177 ances practised towards them, for which they have been afforded no redress; and that, if not wisely treated, and given hope of grace, they will most likely ally themselves with our enemies." Finding it impracticable to reduce the Irish by force of arms, Richard sought to conciliate the chiefs, and laying aside the English banRichard II., King of England, Lord ners, quartered with leopards and fleursof Ireland, was born at Bordeaux, 3rd de-lis, he substituted flags bearing a golden April 1366. His reign commenced 22nd cross on an azure ground, surrounded by June 1377. In 1394, finding it necessary five silver birds, the arms of his patron to assert his supremacy in Ireland, he saint, Edward the Confessor. On 16th came over with a large fleet and an army February 1395, Richard_met MacMurof 4,000 men-at-arms and 30,000 archers, rough in the open plain of Ballygorry, near and entered the Suir on 2nd October. He Carlow. A proposed treaty having been was accompanied by his uncle, the Duke read and explained in English and Irish, of Gloucester, the Earls of March, Not- MacMurrough did homage, received the tingham, and Rutland, and other nobles. kiss of peace from the Earl of NottingOf the descendants of the adventurers ham, and promised allegiance, conditional amongst whom Henry II. had divided on the restitution of his wife's lands, the Ireland two centuries before, there re- payment of an annuity, and the grant of mained in the direct male line only the territories for those he might surrender. Geraldines of Kildare and Desmond, and At Drogheda Richard met O'Neill with the Butlers. Most of the Anglo-Norman the northern chiefs, and Brian O'Brien, families had become, according to an often- Prince of Thomond, and he forwarded to quoted saying, "more Irish than the Irish the Lord Treasurer of England two hamthemselves." The native Irish chieftains pers, containing seventy-five agreements, had to a great extent regained their lands entered into with them. In March he in Ulster, Connaught, and Munster; and again entertained with great splendour "all Leinster trembled" at the "might some of the chiefs in Dublin, Henry and puissance" of Art MacMurrough. Castede (a knight, the particulars of whose Immediately after the King's landing, captivity amongst the Irish are related by MacMurrough made a descent upon New Froissart) acting as their principal attenRoss; and the English troops were dis- dant and interpreter. Froissart gives an comfited by the attacks of the O'Conors interesting recital of the efforts made to and O'Carrolls. In November Richard induce these tribal magnates to adopt despatched letters to the Privy Council, English manners and customs. O'Neill, informing them that he had made many O'Conor, MacMurrough, and O'Brien were long journeys since he had taken the field, knighted by the King, after keeping their and had marched to Dublin through the vigils in Christ Church Cathedral. The country of the "rebel Makemurgh," and English Privy Council, while expressing directing them to transmit money for the satisfaction at the King's efforts to settle payment of his army, and to defray his affairs in Ireland, complained of his adpersonal expenses. Owing to the charac-mitting the Irish chiefs to grace without ter of the country, and the irregular mode of warfare of the natives, his large force, led by experienced commanders, was able to make but little progress in the subju- | gation of Ireland beyond the borders of the Pale. King Richard, as Henry II. had done on one occasion, spent Christmas in Dublin in a sumptuous palace fitted up on Hoggin [College] Green, where he entertained such of the native chiefs as paid court to him. Concerning the country he wrote to his uncle, the Duke of York, on 1st February 1395: "In our land of Ireland there are three kinds of people: wild Irish, our enemies; Irish rebels; obedient English. To us and our Council here it appears that the Irish rebels have rebelled in consequence of the injustice and griev payment of fines, which would have defrayed a portion of the heavy costs of his expedition. After nine months spent in Ireland, Richard left in the summer of 1395, committing the government of the colony to his cousin, Roger Mortimer. Froissart says that the great expenses of the campaign were cheerfully defrayed by the kingdom; for the principal cities and towns in England thought it was well laid out when they saw their King return home with honour." On the other hand, Grafton, the chronicler, says, under date 1394: "This yere King Richard made a voyage into Ireland, which was nothing profitable or honourable vnto him, and therefore the wryters seeme to thinke it scant worth the notying." In 1399 Richard prepared for another expedition, partly to avenge Mortimer, who had fallen in an engagement with the Irish, and partly to suppress MacMurrough, who had taken up arms in consequence of the King having given away to the Duke of Surrey portions of his territories near Carlow. A large fleet carrying an army of some 30,000 was again collected at Milford Haven. It sailed on the 29th May, and anchored at Waterford on the 2nd June. The King took with him the English regalia, to impress the native chiefs, and was accompanied by many of the first ecclesiastics and nobles of England. After resting a few days, he rode with some 20,000 men in close array to Kilkenny, where he waited fourteen days in vain for the arrival of the Duke of Albemarle, who was to have been accompanied by 140 chosen men-at-arms, knights, and esquires, and 200 mounted archers, besides a corps of carpenters and masons. On the 23rd June Richard marched in the direction of Leighlin Bridge against Art MacMurrough, who retreated before him into the fastnesses of Wicklow. The King's 2,500 axe-men with difficulty cleared a road, while Art's followers cut off his scouts and foraging parties, and scoured the hills and valleys with a fleetness that astonished the English. In an open cleared space (probably near Tullow) and beside a burning native village, Richard set up his standards, and knighted Henry, son of the Duke of Lancaster, and other young nobles who had come to win their spurs in Ireland. MacMurrough successfully eluded all efforts to bring him to an engagement, and continued to cut off the King's supplies, so that, but for their meeting some vessels of the English fleet at Arklow, most of the army might have perished. A contemporary picture, in a chronicle preserved in the British Museum, "represents the arrival of three vessels laden with provisions from Dublin, and the rush made by the soldiers for them. Here the chronicler represents the men as fighting among themselves, plunging into the sea, and parting with clothes and money for food and drink. On that day, he believes, there were more than a thousand men drunk, seeing that it was just then the vintage of Spain, 'qui est bonne contrée.' In this drawing the scramble in the water is given with great spirit; three men are already in the sea, which, however, appears to be rather shallow, (helmets, gauntlets, coats of mail, hoods, and all), and a sailor is depicted stretching over the bows of one of the vessels, and holding out a loaf of bread to . the nearest soldier. This is the only sailor who appears to take any interest in the matter, the rest of the crews, two men to each vessel, wear an expression of profound indifference." 233 Abandoning further attempts against MacMurrough, Richard proceeded to Dublin, amidst loud war cries and shouts of defiance from the Irish; who according to a French eye-witness, were "as bold as lions, and gave many a hard blow to the King." In the midst of plenty in Dublin, during July, Richard's army forgot the hardships to which they had been subjected. The Duke of Albemarle arrived with the expected reinforcements in 100 barges, bringing news of the revolt of Henry, Duke of Lancaster, and Richard was obliged to make immediate preparations for return. He took shipping from Waterford, and arrived in Milford Haven, 5th August, after a two days' passage. He left Sir John Stanley as Lord-Lieutenant. King Richard was dethroned on the 29th of the following September, and is supposed to have been murdered at Pontefract, on 14th February 1400. He was eventually buried in Westminster Abbey. 134 139 152 229 233 335 Rinuccini, Giovan Batista, Archbishop of Fermo, who acted a prominent part in Ireland between the years 1645 and 1649, was born at Rome, 15th September 1592. In 1645 he was sent by Pope Innocent X. as Nuncio to the Confederate Catholics in arms in Ireland. The main object of his embassy was to secure the free exercise of the Catholic religion in Ireland. The 14th section of his instructions reads: Let him promote the interests of the Catholic religion in such a manner as to show he considers it one with the English crown, and hold firmly to the principle that at no time could he wish its yoke to be thrown off, nor ever hearken to propositions which tend to the contrary." His retinue consisted of twentysix Italians, several Irish officers, and his secretary, Belling. Leaving Rome in April, he spent some time in Paris, where he in vain sought an interview with Queen Henrietta. At Rochelle he bought the frigate San Pietro, freighted her with military stores, and embarked with his retinue. He had drawn on the Pope for 150,658 dollars, while Cardinal Barberini advanced 10,000 crowns, and Cardinal Mazarin 25,000 dollars. Having narrowly escaped capture by Parliamentary cruisers, he landed in Kenmare Bay, 22nd October 1645, and celebrated Mass in a shepherd's hut. The Supreme Council sent troops to escort him to Kilkenny, which he entered in state on the 13th November. His papers and correspondence throw a flood of light upon the history of the time; but it would be impossible within reasonable limits to follow their intricate mazes. He resided chiefly at Kilkenny, Limerick, and Galway. Some of his letters are dated from Duncannon, Waterford, Bunratty, and Maryborough. It was Rinuccini's policy throughout to oppose all propositions for peace not providing for the open recognition of his faith in Ireland, and the appointment of a Catholic viceroy. He was consequently in continual opposition to the Marquis of Ormond. He strenuously opposed the treaty of 28th March 1646 with the Marquis. The Nuncio received in Limerick Cathedral the captured standards sent by Owen Roe O'Neill after he victory of Benburb in June that year. In August he induced O'Neill to come to the aid of the Waterford assembly, met to protest against the second treaty with Ormond, ratified on the 29th July. On 17th September he entered Kilkenny, with O'Neill on the one hand and Preston on the other, committed the old Confederate Council to the Castle, and called a new council, consisting of four bishops and eight laymen. Father Meehan says: "Never did any event give greater cause of joy to the chieftains and people of the Old Irish' than this change of the Confederate government." He vainly endeavoured to reconcile the bitter animosities between O'Neill and Preston, which showed themselves before and during the abortive attack on Dublin. At Rinuccini's instance, a general assembly met at Kilkenny, 10th January 1647, from which a Supreme Council of twenty-four was elected. Most of the members were considered to be inflexibly opposed to making any terms with the enemy; yet after many negotiations, in April 1648 they gave their assent to a truce so distasteful to Rinuccini that he pronounced sentence of excommunication against all who should respect it, and against all districts in which it should be received or observed. His further efforts to carry on the war proved ineffectual, and in March 1649 he sailed in the Sun Pietro for France leaving a country in which, according to his own words, "the sun had never shone on him," and where his mission had been a complete failure. He reached Rome in August the same year. For his own expenses, when on his mission, he had been allowed by the Pope 3,000 crowns, and 200 crowns a month. Although living in Ireland was then cheap, he is said to have also expended the current revenues of his see, and 15,800 crowns of his private income. He caused frescoes to be painted in the archiepiscopal palace at Fermo of the actions that had been fought in Ireland during his stay there. He is said to have been severely censured by the Pope for his want of prudence in the conduct of Irish affairs. He died in December 1653, and his remains were buried in the cathedral of Fermo. Carte says: "He was regular and even austere in his life and conversation, and far from any taint of avarice or corruption." He is described by another writer as a man of shining abilities, of graceful and conciliating address, of eloquent speech, and of regular and austere habits; but he was also ambitious and proud to an eminent degree, and filled with a zeal for the interests of the Church, which he set above all things else, and would not allow to be overlooked for an instant, even though the cost should be the public peace and liberty." A collection of the Nuncio's documents and letters, entitled The Embassy in Ireland of M. G. B. Rinuccini, Archbishop of Fermo, in the years 1645-'9, translated by Anne Hutton, and published in Dublin in 1873, is a valuable contribution to the history of the time. 85† 295 Robertson, William, D.D.,_a_distinguished divine, was born in Dublin, 16th October 1705. He was educated chiefly at Glasgow University, where he remained three years. Alone he withstood the Rector in some matters relating to the privileges of the students, and was expelled; but, bringing the question before the Government, he procured a committee of inquiry, and was triumphantly reinstated, the Rector being dismissed. In 1727 he received deacon's orders, and was appointed to the livings of Tullow and Rathvilly, producing about £200 a year. The system of tithes appeared to him so troublesome, wasteful, and cumbrous, that he published a treatise advocating their abolition, and the substitution of a fixed tax upon land—thus anticipating by more than one hundred years the system of tithe-rent charge. He married in 1728, and for a time had the cure of St. Luke's parish, Dublin. In 1759, from conscientious motives, he declined further advancement in the Church, and omitted the Athanasian Creed from his services, and in 1764 resigned all his preferments. He published a tract entitled An Attempt to Explain the words of Reason, Substance, Person, Creeds, Orthodoxy, Catholic Church, Subscription, and Index Expurgatorius. In 1767 the University of Glasgow, on receipt of a copy of this work, conferred upon him the degree of D.D. Next year he was appointed master of the Free |