The Senate was so anxious to give effect to its views at this time that it instructed the architect to prepare plans for an Anatomical School, and appointed a committee to confer with the management of the Sydney Infirmary with regard to arrangements for clinical teaching.

The entire scheme, however, owing to the vigorous opposition of the Professors, fell through, but it was the cause of extremely strained relations between the Professors and the Senate, which formally "regrets that the Professors should have considered themselves justified in adopting so extreme a step as that of entering a protest against proceedings which the Senate, in the unquestionable exercise of its prerogative, had thought fit to take, with reference to the initiation of the necessary measures for the erection of a Medical School in connection with the University, as expressly contemplated by the 12th section of the Incorporation Act," and which declares that "it was unable to depart from its resolution to establish a medical school." The unwilling Dean thus remained head of a Faculty which had no body and even less tail right on to 1883, when the body came, the tail arose, and he was succeeded by myself.

OTHER SCHEMES.

In 1866 a further scheme was prepared to give instruction only in the first two years of the medical curriculum. This, too, came to nothing.

Between that time and 1873 various proposals kept the matter alive, and then the establishment of the Prince Alfred Hospital really brought the School into existence, for the first definite step towards the establishment of the school was the power given to the Directors in the Hospital's Act of Incorporation to provide for the School. It was, indeed, the inauguration of this School at the Hospital and in connection with the University which justified the University in giving a site, over 12 acres in area, to the Hospital, for the land had been granted to the University exclusively for educational purposes. The establishment of the School was, therefore, cardinal to the existence of the Hospital. In return for the site, the University stipulated for a share in the management of the Hospital and in the appointment of its medical officers. These negotiations took place in 1872, and in 1873 the acts were passed which gave legal effect to the bargain. By the Act an area of between two and three acres is reserved out of the site for the school building, and in early plans of the Hospital two different, but both most inadequate, plans of a school building are shown.

Fortunately these intentions never got any farther, for in 1876 the Chancellor, Sir Edward Deas Thomson, in his commemoration address, speaks as if it were now intended that the University, not the Hospital, should provide for the School; and in 1879 the new Chancellor, Sir William Montagu Manning, in his commemoration address, admits that the land would be more usefully applied for gardens or recreation grounds for the patients, and he states that the Senate was prepared to give it up and provide another site for the Medical School. And this is just what has happenedthe Medical School is most conveniently placed near the rest of the University.

The

On July 3rd, 1878, Sir William Manning invited the Senate to consider whether there should be established at first a complete course, or a preliminary two year course only. Senate, on the motion of the Hon. Sir Arthur Renwick, passed a unanimous resolution in favour of the complete course, and now, therefore, it was only a question of ways and means. In 1880 Mr. Challis died, and his great bequest was announced as a complete surprise to the authorities in Sydney. It was, however, to come in only after the death of the beneficiaries. By this time no less than five deputations had waited upon the Government to urge the necessity of increased support to the University; but, in view of the certainty of the bequest being available some day, the Government was again approached to secure the increased endowment, and now the establishment of a Medical School was spoken of as urgent owing to the approaching opening of the Prince Alfred Hospital. The opening of the Hospital actually did take place on September 25th, 1882.

AT LAST!

In 1882, rather unexpectedly at last, the increased endowment so long craved, so frequently asked for, was voted by the Legislature, and steps were immediately taken to make the necessary appointments.

I was appointed to the combined Chair of Anatomy and Physiology in '82, and it has always appeared to me an interesting circumstance that some little time before this I had been recommended for the task of organising a new school which a number of members of the Profession, who were in some way or other dissatisfied with the Owen's College Medical School, were proposing to start in Manchester. I visited that city and saw the promoters, but the scheme came to nothing. Nevertheless, I was to do this kind of work after all-in the Antipodes! In the beginning of '83 the work of the School began. We may thus fairly

assume that the School has now about reached its majority, and the coincidence of this period with the jubilee of the University seems to render the occasion appropriate for a brief review of our short life.

THE ORIGINAL SCHOOL BUILDING.

It had been intended that the new school should be located temporarily in a portion of the Exhibition Building in the Outer Domain, but that building was destroyed by fire.

steps were taken to provide accommodation for the Medical School until just before I landed, and I well remember the dismay with which, on my arrival, I saw the foundations of the modest, unpretentious four-roomed cottage out behind in the paddock, which I was told was, when finished, to comprise two rooms for the Medical School, and two for Professor Stephen and his Department of Biology. I first saw it in company with Dr. Badham, who informed me that the "stinks," meaning, I suppose, principally Chemistry, were all to go out at the back.

These branches of science were also dubbed

The day has passed when it can seriously be contended that the universities ought to confine their attention to general mental culture. The universities grew out of the needs of the people, and were founded originally as technical schools-the oldest University of all, that of Salerno, was a school of medicine and as they began, so they have continued to this day. Happily it is possible to train the mind by technical learning, as well as by learning for which there is no immediate use, and this is why a university can give a degree after a training solely in a professional school, for it is not what is known that makes a man cultured: it is how he knows it, the method by which he approaches knowledge, the attitude of his mind to it. Culture and knowledge, or rather, perhaps I should say, information, have no necessary relationship to each other.

Within some ten days after my arrival the walls of the cottage were up, though there was no roof, nor any windows nor doors, and in such curious surroundings, with the muchinterested workmen lolling over the windowsills, wondering what it was all about, the

actual commencement of the School took place, on the day appointed in the Calendar, for it is a good thing to be up to time as well as up to date. Of this cottage, the original Medical School, no vestige remains to-day, all having been removed to make way for the department of Geology.

FORWARDS!

The first step in advance was to add three rooms behind this cottage, and the next was to absorb the two rooms which Professor Stephens occupied, he being also anxious to get away to less "fragrant" quarters. The first difficulty as to personnel was to find a man who would consent, for any reasonable wage, to come as Attendant; but soon there arrived Mr. John Shewen, who had served with me in Professor Rutherford's laboratory, and then my difficulties in this respect were at an end. By the same ship, but, as it happened, quite by chance, came Dr. A. MacCormick, as Demonstrator; he also had been with Professor Rutherford's department. From that day forward the teaching arrangements have never gone backward. Dr. MacCormick held office as Demonstrator until he was appointed lecturer in surgery. He was succeeded by Dr. A. E. Wright, now Professor of Pathology at Netley, and Dr. Wright by Dr. C. J. Martin, now Professor of Physiology in Melbourne. Professor Wilson arrived as Demonstrator of Anatomy in 1887, and in 1890 he became Professor of Anatomy.

and about 1890. As to the architectural style of this building, that of the already existing University building was fortunately followed, and for this we owe much to Mr. James Barnett, at that time Colonial Architect. As a young man Mr. Barnett worked at the building of the Great Hall, and it is to him that I am indebted for pointing out Dr. Douglass' coat of arms on the Great Hall.

As to the internal arrangements, I had already served a sort of apprenticeship, for it was while I was Assistant to Professor Rutherford that we "flitted" from the old Edinburgh University building in Nicholson-street to the new Medical School on the Meadows, and I had taken a good hand with the Professor in planning the fittings of our department in the new school. I may add that I was also at the

but the intention was to occupy these rooms only until they should be required for other purposes, when the University might be enabled in some way to build a separate and properly adapted Museum building in the space reserved for it, between the Medical School and the main University building. This period is undoubtedly within measurable distance, for, on the one hand, the collection very nearly fills the available space, and will one of these days overflow, and, on the other hand, the demands for increased accommodation can be satisfied only when the museum has found another home.

At first one often heard remarks as to the folly of building so great and costly a mansion, and Sir Arthur Renwick, who was Minister of Public Instruction at the time, informs me that

"flitting" from the old to the new Edinburgh Royal Infirmary.

In regard to the size of the building, it was not the small number of students at that time in attendance for which we provided, but for our future greatness. Nor was it only the number of students we had to think of; we had also to consider the possible development of subjects of instruction. And has not the University's foresight already been amply justified?

The preliminary scientific subjects are each housed in its own building, so that this building accommodates only the purely medical subjects. The clinical subjects are provided for at the Prince Alfred Hospital.

The Museum of Anatomy now possesses 24,000 specimens, and is well worthy of a visit. It is housed in this building, several rooms having been thrown together for that purpose,

there was much opposition to the vote in Parliament, the first cost being about £80,000; but was it not a good investment for the State? Let us see what is the money value to the State of the Medical School. Suppose, for instance, that there were no Medical School here. The community would still need medical advisers, and it is fair to assume that at least one-half, say 100, of the students would go to Europe for their medical education. The average expenditure of each would not be less than £200 per annum, and the average time would not be less than six years, for the curriculum is five years, to which must be added the time of travelling to and fro, and the time inevitably lost in various ways. This would be in all at least £1200 per student, or at the rate of £20,000 a year, actually taken out of the State and spent elsewhere. This is now kept in the State, and, since what is paid in salaries is

THE PRESENT MEDICAL SCHOOL (LOOKING FROM THE SOUTH).

spent in the State, 25 per cent. is a fair return, is it not?

To this magnificent building as it stands we undoubtedly owe much of the success of the Medical School as an Institution. Student and graduate and teacher alike feel proud to belong to it, and its influence in creating an esprit de corps and good traditions cannot be overestimated. The pride we all take in the Great Hall is paralleled by the pride which the medical takes in the Medical School building, and it all makes for good.

ON THE CONNECTION OF THE PRINCE ALFRED HOSPITAL WITH THE UNIVERSITY: ITS ADVANTAGES.

As we have seen, there have been three successive schemes for the permanent location of the Medical School. 1st. That it should be connected with the Sydney Hospital. 2nd. That it should be at the Prince Alfred Hospital, but connected with the University. 3rd. At the University, but connected with Prince Alfred Hospital and recognising certain other hospitals as places where study may be carried on. last, the existing scheme, is undoubtedly far and away the best; so that if the Medical School did take so many years to incubate, when it was hatched it came forth under most favourable conditions.

This

This intimate connection of the Prince Alfred Hospital with the University is an advantage to both institutions. The University has a hospital convenient of access for the clinical instruction of students; the Hospital gains in various ways. For instance, we may fairly assume that upon the whole the best men of the Medical Profession will always desire to be connected with the University, and, therefore, also with the Hospital. Further, the senior students do a considerable amount of work in the Hospital, and in time the pick of the students when graduates become the Resident Medical Officers at a salary which is practically nominal, for the real remuneration is the experience they gain.

It is so arranged that each Resident in his 12 months' term of office takes charge in turn of the different departments of the Hospital. He is attached to the Hospital, and his experience is general and as complete as the time allows. He is not merely attached to the ward of some particular Physician or Surgeon by whom he has been selected and practically appointed, and whose practice alone he sees, as is so commonly the case elsewhere.

It is, indeed, simply astounding what the 12 months' service does for the Resident. His association with the visiting Medical Men, with his fellow Resident Medical Officers, with the Nurses, and with the Patients has brought him

experience beyond price, and has made a man of him. When he leaves he is—

A wise physician, skill'd our wounds to heal. I find that out of the 218 graduates no less than 184 have held office as Resident Medical Officers, and this extraordinary proportion must have very largely contributed to that success of the graduates in practice to which I shall presently refer. When the extensions of the Hospital now in course of erection are completed, the number of beds will be raised from 236 to 456, and the number of Resident Officers required will be correspondingly increased.

Again, a body such as the Conjoint Board, composed of the University Senate and of the Hospital Board sitting together, should succeed in selecting the most competent Medical Officers to begin with, and then we may rely a good deal on the students for stimulating them to do their best. The students, who follow the work of the hospital Physicians and Surgeons in the critics, and though their criticism is that of wards or operation theatres, are valuable young men, nevertheless, in the multitude of them there is safety. As a matter of fact, it is admitted that the best and most intelligent work is, as a rule, done in Hospitals which are attached to Medical Schools, so that it is the patients who gain most by all these arrangements, the tendency of which is to secure and maintain efficiency on the part of the Medical Officers.

RECOGNISED HOSPITALS.

Certain other Hospitals have been recognised as places where study may be carried on, viz., Sydney Hospital, St. Vincent's Hospital, Benevolent Asylum, Women's Hospital, Hospital for Sick Children, Gladesville and Callan Park Hospitals for the Insane. At some of these places a considerable amount of work is done; and, doubtless, more will be done as the advantages of the University connection are more and more fully appreciated.

APPARATUS DOCENDI.

The two most important changes in the teaching arrangements since the School began have been the creation of two new ChairsAnatomy and Pathology. Midwifery and Gynaecology have been separated as independent Lectureships, and five new Courses have been established, namely, Medical Ethics; Diseases of Children; Diseases of the Ear, Nose, and Throat; Diseases of the Skin; and Demonstrations on Psychological Medicine and Neurology. A new and important class, suitable for graduates and advanced students, is about to be established, namely, special Bacteriology. The special object of this class will be to enable the members to acquire a practical knowledge of