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Strokkr.-Crystal Pools.-The Almannagja.-The Surts-hellir.-Beautiful Ice-cave.-The Gotha
Foss.-The Detti Foss.-Climate.-Vegetation.—Cattle.-Barbarous Mode of Sheep-sheering.—
Reindeer.-Polar Bears.-Birds.-The Eider-duck.-Videy.-Vigr.-The Wild Swan.-The Ra-
ven.-The Jerfalcon.-The Giant auk, or Geirfugl.-Fish.-Fishing Season.-The White Shark.-
Mineral Kingdom.-Sulphur.-Peat.-Drift-wood..
Page 68
CHAPTER VI.
HISTORY OF ICELAND.
Discovery of the Island by Naddodr in 861.-Gardar.-Floki of the Ravens.--Ingolfr and Leif.-Ulfliot
the Lawgiver.-The Althing.-Thingvalla.-Introduction of Christianity into the Island.-Fred-
erick the Saxon and Thorwold the Traveller.-Thangbrand.-Golden Age of Icelandic Literature.
-Snorri Sturleson.—The Island submits to Hakon, King of Norway, in 1254.-Long Series of Ca-
lamities. Great Eruption of the Skapta Jökul in 1783.-Commercial Monopoly.-Better Times in
Prospect.... 89
CHAPTER VII.
THE ICELANDERS.
Skalholt.-Reykjavik.-The Fair.-The Peasant and the Merchant.-A Clergyman in his Cups.--Hay-
making.-The Icelander's Hut.-Churches.-Poverty of the Clergy.-Jon Thorlaksen.-The Semi-
nary of Reykjavik.-Beneficial Influence of the Clergy.-Home Education.-The Icelander's Winter's
Evening.-Taste for Literature.-The Language.-The Public Library at Reykjavik.-The Icelandic
Literary Society.-Icelandic Newspapers.-Longevity.-Leprosy.-Travelling in Iceland.-Fording
the Rivers.-Crossing of the Skeidara by Mr. Holland.-A Night's Bivouac..
CHAPTER VIII.
THE WESTMAN ISLANDS.
98
The Westmans.-Their extreme Difficulty of Access.-How they became peopled.- Heimaey.
Kaufstathir and Ofanleyte.-Sheep-hoisting.-Egg-gathering.- Dreadful Mortality among the
Children. The Ginklofi.-Gentleman John.-The Algerine Pirates.-Dreadful Sufferings of the
Islanders.. 114
CHAPTER IX.
FROM DRONTHEIM TO THE NORTH CAPE.
Mild Climate of the Norwegian Coast.-Its Causes.-The Norwegian Peasant.-Norwegian Constitution.-
Romantic coast Scenery.-Drontheim.-Greiffenfeld Holme and Väre.-The Sea-eagle.-The Herring-
fisheries.-The Lofoten Islands.--The Cod-fisheries.-Wretched Condition of the Fishermen.-Tromsö.
-Altenfiord.-The Copper Mines.-Hammerfest the most northern Town in the World.-The North
Cape... 120
CHAPTER X.
SPITZBERGEN-BEAR ISLAND-JAN MEYEN.
The west Coast of Spitzbergen. -Ascension of a Mountain by Dr. Scoresby.-His Excursion along the
Coast.-A stranded Whale.-Magdalena Bay.-Multitudes of Sea-birds.—Animal Life.-Midnight
Silence. Glaciers. A dangerous Neighborhood.- Interior Plateau.-Flora of Spitzbergen. -Its
Similarity with that of the Alps above the Snow-line.-Reindeer.-The hyperborean Ptarmigan.—
Fishes.-Coal.-Drift-wood.-Discovery of Spitzbergen by Barentz, Heemskerk, and Ryp.-Brilliant
Period of the Whale-fishery.-Coffins.-Eight English Sailors winter in Spitzbergen, 1630.--Melan-
choly Death of some Dutch Volunteers.--Russian Hunters.-Their Mode of wintering in Spitzber-
gen.--Scharostin.-Walrus-ships from Hammerfest and Tromsö.-Bear or Cherie Island.-Bennet.
--Enormous Slaughter of Walruses.--Mildness of its Climate.-Mount Misery.-Adventurous Boat-
131
voyage of some Norwegian Sailors.-Jan Meyen.-Beerenberg...
CHAPTER XI.
NOVA ZEMBLA.
The Sea of Kara.-Loschkin.-Rosmysslow.-Lütke.-Krotow.-Pachtussow.-Sails along the east-
ern Coast of the Southern Island to Matoschkin Schar.-His second Voyage and Death.-Meteoro-
logical Observations of Ziwolka.-The cold Summer of Nova Zembla.-Von Baer's scientific Voyage
to Nova Zembla.-His Adventures in Matoschkin Schar.-Storm in Kostin Schar.-Sea Bath and
votive Cross.-Botanical Observations.-A natural Garden.-Solitude and Silence.-A Bird Ba-
zar.-Hunting Expeditions of the Russians to Nova Zembla..
Page 147
Their ancient History and Conversion to Christianity.-Self-denial and Poverty of the Lapland Clergy.
-Their singular Mode of Preaching.-Gross Superstition of the Lapps.-The Evil Spirit of the
Woods.-The Lapland Witches.-Physical Constitution of the Lapps.-Their Dress.-The Fjälllap-
pars.-Their Dwellings.- Store-houses.-Reindeer Pens.-Milking the Reindeer.- Migration.-
The Lapland Dog.-Skiders, or Skates.-The Sledge, or Pulka.-Natural Beauties of Lapland.---
Attachment of the Lapps to their Country.-Bear-hunting.-Wolf-hunting.--Mode of Living of the
wealthy Lapps.--How they kill the Reindeer.-Visiting the Fair.-Mammon Worship.-Treasure-
hiding." Tabak, or Braende.". Affectionate Disposition of the Lapps.--The Skogslapp.-The
Fisherlapp...
156
CHAPTER XIII.
MATTHIAS ALEXANDER CASTRÉN.
His Birthplace and first Studies.-Journey in Lapland, 1838.-The Iwalojoki.-The Lake of Enara.-
The Pastor of Utzjoki.-From Rowaniémi to Kemi.-Second Voyage, 1841-44.-Storm on the
White Sea.-Return to Archangel.-The Tundras of the European Samoïedes.-Mesen.-Universal
Drunkenness.-Sledge Journey to Pustosersk.-A Samoïede Teacher.-Tundra Storms.-Abandon-
ed and alone in the Wilderness.-Pustosersk.-Our Traveller's Persecutions at Ustsylmsk and Ish-
emsk.-The Uusa.-Crossing the Ural.-Obdorsk.-Second Siberian Journey, 1845-48.-Overflow-
ing of the Obi.-Surgut.-Krasnojarsk.-Agreeable Surprise.-Turuchansk.-Voyage down the
Jenissei.-Castrén's Study at Plachina.-From Dudinka to Tolstoi Noss.-Frozen Feet.-Return
Voyage to the South.-Frozen fast on the Jenissei.-Wonderful Preservation.-Journey across the
Chinese Frontiers, and to Transbaikalia.—Return to Finland.-Professorship at Helsingfors.—Death
of Castrén, 1855..
168
CHAPTER XIV.
THE SAMOÏEDES.
Their Barbarism.-Num, or Jilibeambaertje.-Shamanism.—Samoïede Idols.-Sjadæi.—Hahe.—The Ta-
debtsios, or Spirits.-The Tadibes, or Sorcerers.-Their Dress.-Their Invocations.-Their conjuring
Tricks.-Reverence paid to the Dead.-A Samoïede Oath.-Appearance of the Samoïedes.—Their
Dress.-A Samoïede Belle.-Character of the Samoïedes.-Their decreasing Numbers.—Traditions of
ancient Heroes. 179
CHAPTER XV.
THE OSTIAKS.
What is the Obi?-Inundations.-An Ostiak summer Yourt.-Poverty of the Ostiak Fishermen.-A
winter Yourt.-Attachment of the Ostiaks to their ancient Customs.-An Ostiak Prince.—Archery.
-Appearance and Character of the Ostiaks.-The Fair of Obdorsk....
CHAPTER XVI.
185
CONQUEST OF SIBERIA BY THE RUSSIANS-THEIR VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY ALONG THE SHORES OF THE
POLAR SEA.
Ivan the Terrible.-Strogonoff.-Yermak, the Robber and Conqueror.-His Expeditions to Siberia.-
Battle of Tobolsk.-Yermak's Death.-Progress of the Russians to Ochotsk.-Semen Deshnew.
Condition of the Siberian Natives under the Russian Yoke.-Voyages of Discovery in the Reign of
the Empress Anna.-Prontschischtschew.-Chariton and Demetrius Laptew.-An Arctic Heroine.
-Schalaurow.--Discoveries in the Sea of Bering and in the Pacific Ocean.-The Lächow Islands.-
Fossil Ivory.-New Siberia. The wooden Mountains.-The past Ages of Siberia.....
191
CHAPTER XVII.
SIBERIA-FUR-TRADE AND GOLD-DIGGINGS.
Siberia. Its immense Extent and Capabilities.-The Exiles.-Mentschikoff.-Dolgorouky.-Münich.
The Criminals.-The free Siberian Peasant.-Extremes of Heat and Cold.-Fur-bearing Animals.---
The Sable. The Ermine.-The Siberian Weasel.-The Sea-otter.-The black Fox.-The Lynx.-
The Squirrel.-The varying Hare.-The Suslik.-Importance of the Fur-trade for the Northern
Provinces of the Russian Empire.-The Gold-diggings of Eastern Siberia.--The Taiga.-Expenses
and Difficulties of searching Expeditions.-Costs of Produce, and enormous Profits of successful
Speculators.-Their senseless Extravagance.-First Discovery of Gold in the Ural Mountains.—
Jakowlew and Demidow.-Nishne-Tagilsk.
Page 204
CHAPTER XVIII.
MIDDENDORFF'S ADVENTURES IN TAIMURLAND.
For what Purpose was Middendorff's Voyage to Taimurland undertaken ?-Difficulties and Obstacles.—
Expedition down the Taimur River to the Polar Sea.-Storm on Taimur Lake.-Loss of the Boat.—
Middendorff ill and alone in 75° N. Lat.-Saved by a grateful Samoïede.-Climate and Vegetation of
Taimurland...
220
CHAPTER XIX.
THE JAKUTS.
Their energetic Nationality.-Their Descent.-Their gloomy Character.-Summer and Winter Dwell-
ings.-The Jakut Horse.--Incredible Powers of Endurance of the Jakuts.--Their Sharpness of Vis-
ion.-Surprising local Memory.--Their manual Dexterity.-Leather, Poniards, Carpets. Jakut
Gluttons. Superstitious Fear of the Mountain-spirit Ljeschei.--Offerings of Horse-hair.--Improvised
Songs.-The River Jakut....
228
CHAPTER XX.
WRANGELL.
His distinguished Services as an Arctic Explorer.-From Petersburg to Jakutsk in 1820.-Trade of
Jakutsk.—From Jakutsk to Nishne-Kolymsk.-The Badarany.-Dreadful Climate of Nishne-Ko-
lymsk.-Summer Plagues.-Vegetation.-Animal Life.-Reindeer-hunting.-Famine.-Inundations.
-The Siberian Dog.-First Journeys over the Ice of the Polar Sea, and Exploration of the Coast
beyond Cape Shelagskoi in 1821.-Dreadful Dangers and Hardships.—Matiuschkin's Sledge-journey
over the Polar Sea in 1822.-Last Adventures on the Polar Sea.-A Run for Life.-Return to St.
Petersburg...
233
CHAPTER XXI.
THE TUNGUSI.
Their Relationship to the Mantchou. - Dreadful Condition of the outcast Nomads. Character of
the Tungusi.—Their Outfit for the Chase.-Bear-hunting.-Dwellings.-Diet.—A Night's Halt with
Tungusi in the Forest.-Ochotsk...
244
CHAPTER XXII.
GEORGE WILLIAM STELLER.
His Birth.-Enters the Russian Service.--Scientific Journey to Kamchatka.-Accompanies Bering on his
second Voyage of Discovery.-Lands on the Island of Kaiak.—Shameful Conduct of Bering.—Ship-
wreck on Bering Island.--Bering's Death.-Return to Kamchatka.-Loss of Property.-Persecutions
of the Siberian Authorities.-Frozen to Death at Tjumen..
CHAPTER XXIII.
KAMCHATKA.
248
Climate. Fertility.-Luxuriant Vegetation.-Fish.-Sea-birds.-Kamchatkan Bird-catchers.-The Bay
of Avatscha.—Petropaylosk.-The Kamchatkans.-Their physical and moral Qualities.-The Fri-
tillaria Sarrana.-The Muchamor.-Bears.-Dogs...
254
CHAPTER XXIV.
THE TCHUKTCHI.
The Land of the Tchuktchi.-Their independent Spirit and commercial Enterprise.-Perpetual Migra-
tions.—The Fair of Ostrownoje. — Visit in a Tchuktch Polog. — Races. — Tchuktch Bayaderes.
The Tennygk, or Reindeer Tchuktchi. The Onkilon, or Sedentary Tchuktchi. — Their Mode of
Life...
Page 262
CHAPTER XXV.
BERING SEA-THE RUSSIAN FUR COMPANY-THE ALEUTS.
Bering Sea-Unalaska.-The Pribilow Islands.-St. Matthew.-St. Laurence.-Bering's Straits.-The
Russian Fur Company.--The Aleuts.-Their Character.-Their Skill and Intrepidity in hunting the
Sea-otter.-The Sea-bear.-Whale-chasing.-Walrus-slaughter.-The Sea-lion..
CHAPTER XXVI.
ALASKA.
268
Purchase of Alaska by the United States.--The Russian American Telegraph Scheme.-Whymper's
Trip up the Yukon.-Dogs.-The Start.-Extempore Water-filter.-Snow-shoes.-The Frozen Yu-
kon.-Under-ground Houses.-Life at Nulato.-Cold Weather.--Auroras.--Approach of Summer.
-Breaking-up of the Ice.-Fort Yukon.-Furs.-Descent of the Yukon.--Value of Goods.-Arctic
and Tropical Life.-Moose-hunting.-Deer-corrals.--Lip Ornaments.--Canoes.--Four-post Coffin.
-The Kenaian Indians.-The Aleuts.-Value of Alaska.....
277
CHAPTER XXVII.
THE ESQUIMAUX.
Their wide Extension.- Climate of the Regions they inhabit. Their physical Appearance. Their
Dress.-Snow Huts.-The Kayak, or the Baidar.-Hunting Apparatus and Weapons.-Enmity be-
tween the Esquimaux and the Red Indian.-The "Bloody Falls."-Chase of the Reindeer.-Bird-
catching.-Whale-hunting.-Various Stratagems employed to catch the Seal.-The "Keep-kuttuk.”
-Bear-hunting.- Walrus-hunting.— Awaklok and Myouk.-The Esquimaux Dog.-Games and
Sports.-Angekoks.- Moral Character. Self-reliance.-Intelligence.-Iligliuk.—Commercial Ea-
gerness of the Esquimaux.-Their Voracity.-Seasons of Distress..
CHAPTER XXVIII:
THE FUR-TRADE OF THE HUDSON'S BAY TERRITORIES.
290
The Coureur des Bois.-The Voyageur.-The Birch-bark Canoe.-The Canadian Fur-trade in the last
Century. The Hudson's Bay Company.—Bloody Feuds between the North-west Company of Can-
ada and the Hudson's Bay Company.-Their Amalgamation into a new Company in 1821.-Recon-
struction of the Hudson's Bay Company in 1863.--Forts or Houses.-The Attihawmeg.-Influence
of the Company on its savage Dependents.-The Black Bear, or Baribal.-The Brown Bear. The
Grizzly Bear. -The Raccoon. The American Glutton. The Pine Marten. The Pekan, or
Wood-shock.-The Chinga. - The Mink. The Canadian Fish-otter. The Crossed Fox.-The
Black or Silvery Fox. The Canadian Lynx, or Pishu. - The Ice-hare. - The Beaver. The
Musquash.....
304
CHAPTER XXIX.
THE CREE INDIANS, OR EYTHINYUWUK.
The various Tribes of the Crees.-Their Conquests and subsequent Defeat.-Their Wars with the Black-
feet.--Their Character.-Tattooing.-Their Dress.-Fondness for their Children.—The Cree Cradle.—
Vapor Baths.-Games.-Their religious Ideas.-The Cree Tartarus and Elysium................
319
CHAPTER XXX.
THE TINNE INDIANS.
The various Tribes of the Tinné Indians.-The Dog-ribs.-Clothing.-The Hare Indians.-Degraded
State of the Women.-Practical Socialists.-Character.-Cruelty to the Aged and Infirm.................... 327
CHAPTER XXXI.
THE LOUCHEUX, OR KUTCHIN INDIANS.
The Countries they inhabit.-Their Appearance and Dress.-Their Love of Finery.-Condition of the
Women.-Strange Customs.-Character.-Feuds with the Esquimaux.-Their suspicious and timo-
rous Lives.-Pounds for catching Reindeer.-Their Lodges....
CHAPTER XXXII.
ARCTIC VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY, FROM THE CABOTS TO BAFFIN.
Page 331
First Scandinavian Discoverer of America.-The Cabots.-Willoughby and Chancellor (1553-1554).—
Stephen Burrough (1556).-Frobisher (1576-1578).-Davis (1585-1587).-Barentz, Cornelis, and
Brant (1594).-Wintering of the Dutch Navigators in Nova Zembla (1596-1597).-John Knight
335
(1606).-Murdered by the Esquimaux.-Henry Hudson (1607-1609).-Baffin (1616)....
CHAPTER XXXIII.
ARCTIC VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY, FROM BAFFIN TO M'CLINTOCK.
Buchan and Franklin.-Ross and Parry (1818).-Discovery of Melville Island.-Winter Harbor (1819-
1820).- Franklin's first land Journey.- Dreadful Sufferings.-Parry's second Voyage (1821-1823).
- Iligliuk.- Lyon (1824).- Parry's third Voyage (1824).—Franklin's second land Journey to the
Shores of the Polar Sea.-Beechey.-Parry's sledge Journey towards the Pole.-Sir John Ross's
second Journey.-Five Years in the Arctic Ocean.-Back's Discovery of Great Fish River.-Dease
and Simpson (1837-1839).-Franklin and Crozier's last Voyage (1845).-Searching Expeditions.—
Richardson and Rae.-Sir James Ross.-Austin.-Penny.-De Haven.-Franklin's first Winter-
quarters discovered by Ommaney.-Kennedy and Bellot.-Inglefield.-Sir E. Belcher.-Kellett.—
M'Clure's Discovery of the North-west Passage.-Collinson.-Bellot's Death.-Dr. Rae learns the
344
Death of the Crews of the "Erebus" and "Terror."-Sir Leopold M'Clintock..
CHAPTER XXXIV.
KANE AND HAYES.
Kane sails up Smith's Sound in the "Advance" (1853).—Winters in Rensselaer Bay.-Sledge Journey
along the Coast of Greenland. The Three-brother Turrets. -Tennyson's Monument.-The Great
Humboldt Glacier.-Dr. Hayes crosses Kennedy Channel. Morton's Discovery of Washington
Land.-Mount Parry.-Kane resolves upon a second Wintering in Rensselaer Bay.-Departure and
Return of Part of the Crew.-Sufferings of the Winter.-The Ship abandoned.-Boat Journey to
Upernavik.-Kane's Death in the Havana (1857).-Dr. Hayes's Voyage in 1860.-He winters at
Port Foulke.-Crosses Kennedy Channel.-Reaches Cape Union, the most northern known Land
365
upon the Globe.-Koldewey.-Plans for future Voyages to the North Pole.....
CHAPTER XXXV.
NEWFOUNDLAND.
Its desolate Aspect.-Forests.-Marshes.-Barrens.-Ponds.-Fur-bearing Animals.-Severity of Cli-
mate.-St. John's.-Discovery of Newfoundland by the Scandinavians.-Sir Humphrey Gilbert.—
Rivalry of the English and French.-Importance of the Fisheries.-The Banks of Newfoundland.-
Mode of Fishing.-Throaters, Headers, Splitters, Salters, and Packers.-Fogs and Storms.-Seal-
catching..
376
CHAPTER XXXVI.
GREENLAND.
A mysterious Region.-Ancient Scandinavian Colonists.-Their Decline and Fall.-Hans Egede.-His
Trials and Success.-Foundation of Godthaab.-Herrenhuth Missionaries.-Lindenow.-The Scores-
bys.-Clavering.-The Danish Settlements in Greenland.-The Greenland Esquimaux.-Seal-catch-
ing. The White Dolphin.-The Narwhal.-Shark-fishery.-Fiskernasset.-Birds.-Reindeer-hunt-
ing.-Indigenous Plants.-Drift-wood.-Mineral Kingdom.-Mode of Life of the Greenland Esqui-
maux.-The Danes in Greenland.-Beautiful Scenery.-Ice Caves..
382