It must be remembered that accidental circumstances may temporarily modify the temperature in disease as in health, such as food, exercise, excitement, etc. It may be increased by sources of irritation, e. g., retained urine or feces, on the removal of which irritants it is often markedly reduced. Defervescence may proceed so far that the animal heat is brought below the normal, sometimes considerably. After convalescence from severe continued fevers, the temperature often remains low for some time. The same condition is also observed during the apyrexial periods of intermittent fever and in the remissions of the remittent variety.

3. In Treatment.-The value of the thermometer, as affording indications for treatment, may be gathered from the remarks already made, and it will be only necessary to give two or three illustrations. A very high and ascending temperature calls for prompt recourse to the use of cold. In ague, after this disease has apparently subsided, it is found that the temperature still rises at the usual intervals, and until this has become quite normal for two or three days, treatment must not be discontinued. During convalescence from fevers an increase of the bodily heat may be due to something wrong in the diet, or in the use of medicines, and such an event should lead to careful inquiry on all matters which might tend to raise the temperature, so that appropriate measures might be adopted to remove the source of disturbance.

HOW TO APPLY BANDAGES.

There is nothing more difficult to attempt clearly to describe, than the way, or rather the different ways, of applying a bandage.

Bandages are generally made of unbleached muslin, of flannel, linen, etc., and are used for different purposes. Sometimes they are used as supports to the different parts of the body; again we use them in order to apply pressure; also for fixing splints, dressing, etc.; and lastly, for the purpose of allaying muscular action.

The chief kinds of bandages are the Roller and the Triangular Bandages.

The Roller Bandage.-Now what are the usual sizes and lengths of these bandages? I cannot do better than arrange this in a table, where you will be able to see at a glance what is required.

The next thing to know is, How to Roll a Bundage! You first fold one end of your bandage two or three times, as tightly as you can, thus making it into a small roll. You now take hold of this by the fingers of both hands, both thumbs being placed on the top of it, while the rest of the bandage is, if possible, held by another person, who keeps it moderately strained. The thumbs now, by an alternate movement, make the roll revolve on its own axis, the fingers

1 Condensed from "Ambulance Lectures," by L. A. Weatherly, M.D., London, England.

at the same time holding it in position between the two hands. When it is all rolled up, and if not wanted for use at once, the end should be fastened by a stitch or pin, to prevent unrolling.

How to Apply a Roller Bandage.-We may apply a roller bandage in three different ways, and these are called as follows: 1, a simple spiral bandage; 2, a reverse or recurrent bandage; 3, a crucial or figure-of-8 bandage. It is a wise plan, in all these three ways of using a roller bandage, when first applying the bandage to leave the end a little long, and then, when the first turn is made, by turning this end over, and bandaging over this again, it is kept firm and prevented from slipping.

The Simple Spiral Bandage.-The application of this bandage consists in simple spiral turns, each turn overlapping the preceding one to the extent of about two-thirds of the width of the bandage. It is, however, so apt to slip, that we usually have recourse to

The Reverse Spiral.-This is applied like the former, except that the bandage is turned back upon itself each time it is carried round the limb. This form of applying a bandage is one that is not at first easily learned, and requires

good deal of practice before it can be neatly and nicely done. The thumb or forefinger of the hand not holding the bandage should be placed upon the bandage at the part where the turn is to be commenced, while the other hand turns the bandage back upon itself.

The Crucial or Figure-of-8 Bandage.-This form of applying a bandage is usually used at the joints, and it is always used when you apply a bandage over the ankle-joint in bandaging from the foot up the leg. You carry the bandage over the upper part of the joint, then down, under, and across the lower part, and then up over the upper part again, thus forming a regular figure-of-eight.

I will now give you a few rules that always ought to be observed in using the roller bandage:

1. Bandage from within outward.

2. Commence bandaging from below, and work upward. 3. Take care that the pressure is evenly and uniformly applied, but not too lightly.

4. Avoid all wrinkles in your bandage.

5. In reversing or turning a bandage over, always do so on the fleshy side, and not over the sharp edge of a bone.

How to Fasten a Bandage after it is Applied.—You can do this in three different ways: firstly, by putting a stitch in it; secondly, by pinning it; and thirdly, by tearing the bandage down the centre for a little distance, and then turning one end round one way and the other in the opposite direction and tying these two ends. This last is an untidy and clumsy way of doing things, and should not be resorted to unless no pin is at hand. The stitch is by far the best and neatest way of fastening a bandage.

Triangular Bandage.-Professor Esmarch has introduced this form of bandage, and its usefulness will be readily acknowledged when I tell you that it can be applied in no less than thirty-two different ways. The dimensions of this bandage are as follows: Its lower border measures four feet, and the two side borders two feet ten inches each. If this bandage is not at hand, a large-sized pocket-handkerchief, folded from corner to corner, or cut across in that direction, will answer the purpose. It is applied either folded, like a neck-handerchief, or unfolded; and in folding it as a neckhandkerchief it inay be made narrow or broad, as required.

HOW TO APPLY IMMEDIATE RELIEF IN RECENT

ACCIDENTS OR SUDDEN ILLNESS.'

The following rules, as to the course to be pursued by the general public, in cases of emergency, will be found useful in the experience of the practitioner, and are such as he may impart to his patients for their guidance:

Arrest of Bleeding.

Loss of blood, whether it be from an artery, a vein, or from the capillaries, is called hemorrhage. To distinguish between arterial, venous, and capillary hemorrhage, is not very difficult, but yet it is very important. When blood flows in a steady stream, wells out, as it were, and is dark colored, you may be sure it is from a vein; if, however, it flows out with great force, and in jets, as if it were being squirted out, and is of a bright red color, then it is from an artery; and when bleeding is only from the capillaries, there is simply a general oozing. Of course, the larger the vessel, and the wound in it, whether it be an artery or a vein, from which the blood comes, the greater the danger; but arterial hemorrhage is infinitely more dangerous than venous, on account of the force of the current of blood being so much greater through the arteries. Bleeding from a wound of any of the larger main arteries, of even the limbs, such as the brachial or femoral, if not arrested in some way, is sufficient to end life in a few minutes. But, in the large majority of wounds of our bodies, nature arrests this otherwise fatal bleeding in a wonderful manner. The coats of the arteries are both muscular and elastic, and it happens that when an artery is torn across, its coats contract; and this contraction, by reducing 1 Condensed from "Ambulance Lectures," by L. A. Weatherly, M.D., London.