CHYLE gives a white appearance to the urine, from the abundance of fatty molecules it contains; albumen is sometimes present when it coagulates on cooling. Possibly there may be abnormal communication between the lacteal system and the ureters or kidneys.-KIESTEIN, a granular albuminous matter, occurs in the urine of pregnant women, forming with crystals of triple phosphate and fat globules a fat-like scum on the surface.-ACETIC and BUTYRIC ACIDS are found only in decomposing urine, and are not important.-SULPHURETTED HYDROGEN is rarely found in urine, but may be detected by blackening a piece of paper dipped in a solution of acetate of lead and held over it.-ALLANTOIN is only a temporary and occasional constituent, in young children especially.-LEUCIN occurs in hepatic cases, and is detected by microscopic examination. It is usually seen in roundish yellowishcolored balls, made up of masses of small needle-like crystals.-TYROSIN occurs under similar conditions, and is similarly detected, consisting of stellate groups of long silky needles, not in balls or colored, as with leucin.

Examination of the Sediments of Urine.

Urinary deposits may be divided into three classes: 1. Those which occur in acid or alkaline urine, namely, uric acid, urates, phosphates, oxalates, and cystin. 2. In alkaline urine only, namely, the ammoniaco-magnesian, or triple phosphate, phosphate of lime, and urate of ammonia. 3. Organized deposits, namely, mucus, blood, pus, tube casts, spermatozoids, torulæ, sarcinæ, bacteria, vibriones, etc.

I. Deposits found occasionally in Acid or Alkaline Urine, usually in the former.

URIC ACID.-Yellow, reddish, or brown sediment; little masses of crystals, assuming various forms, as lozenge

shaped rhombs, rectangular tables or prisms, dumb-bell and spindle or barrel-shaped crystals.

Urates. These appear when the urine is cold, if the salts are present in excess, the urates being much more soluble in hot water than in cold. Consequently every deposit which disappears on heating consists of urates. They usually form a heavy precipitate at the bottom of the glass, with an ill-defined upper border; and are white or deeply tinted by the coloring matter of the urine. They have been termed "lateritious deposit," "brick-dust deposit," "critical deposit," and "purpurates.'

Urate of soda is amorphous in urine, but prepared artificially by acting with uric acid on sodium phosphate, it forms acicular crystals.

Urate of ammonia appears as an amorphous granular sediment, or in the form of brown round balls covered with spines.

Urate of lime is a white amorphous powder, of rare

Occurrence.

PHOSPHATES. In acid urine they appear as a cloudy precipitate, at once soluble in a drop of nitric or hydrochloric acids.

OXALATE OF LIME may be detected by its characteristic. octahedral or dumb-bell crystals. It is not a distinct sediment, but exists as isolated crystals entangled in the mucous cloud with which it is usually associated.

CYSTIN. This occasionally exists as a sediment mixed with amorphous urates. Under the microscope it is seen in transparent, colorless, six-sided plates. If it occurs in large quantity along with urates or phosphates, or both, it may be distinguished from them by heating and adding acetic acid; the heating dissolving the urates, and the acid the phosphates, but neither have any effect on the cystin.

II. Deposits found occasionally in Alkaline Urine only.

When, from any cause urine becomes alkaline, from the decomposition of urea into carbonate of ammonia, the earthy phosphates (of lime and magnesia), which are soluble only in a slightly acid fluid, are at once thrown down; the phosphate of lime remains unchanged, but the ammonia unites with the phosphate of magnesia and forms a precipitate of ammoniaco-phosphate of magnesia, or triple phosphate.1

The deposits of this class are all dissolved on adding a few drops of nitric or hydrochloric acid.

AMMONIACO MAGNESIAN, OR TRIPLE PHOSPHATE.-It usually occurs in six-sided crystals, some elongated, others nearly square, some with sharp angles, others with broad facets. In very alkaline urine, they appear as feathery crystals.

PHOSPHATE OF LIME.-Usually an amorphous white powder; occasionally, aggregated into rosette-like crystals.

URATE OF AMMONIA and URATE OF LIME, already referred to, may also be present; the former always in alkaline, rarely in acid urine; the latter occasionally in alkaline urine.

III. Organized Deposits.

MUCUS. The cloudy transparent flocculi seen in urine, when left at rest, consist of mucus entangling various forms of epithelial cells, derived from the urinary passages. The supernatant liquid being carefully poured off, and acetic acid added to the mucus, it coagulates, forming delicate molecular fibres.

Neubauer and Vogel. Guide to Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of the Urine. (New Sydenham Society's Publications.) 4th ed., p. 56.

BLOOD.-Urine containing blood has a peculiar smoky color, and always contains a trace of albumen. Under the microscope, the blood-corpuscles are usually colorless, have lost their biconcave form, and are globular from imbibition of water.

Pus. If there be a thickish yellow deposit at the bottom of the vessel, of a stringy consistence, it usually consists of mucus containing pus. The supernatant fluid being poured off, an equal bulk of caustic potash is added to the deposit, which at once gelatinizes, becom ing so thick and tough that it cannot be poured from the test-tube. When pus is present in small quantity, puscorpuscles can readily be detected by the microscope.

TUBE CASTS.-These are either: 1. Fibrinous casts, often containing blood-disks. 2. Desquamative casts, containing epithelial casts. 3. Granular or fatty casts, containing numerous oil-globules, free, or in the epithelial cells. 4. Hyaline or waxy casts, solid and transparent, or containing epithelial cells, granules, and free nuclei. These bodies may be detected by allowing any sediment to fall to the bottom of a conical glass, removing a small portion of it with a fine pipette, placing a drop on a slide, covering it with a thin glass, and examining it with a power of 250 diam. linear.

SPERMATOZOIDS, TORULE, SARCINE, BACTERIA, VIBRIONES, ETC., Occasionally found in urine, may be readily detected by their characteristic microscopical appearance.

SUGGESTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF
POISONING.

A condensed table of poisons, presenting, at a glance, the prominent symptoms and the most available remedies or antidotes, is sure to prove, sooner or later, of practical and immediate utility. After all, the general principles of treatment only can be indicated in such an outline portrait of the effects of toxical agents; the details must be left to the intelligence, aptness, and presence of mind of the practitioner. Whenever it may be possible to apply a direct chemical antidote, no time should be lost in its speedy employment. Of late years the antagonizing physiological action of various powerful remedies has also been invoked in cases of poisoning, and in a number of medical journals favorable results have been reported, where reliance had been successfully placed in this class of physiological opposites. Thus atropia, which dilates the pupil, has in a toxical overdose been combated by morphia, which contracts it; and a small dose of atropia administered hypodermically, say to of a grain, until its characteristic effects are induced, is a physiological antidote to physostigmia, the active principle of Calabar bean. Watchful care must be taken, however, so far as quantity is concerned, lest in substituting one. intensely potent agent for another the character of the poison may alone be changed, and the patient be left in equal peril. In cases in which no such chemical or physiological antidotal power is available, general principles ofment must guide the practitioner in the employetics, counter-irritants, etc.

ing classification, modified from that of