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16 is called an objective elen.ent of the second class, as, "I desire to speak;" "I spoke of him."

207. The only form used as the direct object of a transitive verb is the infinitive; as, "We intend (What?) to leave to-day;" "They tried (What?) to conceal their fears."

208. The infinitive is used to complete the meaning of verbs which do not take a substantive as an object; as, "He seemed to revive."

(a.) The infinitive is often used to complete the meaning of adjectives; as, "The pupils are anxious to learn."

(b.) The verbs and adjectives which are followed by the infin. itive, are commonly such as refer to some operation of the mind; as, desire, desirous; emulate, emulous.

209. The infinitive has two distinct uses as a modifier of the prec icate. It may be used as a complement of a verb or adjective; or it may enote a purpose; as, "We went (Why?) to visit our

friends."

(a.) The latter is an adverbial relation, and will be consid ered in another place.

II. - DOUBLE OBJECT.

Personal Object with an Infinitive.

210. A class of verbs, in addition to those mentioned in T 122, (b.) take an object denoting some person, (sometimes a thing,) and an infinitive sed as an attribute of it, (120.) as, "He urged me to go."

(a) The first object should be regarded as the subject of the

Infinitive. (122, d.) This construction resembles the accusative with the infinitive in the Latin and Greek.

(b.) The subject of the infinitive must be a different person from the subject of the principal verb; otherwise the first objec、 is omitted; as, "I wish you to go; "I wish to go."

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211. When such verbs assume the passive form, the first or personal object becomes the subject, and the infinitive remains in the predicate, (122 ;) as, "They made the man labor; "The man was

made to labor."

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212. The infinitive takes the place of the direct object after certain verbs, (123,) and has, at the same time, the indirect object for its subject; as, "He taught me to write;" "I was taught to write." Compare with the preceding, "He taught me writing," (185, a) or "Writing was taught me;" "I was taught writing."

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213. The to of the infinitive is omitted after the active voice of bid, dare, let, make, hear, need. feel, see; as, "I heard him say it."

(a.) After the passive form of these verbs, the to is genel ally expressed; as, "He was heard to say it.'

Direct and In lirect Object.

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214. The indirect object cannot always be expressed by a single word. (123.) It often requires a preposition to show its relation to the predicate, especially if the direct object is placed next the verb; as, "George gave a book to me."

Writing and to write (124, a.) may be considered as the object after the past've was taught.

(a Ihe indirect object often shows the source from which au action tends, the material out of which any thing is made, or the theme of conversation; as, "We made a box out of wood;" He made a fire of coals;" 66 They begged a favor of me;" " He

spoke of a reward."

215. Some verbs take an indirect object onlv; as, "Charles spoke of his father."

"His

(a., Such verbs often assume the passive form; in which case, the preposition must follow the passive verb; as, father was spoken of;' "The anchor is trusted to."

(b.) It is not always easy to distinguish an indirect object from an adverbial circumstance. The general rule is this: - An indi -ect object denotes the tendency of an action to or from some object; whereas an adverbial circumstance denotes the place, time, cause, or manner, of an action.

216. The indirect object is often used to com< plete the meaning of adjectives which denote some state of the mind, or are derived from verbs; as, "The general was desirous of glory" = (" desired glory.")

EXERCISE 33.

Analyze the following examples, and parse the infinitives:

They began to sing. The boy learned to write. I did not expect to find it. The children love to play. We hope to see him. The ambassador desired to have an interview.

The sun

He seemed to sleep. We ought to know. appears to rise. The boy was anxious to learn. The

student was ambitious to rise.

I exhorted him to return. Ca Imus taught the Greeks to use letters. Let us sit. (213.) I heard him speak.

We

made them stop.

He bade me go. I saw him fall.

The

officer commanded the soldiers to fire. We told them wait. I ordered him to leave. The doves besought the hawk to defend them. Fingal bade his sails to rise.

Change the verbs in the last paragraph to the pasrve voice. (211.)

MODEL. He was exhorted to return.

Write sentences containing the following predicate:, and limit each predicate by a direct and an indirect object, placing the direct object first :

Lend, teach, make, bring, throw, give, present, write, buy, ask, play, show, deny, refuse, promise.

MODEL. I lent a book to father.

Re-write these examples, and place the indirect object first, omitting the preposition.

MODEL. I lent father a book.

Change any twelve of the above infinitives to participial nouns.

MODEL. They began singing.

SECTION V.

THE PHRASE USED AS AN ADVERBIAL ELEMENT.

217. Whenever the phrase is used to limit a verb or adjective by denoting some relation of place, time, cause, or manner, it is called an adverbial element of the second class; as, "The messenger came from Washington; "We left on Tuesday; 99 "ITe ran for fear;"You wrote in haste."

(a.) Since the phrase denotes an adverbial relation, it can often be changed to an adverb. So also the adverb may cfton be changed to a phrase. (178, b.)

MODEL FOR ANALYZING AND PARSING.

We left on Tuesday.

It is a simple sentence, because it contains but one
proposition.

We... is the subject, and

Left is the predicate, both principal elements of the

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first class.

We ... is not limited.

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Left is limited by the phrase "on Tuesday," an adverbial element of the second class, denoting the time of leaving.

On... is a preposition, and shows the relation of "Tues day" to "leave;" according to Rule XIII.

Tuesday is a noun, &c., and completes the relation of "on;" according to Rule XIV.

1.-PHRASES DENOTING PLACE.

218. Phrases, like adverbs of place, (128,) denote three relations, whither, whence, where. The first two refer to direction; the third, to locality.

219. Tendency to a place (Whither?) is indicated by to, towards, into, up, down, and sometimes for.

(a) Tendency in a vertical direction is indicated by the opposites up and down; in a horizontal direction, by along, if it has reference to a limit; by towards, if it only approaches a limit; by to, if it reaches it; and by into, if it enters it.

220 Tendency from a place (Whence?) is denoted by from, out of.

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