ment of the first class, denoting whom Cæsar defeated.

Defeated Pompey is the complex predicate.

is a proper noun, cf the third person, singular number, masculine gender, objective case, and is the object of "defeated:" according to Rule VIII.

EXERCISE 22.

Analyze the following sentences, and parse the object:

The dog

Brutus killed Cæsar. Heat overcomes me. pursued a fox. The lion ate a sheep. He views the stars We built a house. The ink soils the carpet. Josephus wrote a history. William conquered England. Alfred defeated the Danes Bring a book. Repeat the lesson. He might have been leading the army.

Write subjects and objects to the following verbs:

Lead, praise, restrain, know, fear, see, love, admonish, bring, correct, frighten, pursue, break, torment, perplex, annoy, betray, sing, open, displace, equip, defend, punish, leave, desire.

Change the verbs of your written sentences from the active to the passive form.

MODEL.

ham.

Abraham led Isaac. Isaac was led by Abra

II.- DOUBLE OBJECT.

Object and Attribute

120. Some verbs are followed by two objects, -one denoting some person or thing, and the other

some attribute (15) of it; as, "They a; pointed him president.'

(a.) "President" is an attribute of "him," denoting office. (See note at the bottom of page 17.)

121. Instead of a substantive, an adjective or verbal attribute may follow the object of such verbs.

EXAMPLES.

an officer,.. (substantive attribute.) They made the man jealous, (adjective attribute.)

labor,*

....

.... (verbal attribute.)

122. When such verbs assume the passive form, the object generally becomes the subject, and the attribute remains as a predicate.

EXAMPLES.

an officer,.. (substantive attribute.) The man was made jealous,. (adjective attribute.)

to labor,

(a.) It not unfrequently happens, however, that the attribute, or second object, becomes the subject; as, “An officer was made of the man.'

(b.) A few verbs only can take, besides an object, a substantive attribute in the objective. These are, make, appoint, elect, create, constitute, render, name, style, call, esteem, think, consider, regard, reckon, and some others.

(c.) The number which may take an adjective or verbal attribute is much greater.

(d.) It should be observed, respecting either form of the above attributes,

* The verbal attribute may take the form of the infinitive; as, "I heard him speak ·' or that of the participle; as, "I heard rin speaking'

(1) That they are predicated, (not assumed.). Compare with the example (121) the following, ir. which the same attributes are assumed: :- "They made the man, an officer," i. e. " who was an officer;' "They made a jealous man; ""They made a laboring

man."

(2.) When the verb is in the active voice, they are predicated of the object, not the subject, of the verb.

(3.) That the verb (in the active voice) performs the office of a transitive verb, governing the first object, and, at the same time, becomes a kind of copula, making that object a subject, and the second object its predicate. This latter function of the verb is retained when it takes the passive form. See examples, (122.)

(e.) The infinitive to be, or the participle being, with as, 's often placed between the object and its attribute; as, "We ensidered him to be too young," or "as being too young."

Direct and Indirect Objects.

123. There is another class of verbs followed one denoting some person or other, that to or from which the

y two objects, hing, and the action tends.

The former is called the direct, and the latter the indirect object; as, "He taught me [indirect] grammar" [direct]; "He asked me question.'

(a.) The indirect object is generally said to be governed by some preposition understood. It will be more fully discussed under the corresponding head in the next chapter.

124. When the verb assumes the passive form} -the direct object should become the subject, the indirect object remaining in the objective case; as, “Grammar was taught me by him."

(a.) Sometimes, however, the indirect object becomes the

subject, lea ring the direct object in the objective case after tas passive verb; as, "I was taught grammar by him."

(b.) Some intransitive verbs take after them an object of a kindred signification; as, "He sang a song;” “He played & game." Such verbs may take, also, an indirect object; as, “I played him a tune;' "We struck him a blow."

(c.) The following are some of the verbs which take a direct and indirect object:— buy, sell, play, sing, find, get, lend, draw, send, make, pass, write, pour, give, teach, leave, bring, tell, do, present, throw, carry, ask, show, order, promise, refuse, deny, provide.

EXERCISE 24.

Write thirty sentences, taking any of the verbs for predicates mentioned in 122, (b.) or 124, (c.)

MODEL. They appointed George secretary. Change the verbs into the passive form.

SECTION VII.

THE ADVERBIAL ELEMENT. — THIRD SUBORDINATE

ELEMENT.

125. It has been seen (Sec. VI.) that certain verbs (transitive) require the addition of one or more words to complete the sense. Any verb or adjective may take one or more additional words to denote some circumstance of place, time, cause, or manner. These additions constitute the adverbial element.

(a.) Such additions are not, like the object, indispensable to complete the sense.

126. The alverb'il element, in ts simplest

state, is expressed by a class of words called Adverbs.

NOTE Let the pupil study Lesson XII., in the Appendix.

I. ADVERBS DENOTING PLACE.

127. The predicate may be limited by adverbs of place; as, "Come hither;" "I see him yonder." 128. Adverbs of place are used to denote three relations, at a place, (Where?)-from a place, (Whence?)—to a place, (Whither?)

NOTE.

Whither and whence are now seldom used

II. ADVERBS DENOTING TIME.

129. The predicate may be limited by adverbs denoting time; as, "He went yesterday."

130. The time denoted by the adverb is always simultaneous with that of the event. Hence, in relation to the time of the speaker, (78, a.) an adverb may denote a time present, past, or future; as, "We are now walking;" "We walked yesterday;" "We shall walk hereafter."

(a.) Some adverbs have no reference to either of the three divisions of time. Hence they denote time absolute; as, always, whenever.

131. Adverbs of time denote either a point, duration, or frequency of time, answering the questions, When? How long? How often?

132. The predicate may be limited :y adverbs of cause; as, "Why did he lea re?"