fruit, clothing, ink, grass, sky, cherries, silver, fruit suldiers, labor, wool, Mary.

MODEL.

Life is short. Peaches are ripe.

Predicate the CLASS or SPECIES (36, c.) of the fol wing subjects:

Henry, lemons, ducks, lilies, city, dogs, trouts, lions, lead sneep, marbles, knives, air, Peter, Stephen, David.

MODEL. Henry is a scholar. Lemons are fruit. Let the pupil select the subjects and predicates of each sentence from a paragraph in his reading lesson, and tell whether action, quality, or species, is predicated.

EXERCISE 4.

NOTE. Before performing this exercise, learn Lesson II. in the Appendix.

Analyze the following propositions, and tell which subjects are PROPER, which are coMMON, and which

are COLLECTIVE, nouns :

Alexander conquered. Zeno was a philosopher. Gray was a poet. Orders were issued. Snow falls. Temperance is a virtue. Waves dash. Darkness prevails. The army marched. The school was dismissed. The council was divided. Wrestling is dangerous. Lying is wicked. Charles reads Age overtakes. Poets sing. Winds blow

EXERCISE 5.

Write subjects to the following predicates :

Proper Nouns. Is able; was prevented; believes; ings; dances; p:ays; is a merchant; is a teacher; is de ughted; must come; is honorable; is faithful.

MODEL. Samuel is at le

Common Nouns. Run; is content; is laudable; pleasant; is consumed; can live; write; are trees; are birds; are fishes; is desirable; is contemptible.

MODEL. Horses run.

Collective Nouns, Was divided; was convened; wer pleased; was defeated, was dismissed.

MODEL. The school was divided.

NOTE. The pupil should review these exercises before com mencing Section III. He should be required to point out the nouns, verbs, and adjectives, giving the class of each noun (See App. Les. II.)

40.

SECTION 111.

MODIFICATIONS OF THE SUBJECT.

Any change in the application of the subject, whether produced by altering the word which represents it, or by adding other words to it, is called a modification of the subject.

Although it is the principal office of the subject * to represent some person, thing, or some abstract idea, as the basis of an affirmation, yet the mechanism of language affords certain means by which its application may be so varied as to accommodate 1o to the existing state of the fact to be predicated.

The application of the subject may be varied,

1st. By some change in the word which represents it; as, “The Boldier perished; "The soldiers perished;' "the assertion in the first sentence applying to one person, that in the second to More than one;

Subject is derived from the Latin word subjectus, placed ander, ie, as the foundation of the sente ice

2d. By additional words; as, " Ten soldiers perished, "« Brave soldiers perished." Here the subject, "soldiers," is restricted in its application to a certain number, (ten,) or to a certain class, (hrave.)

NOTE. As this latter species of modification introduces a ne w element of the sentence, any further consideration of it must be deferred for the present.

41. When the application of the subject is varied by some change or inflection in the word which represents it, the modification is called an accident, or an accidental property; as, "brother, brothers; ;""priest, priestess; ""man, men."

42. The accidental properties of the subject, or of the noun, in any relation, are number, gender, person, case.

(a.) These properties belong to the noun or pronoun, either as subject, (31,) attribute, (15,) or object, (117.)

(b.) The accidents of the subject are shown,—1st. By a change of forma; as, “ bird, birds; ""hero, hero-ine;" - 2d. By a change of the word itself; as, " He sings," (when I speak of the singer;) "You sing," (when I speak to the singer ;) "I sing,' (when I am the singer;)-3d. By a prefix; as, “a he-goat," "a cock-sparrow."

(c.) Some nouns admit of no inflection to denote a change in their application; as, deer, sheep, vermin.

1.- Number of the Subject.

43. The subject may represent one person or thing, or more than one, as acting; as, "The branch withered;""The branches withered."

44. There are two numbers, the singular and the plural. The singular denote but one object the plural more han one.

(a.) Number is usually indicated by a change of form. NOTE. For the formation of the plural, see App. Lesson III which should be studied before attending to the following exercise.

EXERCISE 6.

Analyze the following examples, giving the numher and class of each noun:

Columbus sailed.

wallis surrendered.

Stars shine. James decreed. Corn

Candia is an island. Socrates was

poisoned. Lions roar. Grapes fall. Trees decay. Churches stand. Foxes are cunning. Weeds overrun Benjamin was seen. Silver shines. Pencils are used Washington was president. Kings are rulers. Eggs are broken. Vinegar is sour.

Write predicates to the plurals of the following

nouns :

Star, son, pipe, monarch, church, hero, fife, ox, cargo, ship, man, child, lily, wolf, wife, folio, muff, negro, sheep, mystery, vermin, lady, turkey, chief, hoof, mouse, goose, fly, box, day, duty.

MODEL. Stars shine. Sons obey.

II. Gender of the Subject.

45. All animals of the same species are either male or female. From this distinction arises the grammatical accident gender.

46. Most nouns denoting the different relations among men, and those of the most common and useful animals, also indicate their sex; as, father, mother; uncle, aunt; son, daughter; ram, ewe; cock ben.

47. But, to those animals which are less useful, or are less observed by man, but one name is given for the male and female; as, sparrow, mouse, pigeon.

(a.) In such cases, the sex is usually determined by a prefix. as, cock-sparrow, he-mouse.

(b.) Some nouns denoting the mutual relations among men do not indicate sex; as, parent, teacher, child.

48. Inanimate objects are incapable of any such distinction as sex; yet the term gender, as a grammatica distinction, is applied to nouns denoting such objects.

49. There are, therefore, three distinctions called genders, the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter.

(a.) Gender is indicated either by the word itself, by a change in the word, or by a prefix or suffix.

NOTE. The pupil should now study Lesson IV. in the Appendix.

EXERCISE 7.

Write subjects to the following predicates : — Masculine Gender. Conquered; is wise; was detested, is a blacksmith; is discreet; are confiding; are discharged, is lame; are emigrating; is benevolent; is grateful; will devour; gnaw; will fight; complain; eat.

Feminine Gender. Is brooding; lowed; is playing sings; is cheerful; rode; is a teacher; is practising can dance; was injured; are anxious; are faithful; are chirping; are attentive.

Neuter Gender. Roll; grow; is solid; is deceptive; blows; shines; is falling; is a vegetable.

MODELS. Alexander conquered. The hen is brooding Stones roll.