380. The adjective element, in eithe class, is used to limit merely; — to limit by denɔting quality to limit by denoting identity, or to limit by denoting possession.

381. The objective element, in either class, is used to complete the meaning of a transitive verb.

382. The adverbial element, in either class, denotes the place, time, cause, or manner of an

action.

383. Each element is subject to three conditions; it may be simple, complex, or compound.

(a.) When the subordinate elements are simple, the adjective belongs to the subject, (except when the predicate-nominative is used;) the objective belongs to the predicate, (used only with transitive verbs ;) the adverbial belongs to the predicate. When any one of these elements is complex, it may be formed by a union of either or all the others, so that an adverbial or objective element may be found in the subject, or an adjective in the predicate. 384. The following table exhibits the different forms of the elements in the simple, the complex, or the compound sentence:

• The different coördinate conjunctions tear some resemblance to the three algebraic signs, +, -, ; the first representing the copulative, the sec nd, the adversative the third, the alternative

385. These elements are united by connectives. 286. The subject and predicate are united by the copula, either distinct or involved in the verb.

387. The other elements are united either subordinately or coördinately.

388. Subordinate e.ements are united immediately, if of the first class, by means of prepositions, if of the second, by means of relative pronouns, conjunctions, or conjunctive adverbs, if of the third.

389. Coordinate elements of either class are connected by conjunctions.

390. Conjunctions, or conjunctive words, are divided into two classes, coördinate and subordinate. The former are used in compound or partial compound sentences, and the latter in complex.

391. The coördinate conjunctions are often placed at the beginning of an entire sentence, or even a paragraph. They then connect the thought contained in the sentence or paragraph which follows, to that which precedes.

(a.) Sometimes subordinate connectives, especially for and because, are placed at the beginning of an entire sen. tence. In such cases, some principal clause is understood; as, [It is so,]"For I delight in the law of God after the inner man."

(b.) It is worthy of notice, that coördinate conjunctions are employed to connect elements of the same class as well as the same rank; whereas subordinate connectives join elements differing both in rank and class; as, "I KNOW that the eye of the publis is upon me, AND that I shall be held responsible for every act;' "I will sustain the STATEMENT which I have made

CHAPTER V.

VARIOUS PROPERTIES OF SENTENCES.

SECTION I.

SENTENCES CONSIDERED AS A WHOLE.

192. IN the preceding chapters, we have exained the different species of words, phrases, and clauses, which enter into the formation of a sentence. We are now to regard the sentence as a complete structure, entering in as a component part of a paragraph.

393. Sentences thus considered are divided into four classes, declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory.

394. A declarative sentence is a declaration or statement, either affirmative or negative, and is the appropriate form for narrative and didactic composition.

395. An interrogative sentence is a question, either direct or indirect, and is the appropriate form to be employed in seeking for information or gain ing the assent of others.

(a) In questions for gaining assent, not should be inserted it we expect an affirmative answer, and omitted if we expect a neg. ative; as," Is there not an appointed time to man on the earth [Yes.] "Doth God pervert judgment?' [No.] Hence,

(b) If not is found in the question, it should re emitted

n the answer, and should be inserted in the answer when it is not found in the question; as, "There is an appointed time to man on the earth;' God doth not pervert judgment."

396. An imperative sentence is used to express a command, an entreaty, an exhortation, or a prayer; as, "Let us go;" "May the truth prevail."

(a.) Of this kind of sentence there are two forms, one in which the verb is in the imperative mode, and one in which it is in the pottial. (See the above examples.)

(b.) An imperative sentence, when uttered by one who has authority, is a command; when uttered by one without authority, is nothing more than an exhortation or entreaty; when uttered by an inferior, is a prayer.

397. An exclamatory sentence is either a declar ative, interrogative, or imperative sentence, so uttered as to express passion or emotion; as, "The fce is gone!" "Was it not strange!" "Make haste!"

(a.) Exclamatory sentences are often so elliptical as to be come mere fragments of a sentence; as, Strange! Impossible! (b.) Exclamatory expressions are often of the nature of the interjection; as, Mercy! Goodness! How strange!

398. Each kind of sentence may be simple, complex, or compound. The compound may be either partial or complete. (See note at the bottom of page 75.)

399. The parts of a compouna sentence may be all of the same species, that is, all declarative, all interrogative, &c. ; or they may be of different species; as, "Give me the means, and I will cause the work to be completed; " "He came, but where she now?”

(a) Such sentences are called mixed; they may be formed by miting any two of the four species cf sentez.ces

MODELS FOR ANALYZING A PARAGRAPH.

NOTE. After the general character of a sentence has be given, it may be analyzed according to the preceding models.

But for what else can you find no leisure? Do you fina none for amusement? Or is amusement itself your occu pation? Perhaps pleasure is the pressing business of your life; perhaps pleasure stands waiting to catch your precious moments as they pass. Do you find none for the pursuit of secular knowledge? If you find none, then, for religion, it is perhaps because you wish to find none; it would be, you think, a tasteless occupation, an insipid entertainment.

The first sentence is a simple, indirect interrogative sentence. The second is a simple, direct interrogative sentence. The third the same. The fourth is a com pound declarative sentence; the first part is simple, the second complex, (360.) The fifth is a simple, direct interrogative sentence. The sixth is a compound declarative sentence having two parts, both complex.

EXERCISE 63.

Analyze the following paragraphs

Again, it is said, Am I not as good as others? Why is an attention to religion, an unpopular piety, a rigid virtue required of me, which cannot be found in the circle of my acquaintance, or in the world at large? Why am I urged to set up as a reformer, or expose myself to the scorn of mankind? But the majority of men are poor. Does this, aowever, check the trdor of your pursuit of wealth? or do you avoid a new acq isition, because you fear it will exnose you to the envy of your inferiors? The majority of