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Where'er we tread, 'tis haunted, ho'y ground. Where true religion has prevented one crime, false religions have afforded a pretext for a thousand. Where all is merceLary, nothing can be magnanimous. Thou knewest that 1 reap where I sowed not! Whither I go, ye cannot come I travelled where disappointment smiles at hope's career Where there is no law, there is no transgression.

Where the olive leaves were twinkling in every wind that blew, There sat beneath the pleasant shade a dam.sel of Peru.

Let me alone, that I may take comfort a little before I go whence I shall not return.

Write ten sentences, introducing an adverbial clause denoting place.

II. CLAUSES DENOTING TIME.

310. Adverbial clauses denoting time are connected with their principal clauses by conjunctiv adveros of time.

311. These adverbial clauses, like adverbs, or adverbial phrases of time, answer the questions, When? How long? How long? How often?

(a.) The last of these relations (How often?) is generally expressed by comparison. "I will go as often as you send for me."

312. Adverbial clauses denoting time, like phrases, mark a specified time, (79, a.) antecedent to, simultaneous with, or subsequent to, the event expressed by the principal verb.

EXAMPLE.

before the mail arrived.

Edward was writing when the mail arrived. after the mail arrived.

NOTE. jee table, ¶ 79, (c.) and form a similar one, in which an alverbial c. use shall mark the specified time.

313. Clauses like phrases, may denote a point, & period, or frequency, of time.

(a.) The principal conjunctive adverbs denoting time are, wonen, while, whilst, as, before, after, ere, till, until, since, whenever; and the phrases, as long as, as soon as, the moment, the instani, no sooner. ...than.

(b.) The following table will show the different relations of these connectives:

Point... = when, as, whenever, as

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(c.) While, whilst, and as long as, denote the duration, till and until, the commencement, and since, the termination, of a period. (d.) In clauses denoting time, there is often an ellipsis of the subject and verb; as, "When reflecting with grief and astonish ment upon this great change, I felt a degree of pain."

EXERCISE 49.

Analyze the following sentences, and parse he

connectives:

A dervise was journeying alone in the desert, when two

Frequency can apply to the present only when it denotes a customary act; as, "I visit the city as often as twice a year ¡See note, p. 106.,

merchants suddenly met him. When the million applaud you, seriously ask yourself what harm you have done When you have nothing to say, say nothing. Cromwell followed little events, before he ventured to govern great ones. The age of miracles is past, while that of prejudice remains. When articles rise, the consumer is the first that suffers. At length, the dial instituted a formal inquiry as to the cause of the stagnation, when hands, wheels, weights, with one voice, protested their in

nocence.

And all the muse's tales seem truly told,
Till the sense aches with gazing.

The moment the boat touched the shore, he was on 66 terra firma." As we were walking together, we met a stranger. have not visited the city since we dissolved our partnership. As soon as we came in sight, the birds were fright. ened from the tree. I will remain until you return.

Write twelve complex sentences, introducing the subordinate clauses, by the connectives mentioned in 1313, (a.)

Write appropriate clauses, denoting time, to each of the following sentences : —

I saw the smouldering ruins. Will you answer my letter?

We heard a distant cry.

The child may attend

school. Migratory birds return to the north. You may

play. How old were you?

We should aid our friends.

Write five complex INTERROGATIVE sentences, and

let the dependent clause denote time.

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314. These subordinate causes may be considered under four divisions:

(a.) CAUSAL,

or those which denote a cause of

reason;

(b.) CONDITIONAL, or those which denote a condition;

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(c.) FINAL, or those which denote a purpose ;(d) ADVERSATIVE, (r those which denote a cause or reason conceded, as opposed to a result.

Clauses which denote a Cause or Reason.

315. There are two modes of representing the relation of causal clauses:

--

(a.) When the conclusion or inference is stated, and sustained by some cause or reason, the latter clause is called causal, and is connected with the principal clause by because, for, as, whereas, since, and inasmuch as; as, "It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet."

(b.) When the cause or reason is stated in an independent proposition, and a conclusion or inference is deduced from it, the latter clause is called deductive or illative, and is commonly connected with the preceding by a coördinate conjunction, to show its grammatical relation, and by therefore, wherefore, hence, whence, consequently, or then, tc show its logical or causal relation; as, "The coun ry is infested with wolves, and therefore the heepfolds should be secured."

NOTE. The coördinate conjunction is often omitted; as 16 The future is uncertain; therefore employ the present wisely These clauses will be more full consic ered in the chapter o toördinate clauses.

316. Deductive clauses may be changed to eausal, or causal to deductive, by reversing the order of statement; as, "The sheepfolds should be secured, for the country is infested with wolves"= "The country is infested with wolves; therefore the sheepfolds should be secured."

(a.) Therefore is properly the correlative of the subordinate connectives because, for, &c.

EXERCISE 50.

Analyze the following sentences, and point out the causal clauses:

A peace which consults the good of both parties, is the firmest, because both parties are interested in its preservation. We hate some persons, because we do not know them. As retreat was now impossible, Colter turned the head of the canoe. People are happy because they are good. Ye receive me not, because ye know him not. Since you have been intrusted with such treasures, you ought to practise the utmost vigilance. Because the wicked do not receive their just deserts immediately, they grow bold in transgression.

Write causal clauses to each one of the connectives, because, for, as, since, whereas, inasmuch as. Change all the above examples to deductive clauses. (See 316.)

Take the corresponding exercise (p. 107) in Chapter II., and change all the phrases which admit of it into causal clauses.

Write clauses which shall give a reason for the following statements :

The tides rise. The moon is eclipsed. We left the

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