Reduce any twelve of the preceding substantive clauses to nouns or infinitives.

MODEL. The sphericity of the earth is easily proved.

II. THE PREDICATE.

283. The substantive clause may become the predicate-nominative after to be; as, "His pretext was, that he misunderstood the design of the leader."

NOTE. This construction will not need a separate model. since it is like the model on the 29th page, with the exception that the predicate-nominative is expanded into a clause. See dlso the preceding model.

EXERCISE 45.

Analyze the following complex sentences, and parse the predicates:

My desire is, that you may succeed. The question is, How shall the treasury be replenished? His pretence was, that the storm of the preceding evening prevented his attendance. Our hope is, that no such results will follow. Your belief is, that the enemy has crossed the mountain. His remark was, that such service is exceedingly humiliating. The promise made him was, that he should visit his friends the coming autumn. My determination is, that you shall attend school in the country.

Write complex sentences to the following subjects. and let the predicates be substantive clauses.

Question, answer, recommen lation, proposal, design, words, orders, resolution.

SECTION III.

SUBORDINATE CLAUSES USED AS THE ADJECTIVE ELEMENT.

284. Whenever a clause is used to limit a noun or pronoun in either of the ways mentioned in ¶ 96, (a. b. c. d.) it is an adjective element of the third class; as, "A man who is industrious, will gain respect."

(a.) The adjective element of the third class asserts (in a subordinate way) what, in either of the other classes, is assumed. Compare "a man who is industrious," with "a man of industry," or "an industrious man.”

285. A noun may be limited either by an adjective clause or a substantive clause used as an adjective.

1.- ADJECTIVE CLAUSES.

286. Adjective clauses are introduced by relative pronouns, which serve to connect them with a limited noun or pronoun which is called the antecedent; as, "The evil that men do lives after them."

(a.) The relative pronoun refers to some limiting adjective in the principal clause, either expressed or understood, called its correlative; as, " That book which you have was printed in 1760." 287. The relative pronouns are,

Who, relating to a person;

Which, relating to a thing;

That, relating to either a person or thing; ----and

What, whatever, whatsoever, whoever, whosoever, whichever, and whichsoever, called compouna pronouns, because they represent both the antecedent and relative.

(a.) Who is sometimes used as a compound pronoun; as'Who steals my purse, steals trasl "

(b) The relatives, with their correlatives, may be thus represented :

288. The agreement of the relative is determined by the following rule:

RULE XVII. The relative must agree with its antecedent in person, number, and gender, but not in case.

(a.) When the antecedent is compound, the relative agrees with it by Rule XII. (161 ;) when it is a collective noun, the rule which applies to the verb (69, b.) is equally applicable to the pronoun.

289. The case of the relative depends upon the construction of the adjective clause.

(a.) The relative may be the subject (56) of the adjective clause; as, "The tempest which was raging with unwonted fury, drove them to the nearest shelter." In this relation of the pronoun, the adjective clause may be equivalent, 1st, to an adjective or participle denoting some property of the antecedent, (96, b.), "A man who perseveres will be honored "A persevering man will be honored;"-2d, to a noun or pronoun in apposition, (96, c.); as, "Paul, who was an apostle, visited Rome"=" Paul, an apostle, visited Rome;" 3d, to a noun in the possessive case. (96, d.); as, "Solomon's temple was cestroyed "The temple which was built by Solomon was destroyed."

as,

(b.) The relative may become the adjective element of its clause; as, "The gentleman whose aid was solicited has left

town.' In ɩ , relation of the pronoun, the antecedent or limted word is epresented as a possessor; the relative is parsed by Rule VII, page 55.

(c.) The relative may become the objective element (117) of it. elase; as, "The book which I purchased is damaged." In this re lation of the relative, the adjective clause is equivalent to the pas sive participle; as, "The book purchased by me was damaged." (d.) The relative with a preposition may become the adverbial element (217) of the adjective clause; as, "The house in which he lived has passed into other hands." In this relation of the relative pronoun, the adjective clause is equivalent to an adjective denoting place, time, cause, or manner. The preposition is not unfrequently placed at the end of the clause; as, “The house which he lived in has passed," &c.

NOTE. It not unfrequently happens, that the adjective clause, in this last case, assumes the form of an adverbial clause, an equivalent relative adverb taking the place of the relative pro noun and preposition; as, "The time in which Priam lived is uncertain' "The time when Priam lived," &c. When the antecedent is suppressed, such clauses are strictly adverbial.

290. Compound relatives represent both the antecedent and relative; as, "What cannot be cured must be endured "=" That which cannot be cured must be endured."

(a.) In such examples as the last, the antecedent and adjective clause which limits it, are equivalent to a substantive; as, “An incurable evil must be endured." The compound relative, as antecedent, is the subject of "must be endured; as relative, is the subject of "can be cured." Sometimes it is the subject of ɔne verb, and the object of the other.

291. By an ellipsis of the relative pronoun, as takes its place after such, many, and same; as, "Such as I have give I unto you" = "Such as that is which I have give," &c.

292. Relative pronouns often relate, not to a word, but to a preceding phrase or clause

as

"The boy closed the blinds, which darkened the room."

293. Clauses introduced by relative pronouns are sometimes nearly equivalent to independent clauses connected by "and." The relative, in such cases, is equivalent to "and he," "and she," or "and it;" as, "He gave me a book, which he requested me to read = "He gave me a book, and requested me to read it."

II. SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES.

294. A substantive clause is often used to explain the meaning of a noun; as, "The question how we shall obtain funds, has never been raised;" "The hope that he should soon be released, sustained him."

(a.) The substantive clause, thus used, resembles the noun in apposition, and may be considered as bearing the same relation to the construction in 283 as the noun in apposition does to th predicate-nominative, ¶ 60, (a.)

MODELS FOR ANALYSIS.

A man who finds not satisfaction in himself, seeks for it in vain elsewhere.

It is a complex sentence, because it contains two

dissimilar clauses.

is the subject of the principal clause.