circumstance of place, time, cause, or manner; as Where? When? Why? How?

255. As the substantive inay enter into a sentence in three different relations, (subject, attribute, and object,) the interrogative pronoun is made, by inflection, to indicate these relations.

(a.) When the pronoun is the subject ɔr predicate of the interrogative sentence, it inquires for the subject or predicate of the answer; as, "Who comes? Charles Charles comes." "Who is it? Charles It is Charles." = In like manner, when the pronoun is the adjective, objective, or adversial element of the ques tion, it inquires for the same in the answer; as, "Whose book. was torn? Peters Peter's book was torn." "Whom did you see? David I saw David." "With whom did you study'

=

With Francis=I studied with Francis."

=

256. The adjective used as predicate is inquired for by How? as, "How is Charles? Well Charles is well." The verbal attribute is inquired for by What.... do? or What.... doing? as, doing? as, "What did James do? James wrote." "What is James doing? James is writing?" The adjective used as a modifier is inquired for by What kind? if it denotes quality; How many? if it denotes number; Which or What joined to the noun which the adjective limits in the answer, if it limits merely; as, "Which pen shall I use? This, that, &c., pen.

257. The adverbial element is used only as a modifier, and is inquired for by Where? Whither? Whence? for the three relations of place; When? How long? How often? for the three relations of time; Why? for cause and Hov? or How much 1 for manner.

258. The inrect object and the adverbial element are often inquired for by What? or' Whom? preceded by a preposition; as, "To whom (whom) did you write?" "In what (wherein) does he excel ? '

(a.) The following are the principal interrogatives brought together:

1 Those which inquie for a substantive:- Who? Which! What?

2. Those which inquire for an adjective:- How many? What kind? What.... do,* or doing?* How?

3. Those which inquire for an adverb:~~ Where? Whither? Whence? When? How long? How often? Why? Wherefore? How? How much? also, In what? Through what? &c.

(b.) These interrogatives become connectives when the interrogative sentence is made a subordinate part of another sentence as, "I know not how he came.'

MODEL FOR ANALYSIS AND PARSING.

Where does he live? Ans. In Boston.

It is an interrogative sentence, because it asks a question, simple, because it contains but one proposition; indirect, because it refers to a part of a corresponding declarative sentence. " in Boston."

Does live... is the predicate.

The predicate is limited by "where," an adverbial eiement of the first class, inquiring for place. Where..... is an interrogative adverb, and belongs to "does live;" according to Rule IX.

• Relating to the attributive part of a verb, i. e, the participle, which is a species o' adjective. (65, a

EXERCISE 43.

Analyze the following interrogative sentences, and parse the interrogative words:

Who came in yesterday? Who reported the doings of congress? Whose hat is this? Whose knife have 1 found? Whom did you visit? Whom did the president nominate ? Which book did you take? What name have his parents given him? What news have you heard? How many soldiers were killed in the battle? What kind of people first inhabited England? What is Charles doing? How is he? When shall you visit the Springs? When did he cancel the debt? How long did he stay? How often does George visit his mother? Where is the promised fruit of all his toil? Whence comes this tumult ? Whither are you going? Why do you weave around you this thread of occupation? How did you come ? In what way do you intend to go? To whom shall I deliver the message? At what time shall we send the letter?

Write answers to the above sentences, and draw a line under that part to which the question refers. Be careful to change the (?) to a (.)

MODEL. David came in yesterday.

Write sentences introduced by the following interrogatives :

Why? On what account? Where? When? Whose? Of whom > On what? Whither? Whence? In what place? How many? Whom? Which? In consideration of what? On what condition? How? Wherein? By hat? Over whom? On what? Under what? Through nat? On whose account?

Write an answer tɔ each

259. INSTEAD of a word or phrase, an entire pro osition is often used as one of the five elements of a sentence; as, "When spring comes, the flowers will bloom."

260. A proposition thus used is called subordinate, because it depends upon another, which, in reference to it, is called principal.

261. An element of the third class is, therefore, a subordinate proposition used as the constituent part of a sentence. (10, 178.)

(a.) It will be seen, first, that words and phrases may be united so as to form a simple sentence; and, secondly, that this sentence may lose its distinctness, and become an organic part of another sentence.

262. The propositions which unne to form a sentence are called clauses.

263. A complex sentence is formed by uniting a principal and a subordinate clause.

(a.) A complex sentence is formed by uniting two dissimilar simple sentences, just as a complex element is formed by uniting two dissimilar (146) simple elements.

-- COMPONENT PARTS OF THE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE.

264. The parts which are essential to a subordinate clause are, a connective, a subject, and a predicate.

265. The connective is called subordinate, because it renders the proposition which follows it subordinate to some part of the principal proposition with which it is connected.

(a.) The connective is as much a part of the subordinate prop. osition as the preposition is a part of a phrase. In fact, the same word is often used in one construction to connect a phrase, and in another to connect a clause; as, "The ship sailed before sun. rise"="The ship sailed before the sun rose."

266. These connectives are parsed by the following rule:

RULE XVI.

Subordinate connectives are

used to join dissimilar elements.

267. The subject or predicate of a subordinate proposition may be limited by an element of the first, second, or third class.

(a.) When the subject or predicate of a subordinate clause is limited by another clause, the latter is subordinate in the second degree. (See 145, b.)

II. THE CLAUSE CONSIDERED AS A WHOLE

268. The subordinate clause, like a single word or phrase, may form either of the five elements of

sentence.