NOTE.

phrase is "by actions." "Actions" is limited by "generous," a simple adjective element of the first class, showing what kind of actions.

In these examples, the basis of each complex eiement itself an element of the second class, and the phrase is formed by joining classes 2+ 1. (147.)

The excessive labor undergone in preparing for his examination, occasioned a dangerous illness.

It is a simple sentence, because it contains but one proposition.

Labor

...

is the subject, and

Occasioned..... is the predicate.

The subject, labor, is limited by "the" and "excessive,

both simple adjective elements of the first class. It is also limited by 66 undergone in preparing for his examination," a complex adjective element of the first class, (147, 153,) used to denote the occasion or circumstance of the labor. "Undergone" is the basis. It is an adjective element of the first class, and belongs to "labor." (Rule V.) It is limited by "in preparing for his examination," a complex adverbial element of the second class, denoting how the labor was undergone. "In preparing" is the basis. "Preparing" is limited by "for his examination," a complex adverbial element of the second class, showing for what, or why he was preparing. The basis is, "for examination." "Examination" is lim

ited by "his," a simple adjective element of the first class, showing whose examination. The simple elements of this combination may be thus represented:-1+2 + 2 + 1.

The pred., occasioned, is limited by "a dangerous illness " a complex objective element of the first class, denoting what the labor occasioned. "Illness," the basis, is the object of " occasioned," (Rule VIII.) and is limited by "a" and "danger. ous," both simple adjective elements of the first class. (103.)

EXERCISE 38

Analyze the following sentences, and separate each complex element into its component parts, according to he model:

The Spartan youth were accustomed to go barefoot. Many a despicable wretch lies under a marble monument, decorated with a flattering epitaph. Italy is a large penin sula, bounded on the north by the Alps. The king returned in the gleam of his arms. The chiefs gathered round the falling Carthon. His words reached the heart of Clessàmmor. After the denial of the charge, he withdrew in dignified displeasure. The prayers of David, the son of Jesse, are ended. Suddenly the sound of the signal-gun broke the stillness of the night. The same is true of literary men.

Write sentences, limiting the subject of each by a complex adjective element, which shall have for its basis one of the following participles or adjectives placed at the head of the sentence :

Gliding, eager, feeding, anxious, desirous, floating, con scious, encircled, enriched, regardless, flying, searching, waiting, opening, commencing, wading, poring, finding, aware, awake, ambit ous, indignant, robed, detained, amazed, confused.

MODEL. Gliding along the edge of the horizon," a dis tant sail sometimes attracted our attention. Euger to attain to the highest rank, he labored incessantly. Write complex elements based on the following nouns or infinitives used as objects, and introduce them into sentences of your own:

Laws, congress, constitution, county, work, discourse, fable, dialogue, catalogue, inventory, league, truce, country, labor; to study; to invite; to leave; to stay; to sing; to have run.

MODEL. The Romans examined the laws of Solon.

Add simple or complex elements, either of the first or second class, or both, to the following phrases used as adverbial elements:

In honor; on returning; by searching; in the capital; through the air; on opening; to view, (inf. of purpose, 226;) to solicit; to invite; over hills; under the wall; in search, into the town; for stealing; of his breaking; of her being sick; of his being a scholar.

MODEL. One hundred guns were fired in honor of the victory gained by the Americans over the British.

Write six sentences, introducing either a complex adjective, objective or adverbial element, containing the following combinations of simple elements: -

* Place a corima at the end of the phase, especially if it is long

MODEL. He was saved by ropes... thrown.. from the

ship.

SECTION VII.

COMPOUND ELEMENTS.

241. Compound elements of the second class, like those of the first, are formed by uniting two or more similar simple or complex elements of the second class; as, "To read and to write are profitable."

NOTE. For connectives, see ¶ 157, (a. b. c.)

(a.) It should be borne in mind, that a simple element of the second class has a connective (179) of its own, which unites it subordinately to some preceding word. Besides this, the parts of a compound element of the second class are united to each other by one of the coördinate conjunctions.

(b.) The essential point of similarity is the rank which the elements sustain to each other. They must be equal in rank. (See 150, a.)

242. The component parts of a compound ele ment should be of the same class, that is, bɩth of the first or both of the second.

NOTE. To this rule there may be a few exceptions; as, "The pupil performed his task promptly and with care; better, promptly and carefully," or "with promptness and with care.' 243. Compound e.cments may be formed by uniting.

(a.) Two or more principal elements; as, "For me to labor, and for you to be idle, would be unust; "The lad was without money and with out friends"-" Penniless and friendless;"

(b.) Two cr more subordinate elements; as, "The islands of Cuba and [of] Hayti belong to the West Indies;" "The boy learned to read and write ; " "You may pass through the house and garden.” * NOTE. See models for analyzing compound elements, Chapter I.

EXERCISE 39.

A stream of flame and smoke issued from the chimney The hearts of the brothers were not divided during the peace and the troubles of this life. The obligation of respect and love for parents never ceases. Hampden placed himself at the head of his countrymen, and across To be or not to be, is the question. Sarah loves to sing and dance. They were stationed there to defend the fort, and to awe the citizens.

the path of tyranny.

Write ten sentences, introducing into them a compound element of the second class. Let the first five be connected by "and;" the next three be connected by "but;" and the remainder, by "or" or "nor."

Write sentences uniting the words between the semicolons into a compound adjective or adverbial element of the second class.

Robber, murderer; truth, humanity; zeal, energy; Eng land, America; Europe, Asia; hope, fear; day, night. MODEL. The name of the robber and murderer has been ascertained.

The preposition is generaly omitted by ellipsis in the second phrase.