is undeniable, that up to that time, the Reformation had brought on the Universities only injury, outward and inward. There are a thousand results of this great revolution, which we must needs deplore and disown. Its benefits are not to be looked-for from the side of the Universities at all, but in quite another quarter;—in the deepening of spiritual religion. In contrast to the older Church, which was troubled with Pelagian* elements; it established a purer evangelical doctrine : and this is its true glory. But in regard to the Constitution and Discipline of the Church, and the moral and scientific cultivation of the community, if it had any advantages over the old system, they are balanced by concomitant evils. The higher we estimate the spirituality of the reformed doctrine, the more are we authorized, and in duty bound, not to conceal the price at which this jeweł was bought; the more also should we cling to the hope, that the spirit of the truth so dearly purchased may at length penetrate and fashion the material frame which has received it.

* [The Author means to say, that the current doctrine of the Romish Church represented man as the active originator of spiritual good in his own soul, and GOD as rather passive than active in spiritual intercourse with man : whereas the Reformers

always saw GOD as the first to make advances toward man, stirring up individual hearts and drawing them to himself, and verifying the prophet's words, "I am found of them that sought me not, &c."]

149. The Reformers did not mean to unshackle the mind.

In modern days it is pretended, that the merit* of the Reformation is, that it unshackled the mind, and promoted the developement of the human race. Such certainly was not the view of the Reformers themselves. They did not overlook the hazard, that developement might be carried too far; nay, on all principal questions they refused an independent voice even to their own allies. On minor points, unhappily, they had to yield to many influences, pecuniary and political. Learning, they looked upon as a slave or tool of doctrinal theology; and could hardly conceive of it as exercising a master's rights. It is but a confusion of words and ideas, when those who thoroughly abandon the dogmatic system of the Reformers, and place theology under the feet of learning, claim to be true children of the Reformation. In fact, this is already becoming the echo of a bye-gone period :

* [There seems to be no historical controversy here between the author and those whom he opposes. Both parties take the same view of what the Reformers did, and of what they intended; but Professor Huber values chiefly the DOCTRINE which they intentionally established, while others of his countrymen (and of ours) value the

PRECEDENT which they unintentionally set; the freedom of thought and demolition of authority which they, blindly, brought about. Their refusing liberty to their own allies, cannot surely be put forward by our author as a merit. It is generally viewed as a striking inconsistency.]

for younger spirits are seeking for other genealogies, or despise all such extraneous honor.

150. Reflections on the Catholic reaction under Mary.

But we now proceed to consider the effects of the Catholic reaction consequent on the premature death of Edward VI. The rapid revolution which ensued, appears to prove, that, as yet, the new doctrines were in a minority in the nation as well as in the Universities. Mere deference to the Catholic heiress of the throne will not account for the facts of the history. Some persons might hence be led to speculate whether milder measures in favor of the old Church,- a Catholic juste milieu, such as Elizabeth used for Protestantism,— might have proved successful; though, considering how deeply the Protestant aristocracy were gorged with Church plunder, it was perhaps inevitable for a revolution sooner or later to eject Catholic monarchs. Be that as it may, the now victorious party so mistook their true policy, as rapidly to decide the triumph of the opposite system.

§ 151. New Colleges founded, &c.

The importance of the Universities to each of the combatants had been recognized once for all :

and the acceptance of the Chancellorship in both, by the Legate, Cardinal Pole, was in itself a guarantee that Learning, so far as it refrained from opposing Rome, had nothing to fear and much to hope. As memorials of the praiseworthy intentions of his party, we can appeal to the enlargement of Trinity College, Cambridge, and to Caius College, which was in 1558 united with the earlierfounded Gonville Institution. In Oxford were founded, in 1554 Trinity College, and in 1555 St. John's College. The spirit of Wolsey predominated in the new arrangements. Indeed the founder of Trinity College, Oxford, (Sir Thomas Pope,) placed his establishment on so grand and liberal a scale, that nothing perhaps in all Europe upon the Protestant side, could at that day compete with it.* Pope was a friend and scholar of Thomas More; and in the reign of Edward VI. had been ejected from various public posts, because he would not conform himself to the times. In Mary's reign he was advanced to high offices in the State; and in establishing his College, he did not disdain to consult the Princess Elizabeth, (afterwards Queen), as well as Cardinal Pole. To the latter the College was more especially indebted for the stress laid on the study of Greek, which I was at the lowest ebb in all the others.

* This statement may be justified from Wood's and Chalmers's accounts of Trinity Col

Pope

lege. Unfortunately I cannot obtain Warton's Life of Sir Thomas Pope.

himself says: "This purpose I well lyke; but I fear the tymes will not bear it now. I remembre, when I was a young scholler at Eton, the Greek tongue was growing apace, the studie of which is now alate muche decayd." Thus learning had begun to decay from the commencement of the Reformationary movements. Beside Classics and Theology, the College was destined to the study of every sort of philosophy;" and was originally planned for a President, twelve Fellows and twelve Scholars.

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St. John's College, the foundation of Sir Thomas White, was to contain fifty Fellows and Scholars. Recollecting, too, that Caius College was in truth a new establishment, we thus find in the short period of Catholic reaction three new Colleges. Besides, the Government of that time not only bestowed on Trinity College, Cambridge, all the lands intended for it by Henry VIII., but added others; and established likewise several new Lectureships.

152. Fresh University Visitation.

Yet it is improbable that such a spirit could ultimately have obtained toleration from the passionate extremes of either party. In fact the old contrast soon reappeared, of Classics in the Colleges; and in the University, Scholastic Philosophy, Theology and Canon Law. A Visitation, endowed