OBJECT AND PLAN OF THE WORK. THE FRIEND consists of a methodical series of essays, the principal purpose of which is to assist the mind in the formation for itself of sound, and therefore permanent and universal, principles in regard to the investigation, perception, and retention of truth, in what direction soever it may be pursued; but pre-eminently with reference to the three great relations in which we are placed in this world, as citizens to the state, as men to our neighbors, and as creatures to our Creator,-in other words, to politics, to merals, and to religion. The author does not exhibit any perfect scheme of action or system of belief in any one of these relations; and that he has not done so, nor meant to do so, are points which must be borne in mind by every reader who would understand and fairly appreciate the work. For its scope is to prepare and discipline the student's moral and intellectual being, not to propound dogmas or theories for his adoption. The book is not the plan of a palace, but a manual of the rules of architecture. It is a пρопаldвνμa,-something to set the mind in a state of pure recipiency for the specific truths of philosophy, and to arm its faculties with power to recognize and endure their presence. In pursuing, however, this main design, the author has examined with more or less minuteness many particular systems and codes of opinion lying in his way; and in stating the grounds of his rejection of some, and entire or partial admission of others of them, he has in effect expressed his own convictions upon several of the most important questions, yet disputed in moral and political philosophy. But it is not so much to any given conclusion so expressed that the reader's attention seems to be invited, as to viii OBJECT AND PLAN OF THE WORK. the reasoning founded on principles of universal application, by which such conclusion has been evolved;-the primary and prevailing aim throughout the work being, as well under the forms. of criticism, biography, local description, or personal anecdote, as of direct moral, political, or metaphysical disquisition, to lay down and illustrate certain fundamental distinctions and rules of intellectual action, which, if well grounded and thoroughly taken up and appropriated, will give to every one the power of working out, under any circumstances, the conclusions of truth for himself. The game from time to time started and run down may be rich and curious; but still at the end of the day it is the chase itself, the quickened eye, the lengthened breath, the firmer nerve, that must ever be the huntsman's best reward. The Friend is divided into two main sections; the first comprising a discussion of the principles of political knowledge; the second treating of the grounds of morals and religion, and revealing the systematic discipline of mind requisite for a true understanding of the same. To these is prefixed a general introduction, for the greater part devoted to a statement of the duty of communicating the truth, and of the conditions under which it may be communicated safely; and three several collections of essays, in some degree miscellaneous and called Landing-Placesinterposed in different places for amusement, retrospect, and preparation-complete the work. TABLE OF CONTENTS. THE following synoptical view of the plan and contents of "The Duty of the II. Ditto continued: necessity of attention and thought, and distinction between them. III. Style: author's hopes and expectations. IV. Defence against charges of arrogance and presump- V. Inexpediency of pious frauds: indifference of truth and falsehood denied: objection from the impossibility of conveying an adequate notion VI. Conditions, under which right, though inadequate, XIL Despotism and insecurity without a free press; XIII. Only solution of the difficulties of the law of libel Necessity of genuine expe- Essays Understanding. ESSAY XIV. Clearness of conceptions in the understanding XV. Right use of metaphysic reasoning: principles XVI. Supremacy of the reason: power given by acting V. Do. continued: the reason and the understanding distinguished: their mutual and necessary rela- FIRST SECTION. Three systems I. System of Hobbes: fear and the force of custom: II. Do. continued: spirit of law: use of the phrase, III. System of expedience and prudence adopted: IV. Statement of the system: Rousseau's "Social Con- Personal retro- political con- Essay XV. ESSAY VI. The author never a Jacobin: pantisocracy: peace VII. Vulgar errors respecting taxes and taxation: true VIII. Classes of political reformers: elective franchise. X. Review of circumstances which led to the peace of Amiens, and recommencement of the war, especially with regard to the occupation of Malta, introductory to, and as commentary on, the Interposed in vindication of freedom of thought, and of the duty of searching out, and abiding by, the truth: reason and faith: extracts from XIII. Law of nations: cosmopolitism and nationality. XIV. Law of nations continued: modern political econ- omy: balance of European power: allegoric fable on the seizure of the Danish fleet: defence of the XV. Doctrine of general consequences as the best true biography. III. and IV. II. Spirit of anecdote-mongering condemned: extract III. Fable of Irus (Bonaparte) and Toxaris: Christ- mas within, and out of doors in North Germany: extract from Mr. Wordsworth's MS. poem. |