An Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures - Thomas Hartwell Horne - Google Bøger

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Part I. A SKETCH OF THE HISTORICAL AND PHYSICAL GEO-

GRAPHY OF THE HOLY LAND.

CHAPTER I. Historical Geography of the Holy Land.
1. Names.-II. Boundaries.—III. Inhabitants before the conquest of Canaan by

the Israelites.-IV. Divisions by Joshua.-Allotments of the Twelve Tribes.-
V. The Kingdom under David and Solomon.-VI. The Kingdoms of Judah
and Israel.–VII. Divisions in the time of Jesus Christ.-VIII. Account of the
City of JERUSALEM :-Its situation ;-2. Names ;-3. Fortifications and Walls;
-4. Remarkable Buildings;–5. Notice of the successive Captures of the City;

-6. Sketch of its Present State.-IX. Historical Epochs.

CHAPTER II. Physical Geography of the Holy Land

I. Climate.-II. Seasons. 1. Seed Time.-2. Winter.-3. The Cold Season, or

Winter Solstice.-4. Harvest.-5. Summor.-6. The Hot Season.-Heavy

dew8.-III. Rivers, lakes, wells, and fountains.-IV. Mountains.-V. Vallies.

-VI. Caves.-VII. Plains.-VIII. Deserts.--Horrors and dangers of travel-

ling in the Great Desert of Arabia.-IX. Productions of the Holy Land.-Ve-

getables, Animals, and Mines.-Testimonies of antient and modern authors to

its Fertility and Population.

Its present degraded and comparatively unculti-

vated state accounted for.-X. Calamities with which this Country was visited.

-1. The Plague.-2. Earthquakes.-3. Whirlwinds.-4. The Devastations

of Locustg.-5. Famine.-6. Volcanoes.-7. The Simoom or Postilential Blast

Part II. POLITICAL ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEWS.

CHAPTER I. Different forms of Government from the Patriarchal

Times to the Babylonian Captivity.

1. Patriarchal government.-II. Government under Mosese theocracy; its na-

ture and design.-1. Notice of the heads or princes of tribes and families.-2.

Of the Jethronian Prefects or judges appointed by Moses.-3. Of the Senate,

or council of soventy assessors.-4. Scribes.—III. Governmont of the Judger

-IV. Regal government instituted ;-the functions and Privileges of the

Kings ;-Inauguration of the kings :-Scriptural Allusions to the courts of

sovereigns and princes explained.V. Rovennos of the kings of Israel.-VL.

Magistrates under the Monarchy.–VII. Officers of the Palace.-

Royal Harem.-IX. Promulgation of Laws.-X. Schism between the twelve

tribes ;-the kingdoms of Israel and Judah founded ;-their duration and

CHAPTER II. Political State of the Jews, from their Return from the

Babylonish Captivity, to the Subversion of their Civil and Ecclesi-

astical Polity.

Section I. Political State of the Jews under Asmonæan Princes, and

the Sovereigns of the Herodian Family.

I. Brief account of the Asmonæan princes.—II. Herod the Great.–St. Mat.

thew's narrative of his murder of the infants at Bethlehem confirmed.-III.

Archelaus.-IV. Herod Antipas.-V. Philip.--VI. Herod Agrippa.-VII.

Agrippa junior.

Section I). Political State of the Jeros under the Roman Procurators,

to the Subversion of their Civil and Ecclesiastical Polity.

I. Powers and functions of the Roman Procurators.-II. Political and Civil

State of the Jews under their Administration.-III. Account of Pontius Pilate.

-IV. And of the procurators Felix and Festus.

CHAPTER III. Courts of. Judicature, Legal Proceeding, and Criminal

Law of the Jews.

SECTION I. Jewish Courts of Judicature, and Legal Proceedings.

Inferior judges.-II. Seat of justice.--III. Appeals.-Constitution of the San.

hedrim or Great Council.-IV. Form of Legal Proceedings among the Jews.

--l. Citation of the Parties.--2, 3. Form of Pleading in Civil and Criminal

Cases.-4. Witnesses.-5. The Lot, in what cases used judicially.-6. Forms

of Acquittal.—7. Summary Justice, sometimes clamorously demanded.—V.

Execution of Sentences, by whom, and in what manner performed. 106

Section II. Of the Roman Judicature, Manner of Trial, and Treat-

ment of Prisoners, as mentioned in the New Testament.

I. Judicial Proceedings of the Romans.-II. Privileges and Treatment of Roman

citizens, when Prisoners.—III. Appeals to the Imperial Tribunal.-IV. The

Roman method of fettering and confining criminals.-V. The Roman Tribu-

nals.-VI. The Areopagus of the Athenians.

Section III. On the Criminal Law of the Jews.

I. CRIMES AGAINST God.-1. Idolatry.—2. Blasphemy.-3. Falsely prophesying

-4. Divination.–5. Perjury.-II. CRIMES AGAINST PARENTS AND Rulers.

III. CRIMES AGAINST PROPERTY.–1. Theft.–2. Man-stealing.–3. The Crime

of denying any thing taken in trust, or found.-4. Regulations concerning
Debtors.-IV. CRIMES AGAINST THE PERSON.-1. Murder.-2. Homicide.-3.

Corporal Injuries.—4. Crimes of Lust.–5. CRIMES OF Malice.

Section IV. On the Punishments mentioned in the Scriptures.

Design of Punishments.-Classification of Jewish Punishments.—1. Punish-

MENTS, NOT CAPITAL.--1. Scourging.–2. Retaliation.-3. Pecuniary fines.—4.

Offerings in the nature of punishment.–5. Imprisonment.--Oriental mode

of treating prisoners.—6. Depriving them

of Sight.-7. Cutting or plucking

off the Hair -8. Excommunication.-II. CAPITAL PUNISHMENTS.-1. Slaying

with the Sword.—2. Stoning.–3. Decapitation.-4. Precipitation.-5. Drown-

ing.-6. Bruising in a mortar.-7. Dichotomy, or cutting asunder.—8. Toura-

veruos, or beating to death,-9. Exposing to Wild Beasts.-10. Burning to

Death.-11. Crucifixion.-(1.) Prevalence of this inode of punishment among

the antients.—(2.) Ignominy of Crucifixion.—(3.) The circumstances of our

Saviour's Crucifixion considered and illustrated.

CHAPTER IV. On the Jewish and Roman Modes of computing Time,

mentioned in the Scriptures.

1. Days.-II. Hours.-- Watches of the Night.-III. Weeks.-IV. Months.

V. Years, civil, ecclesiastical, and natural. --Jewish Calendar.-VI. Parts of

time taken for the whole.--VII. Remarkable æras of the Jews.

CHAPTER V. On the Tribute and Taxes mentioned in the Scriptures.

I. Annual Payments made by the Jews for the support of their sacred worship:

- II. Tributes paid to their own Sovereigns.-M. Tributes and Customs paid

by them to foreign powers.-Notice of the Money-changers.-IV. Account of

the Publicans or Tax-gatherers.

CHAPTER VI. On the Treaties, or Covenants, and Contracts of the

I. Whether the Jews were prohibited from concluding treaties with heathen

nations.-11. Treaties, how made and ratified.—Covenant of Salt.-Allusions

in the Scriptures to the making of Treaties or Covenants.- III. Contracts for

the sale and cession of alienable property, how made.

CHAPTER VII. Of the Military Affairs of the Jews and other Nations

mentioned in the Scriptures.

SECTION I. On the Military Discipline of the Jews.

1. The earliest wars, predatory excursions.-II. Character of the wars of the Is-

raelites.-Their Levies, how raised.--Cherethites and Pelethites ---Standing

armies of the sovereigns of Israel.--III. Divisions, and Officers of the Jewish

armies ;—which wero sometimes conducted by the kings in person.-IV. En-
campments.–V. Military Schools and Training -VI. Defensive Arms.-VII.

Offensive Arms.-VIII. Fortifications.-IX Mode of declaring war.-X. Or-

der of battle.--Treatment of the slain, of captured cities, and of captives.-

XI. Triumphant Reception of the Conquerors.-XII

. Distribution of the

Spoil.-- Military Honours conferred on eminent warriors.

Section II. Allusions in the New Testament to the Military Discipline

and Triumphs of the Romans.

1. Roman Military Officers mentioned in the New Testament.-II. Allusions to

the Armour of the Romans.-III. To their Military Discipline.-Strict Sub-

ordination.-Rewards to Soldiers who had distinguished themselves.-IV.

Allusions to the Roman Triumphs.

PART III. SACRED ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEWS, AND OF OTHER

NATIONS INCIDENTALLY MENTIONED IN THE SCRIPTURES.

CHAPTER I. Of Sacred Places.

Section I. Of the Tabernacle.

1. Different Tabernacles in use among the Israelites.-II. THE TABERNACLE, SO

called by way of eminence, not of Egyptian origin.-Its Materials.-III. Form

and construction of the Tabernacle. Its Contents.-IV. Its Migrations. 219.

SECTION II. Of the Temple.

1. The Temple of Solomon.-II. The Second Temple.--Its various Courts..

Reverence of the Jews for it.

Section III. Of the High Places, and Proseuche, or Óratories of

I. Of the High Places.-II. Of the Proseuchæ, or Oratories.

Section IV. Of the Synagogues.

I. Nature and origin of Synagogues.— The Synagogue of the Libertines ex-

plained.—II. Form of the Synagogues.—III. The Officers or Ministers.-IV.

The service performed in the Synagogues.-V. On what days performed.—VI.

Ecclesiastical Power of the Synagogues.-VII. The Shemoneh Esreh, or

nineteen Prayers used in the Synagogue service.

CHAPTER II. Sacred Persons.

Section I. Of the Jewish Church and its Members.

I. The whole nation accounted holy.-II. Members of the Jewish Church;

Hebrews of the Hebrews.-III. Proselytes.—IV. Jews of the Dispersion.-V.

Hellenistic Jew8.–VI. The Libertines.-VII, Devout Men.-VIII. Circum-

cision.--IX. Proselytes how introduced into the Jewish Church.

Section II. On the Ministers of the Temple, and other ecclesiastical

or sacred Persons.

I. Of the Levites.-II. The Priests, their functions, maintenance, and privileges.

---III. The High Priest.-Succession to the Pontifical Dignity.--His qualifica-

tions, functions, dress, and privileges.-IV. Officers of the Synagogue.-V.

The Nazarites; nature of their vows.-VI. The Rechabites.- VII. The

Chapter III. Sacred Things.—On the Sacrifices and other offerings

General Classification of Sacrifices and Offerings :-I. BLOODY OFFERINGS, and

the divine origin of Sacrifices;-1. Different kinds of Victims ;-2. Selection

of Victims ;-3. Manner of presenting them ;-4. Libations ;-5. Immolation

of the Sacrifice ;–6. The Place and Time appointed for Sacrificing ;-7.

Different kinds of Fire-sacrifices ;-i. Burnt Offerings ;-ii. Peace Offerings;

-ii. Sin Offerings ;-iv. Trespass Offerings ;-National, regular, weekly,

monthly, and annual Sacrifices ;—II. UNBLOODY OFFERINGS.—III. DRINK

OFFERINGS.-IV. ORDINARY OBLATIONS.--the Shew-bread and Incense.-V.

VOLUNTARY OBLATIONS, Corban.-VI. PRESCRIBED OBLATIONS ;--1. First

Fruits ;-2. Tithes.

CHATPER IV. Sacred Times and seasons observed by the Jews.

I. THE SABBATH.—How observed.-Jewish worship on that day.--Their Pray-

ers, public and private; Attitudes at Prayer; Forms of Prayer.-II. Their

manner of worshipping in the temple.—III. New moons.-IV. Annual Festivals.

-V. The PASSOVER; when celebrated, and with what ceremonies; its mysti-

cal or typical reference.-VI. The Day of Pentecost.–VII. The Feast of

TABERNACLES.-VIII. THE FEAST OF TRUMPETS.-IX. DAY OF EXPIATION.

-X. Annual Festivals instituted by the Jews.-FEAST OF Purim.-XI. THE

Feast op DEDICATION.-Other Festivals observed at stated intervals.—XII.

TAE SABBATICAL YEAR.-XIII. THE YEAR OF JUBILEE.

CHAPTER V. Sacred Obligations and Duties.

Section I. Oaths and Vows

I. Of Oaths.—II. Nature of Vows how far acceptable to God.—III. Requi-

sites essential to the validity of a Vow.-IV. Different sorts of Vows.-1. The

Cherem or irremissible Vow.-2. Other Vows that might be redeemed.-Of

Section II. On the Purifications of the Jews.

I. Materials, with which the Purifications of the Jews were performed.-II. Cere-

monies of Purification.—III. Of the persons lustrated. - IV. Account of the

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