but no suspicion was entertained for, even if it had been true that that it would affect the stability the bank was drained of its silver, of the bank; when suddenly, on it never pretended to be drained the 6th December, the directors, either of gold, or of bills and sewithout previously calling any curities. curities. The directors, unwilling meeting of the shareholders, issued to part with their profits on the a notice, informing the public of discount of bills, and still more Lisbon, that, " in consequence of unwilling to circulate their gold, the unexpected issue of silver, in chose rather to suspend payment exchange for its notes, in order to than employ the resources of the be exported abroad, having increas- bank itself. The answer returned ed to the extent of draining away to applications for specie in exentirely the silver which it pose change for their notes was, that sessed, the bank found itself in silver they had none, and gold the painful situation of being un- they would not give. Up to the able to exchange readily its notes moment when the notice of stopas it had hitherto done.” It was page was posted, no want of silver added, that the direction had ap- coin had been experienced, and plied to government, and would the paper of the bank had mainemploy all its resources, in order tained its full value against the to resume, with the shortest delay currency. The government forthpossible, the payment of its notes with addressed a circular to the in cash. This announcement create commissaries of police, and crimied more surprise and displeasure nal judges of the districts around than alarm. The bank had, in- Lisbon, directing them to institute deed, burthened itself with too judicial proceedings against all perlarge a portion of the government sons guilty of exporting silver coin, securities, and imprudently extend- “contrary to the principles of polied its issues to fulfil its engage- tical economy.” It is to be hoped ments with the government; but that they had previously ascertainthe suspension of payment itself ed the possibility of framing such was voluntary and unnecessary; an indictment intelligibly. CHAP. XI. SWEDEN. NETHERLANDS.-Concordat with the Pope concluded— Progress of the Insurrection in Java.- SAXONY. BRUNSWICK. BAVARIA.-Law against Duelling.-PRUSSIA-Organization of the Provincial Estates.-AUSTRIA-Dissolution of the Hungarian Diet. -RUSSIA-Opening of the Campaign against Persia-Erivan besieged, and the Siege raised-Abbas Abad besieged-Battle of Djeuen Boulak-Battle of Etchmiazine-Sardar Abad surrenders-Erivan again besieged and taken-The Russians enter Tauris-Preliminaries of Peace signed-The Schah refuses to ratify them-Levy of Troops throughout the Russian Empires HE North of Europe conenjoy undisturbed repose. A census of the population of Norway, which had been begun in the preceding year, was completed. The number of inhabitants was found to be 1,050,132. The Storthing, with its usual sturdiness, refused to gratify some of the royal wishes, and exposed itself to words of reproof. It declined, in particular, to grant the sum of two hundred and eighty thousand dollars which his majesty had requested for continuing, during the next three years, the building of the royal palace. The Storthing alleged, as the principal reason of their refusal, the declining prosperity of the kingdom. They were willing, they said, that every thing should be done for the accommodation of his majesty, but added plainly, that they thought the proposed plan too extensive and costly. The king told them in return, that their present language was contradicted by the view of the state of the kingdom given at the opening of the session; that he could not approve of their reasons for suspending a work already begun, and which all classes of people that, if foreign trade had decreased, they should be the more anxious to find employment for the people at home, which might be done without increasing the debt; that the overplus of the revenue in the last three years clearly proved the care of the government in this respect; that even the most powerful nations had suffered a stagnation in their foreign trade, and Norway could not hope to escape the effects of it. His majesty did not easily forget their obstinacy; and, when, in the month of September, they sent him up a very dutiful and loyal address on the birth of a prince, expressing their hopes "that the young shoots of the noble royal stem will become flourishing trees, bidding defiance to storms, under whose shades the inhabitants of the peninsula will enjoy the blessings of civilization, liberty, and virtue," the king, while he thanked them for the attachment thus rhetorically manifested, told them, that he had observed, not without surprise, some resolutions of the Storthing, which did not appear to be con : sistent with the fundamental laws have been conducted in the caof the kingdom : that he already nonical form, or if the candidate knew his own duties, as well as should not be judged by his holithe sentiments of the nation, and ness to possess the necessary qualiwould, by-and-by, take those of the fications, the sovereign pontiff, Storthing into his consideration. *" by special favour," was to grant to the chapter the power of proIn the Netherlands, the most ceeding to a new election. important transaction of the year In the ratification by the pope, was the final conclusion of a con- it was specially declared that every cordat between the government archbishop or bishop of the kingand the pope, settling the mode of dom of the Netherlands, after reappointing the great dignitariesceiving canonical institution from of the church in the Catholic pro- the apostolic see, should, before vinces. By this convention, it entering on the exercise of his was provided, in the first place, functions, take the oath of alle that, whenever an archiepiscopal giance to the king of the Netheror episcopal see should become lands in the following terms : vacant, the chapter should transmit "I swear and promise, on the to the king, within one month Holy Gospels, obedience and from the notification of the va- fidelity to his majesty the king of cancy, the names of the persons the Netherlands, my legitimate whom they might think proper to sovereign. I promise also not to propose as candidates. Secondly, have any communication, to assist if, among these candidates there at no council, to maintain no susshould be any persons picious correspondence, within or able to the king,” their names without the kingdom, which may were to be erased from the list, be hurtful to the public tranquil. and their place supplied by others lity; and that if I should learn I whom his majesty might esteem that any intrigues prejudicial to unobjectionable. From the list the state are carrying on in my thus made up, the chapter was diocese, or elsewhere, I will disthen to elect the new prelate, ac- close it to the king my master."cording to the canonical forms, and The same oath was to be taken by communicate the result to his holi- ecclesiastics of the second order, ness within one month from the before the civil authorities appointdate of the election. Thirdly, the ed by the king; and that there pope, on being informed of the might be no doubt with respect election, was to order an inquiry to the form of prayer, it was mointo the condition of the see, and dified thus:-Domine Salvum the qualifications of the prelate fac Regem nostrum Gulielmum." elect. If, after having received The bishops were to retain the free the result of this inquiry, his holi- nomination and election of their ness should be satisfied with the vicars-general. qualifications of the presentee, he In addition to the existing sees was to grant him canonical insti- of Malines, Liege, Namur, Tourtution by apostolical letters in the nay, and Ghent, three new ones established form, and with the were erected, viz. : Bruges, Amleast possible delay. If, on the sterdam, and Bois le Duc. Of contrary, the election should not these eight dioceses, Malines was not agree : to be the metropolitan, and the other seven the suffragans. The concordat provided, that each dio cese should have its seminary for the education of churchmen. In these seminaries, such a number of young men was to be supported, lodged, and educated, as the bishop might think proportioned to the wants of the diocese. Their studies were not to be confined to theology, and its kindred departments of erudition; for it was of the utmost importance that men intended for the service of the church should be accomplished in all human learning, "so that they might be," as his holiness expressed it, "models in society, and ready to answer every question." The bishops, therefore, were to establish in their seminaries all the professorships which they might judge necessary for the complete instruction of their clergy. The doctrine, discipline, instruction, education, and administration of the seminaries were put under the authority of the bishops, who might admit the clergy to the seminaries, or dismiss them, choose the rector and professors, and discharge them if they should see occasion. The king gave assurances, that he would provide liberally both for the existing seminaries and for those which should be established; but the convention itself did not contain any stipulation directed towards that object. It was only in regard to the system of clerical education that the king had yielded much. He long insisted that it should be imperative on candidates for the sacerdotal office in the Catholic church, to attend the schools of the philosophical colleges, as they were called. He gave up the point, and consented that their studies should be regulated by their ecclesiastical superiors; and the pope, in return, proclaimed how much it was their duty to learn every thing. This concordat did not give the king a direct veto in the appointment of the prelate; he could not object to the individual whom the chapter might elect. But he had a substantial power of prohibition indirectly, for he might object to any one, or every one, of the persons, from among whom that individual was to be chosen. Every name "not agreeable to the king" was to be erased from the list. In the eastern dominions of the Netherlands, the insurrection of the natives still continued formidable. Djupo, or Dopó Negoro, who had put himself at the head of the insurgents, proved a skilful and indefatigable adversary, and pursued a system of warfare well calculated to exhaust the government troops, scattered over many positions. After the victory which he gained in the autumn of 1826, the Dutch authorities ordered the garrison of Padang, on the west coast of Sumatra, to Batavia, and all the disposable troops, which could be obtained from the neighbouring colonies, were summoned to the scene of action. Not satisfied with this, they set at liberty the old sultan of Djocjocarta, whom they had dethroned and imprisoned, conducted him to his capital, and re-invested him with authority, with the view that he might both prevent further defection, and be their mediator with the insurgents who were already in the field. Having received, in the meantime, a small reinforcement of troops from Europe, they applied themselves to dislodge the enemy from some of the strong positions which he occupied, and succeeded, in the beginning of the colonel's success was at last Detober, in carrying and burning principally owing to his being able some of his rude fortifications. On to bring artillery to bear upon the 15th, a more general engage- them. But these partial successes ment took place in the neighbour- tended in no degree to crush, hood of Socracarta, the insurgents, scarcely to remove the danger ; the whom the Dutch accounts made insurgents no sooner retired from to amount to four thousand men, one point, than they appeared, being commanded by Negoro in often in greater force, upon anoperson. After a severe contest, ther; allowing their enemy no reNegoro retired; but the Dutch pose, in a climate which was illeither did not dare, or were not fitted to harden European troops able to follow him ; for he imme- to extraordinary fatigue. In the diately advanced again, and took course of July they had made such up an almost inaccessible position progress, that, they attacked the on the mountain Merapie. The strong post of Passer Gede, a posisetting in of the rainy season puttion of the utmost importance to a stop to any further operations. the defence of Djocjocarta, assault In April of the present year, ed various points in the immediate the Dutch forces again took the vicinity of the city itself, and penefield, divided into moveable co- trated even to what is called the lumns, to oppose at as many dif- Chinese camp. The Dutch comferent points as possible the demander marched against them on tached bodies in which the insurg- the 15th. The action was warmly ents conducted their warfare ; and contested. The insurgents retired; in the end of that month, and the but, in their retreat, they several beginning of May, several engage- times took up new positions, till ments, or rather skirmishes, took compelled to move further off by place, in which the Dutch uniform- repeated charges of cavalry and ly claimed the advantage. On the the fire of the artillery. Four days 27th of April, colonel Vexela at- afterwards, however, they were on tacked one body in the neighbour- the same ground, attacked the hood of Padjung; though he suc- same position, and were again receeded in making them retreat, he pelled. It seemed evident that allowed that they displayed great nothing but strong reinforcements firmness, and maintained their from Europe would enable the ground against a heavy fire of mus- Dutch commanders to break through quetry, till they were broken by a the circle which was gradually charge with the bayonet. Colonel closing round them, and overcome Cocchius, who commanded in that spirit of resistance among the Djoejocarta itself, was equally suc- natives which the very duration of cessful in an assault which he the insurrection tended so much to made, on the 7th of May, on a foster. The government at home corps of the rebels who had ad- was not inattentive to this state of vanced within a dangerous distance affairs, and the budget of the year of the city; but on this occasion, was considerably increased to maintoo, they reserved their fire till the tain its tottering power in the Dutch troops were within an hun- East. A loan was raised for the dred yards of them, when they service of these colonies ; the opened it with great effect; and mother country was compelled, in |