GREECE.-General State of Greece-Successes of Karaiskaki in Livadia- Operations in the Siege of Athens-Meeting of the National Assembly Capo d'Istra named President, Lord Cochrane Commander of the Fleet, and Colonel Church Generalissimo of the Armies-Plan to raise the Siege of Athens-Karaiskaki killed-Total defeat of the Greek Army before Athens-The_Acropolis surrenders-Military Events in Western Greece-Britain, France, and Russia interpose to put an end to the War-Manifesto of the Porte rejecting their Mediation-Treaty of London-The Porte refuses to accede to an Armistice-Egyptian Fleet arrives at Navarino-Armistice with Ibrahim Pacha-Negotiations at Constantinople-The Turkish Fleet attempts to sail for Patras, and is obliged to put back-Ibrahim ravages the Morea-Battle of Navarino -Proceedings at Constantinople-Demands of the Porte in consequence of the Battle of Navarino-They are refused, and the British, French, and Russian, Ambassadors leave Constantinople-Proceedings of the Greeks-British Order in Council against the Greek Marine [296 CHAPTER XIII. UNITED STATES-Discussions in Congress on the Colonial Trade.-SOUTH AMERICA-Progress of the War between BRAZIL and BUENOS AYRES- Battle of Ituzaingo-Advance of the Republican Army towards Rio Grande-Naval Operations-Preliminaries of Peace signed at Rio Janeiro -The Treaty is rejected by the Government of Buenos Ayres, and the President Rivadavia resigns-Pretensions of the Provisional Governments -Finances.-COLOMBIA-Arrival of Bolivar at Bogota, and his depar- ture for Venezuela-He re-establishes Tranquillity in that Province- He resigns the Presidentship-Congress meets-The Vice-president, Santander, likewise proffers his Resignation-Congress refuses to accept either A National Convention ordered to be convoked-Revolt in the Southern Provinces-Bolivar returns to Bogota-Finances.-MEXICO— Revolt of the Province of Texas-Conspiracy of Arenas-Measures directed against Spanish Inhabitants-Arrests on Account of a New Conspiracy-Insurrection in the Province of Durango-Finance.- PERU-Revolution in the Government, and Election of a new President Dismissal of the Colombian Envoy-Finances.-GUATEMALA-Progress . . . THE ANNUAL REGISTER, FOR THE YEAR 1827. THE HISTORY OF EUROPE. CHAP. I. State of the Country-Illness and Death of the Duke of York-Suc ceeded by the Duke of Wellington in the Command of the ArmyMeeling of Parliament-Address of Condolence to the King-Bill for granting an increased Allowance to the Duke of Clarence-The Irish Catholics-Debate on Sir Francis Burdett's Motion to take their Claims into Consideration-Consequences of the loss of the Motion. HE internal state of the country, at the opening of 1827, was much more cheering than that which the preceding year had presented. The apprehensions of a deficient harvest, which were entertained at one period of the autumn, had fortunately proved groundless; and the state of the markets was such as to promise that the discussion of the Cornlaws, forming as they did the leading question of domestic policy, VOL. LXIX. and set apart, as they had been, for the great topic of inquiry in the ensuing session of parliament, might be entered on without exciting the clamours and alarms which are so naturally produced in one party by losing prices, or, in the other, by the threatened approach of scarcity. The different monied and manufacturing interests of the kingdom, likewise, were rallying from the confusion of the preceding eighteen months, by a [B] progress, which, though slow, was ence of her former colonies in sensible and sure, and which, South America, she was too impoperhaps, by its very slowness, jus- tent to express that displeasure by tified the belief, that it did not any manifestation of actual hosproceed from over-strained exer- tility. We had been compelled to tions or factitious scheming, but present an armed front towards was the result of the natural re- her in Portugal: but the mere disturn of general mercantile health. play of power had instantly proThere were no longer any failures duced its effect; and the good faith of banks; there was no call for with which France abstained from extraordinary measures to main- giving countenance to the conspitain or to relieve mercantile cre- racies against Portuguese liberty, dit ; mercantile confidence was re- removed every suspicion that Ferstored ; and the restoration was dinand would be tempted to try not the worse for being accom- the fortune of open war. The panied by a greater degree of arms of Russia and Persia were caution in mercantile speculations. encountering each other on the The improvement in the labouring banks of the Araxes, but the sound and manufacturing classes was was too distant to disturb the reequally observable : our manufac- pose of Europe. Apprehensions tures, indeed, were not in that had been at one time entertained, “high and palmy state," which is that Great Britain, by her existing commonly denoted by the terms treaties with Persia, might be in“flourishing and prosperous ;" but volved in a necessity for acting in they were probably less distant her defence similar to that which from that point, than from the had called our troops to Portugal. point of extreme stagnation at But, however our duty or our which they had been standing still interest might have required us to during the preceding winter and aid the Schah against the unprospring. Employment was now voked ambition of Russia, we were furnished to the artizan in his under no obligation to assist him ordinary calling, so generally as generally as when he allowed himself to be to be almost universal; and, al- hurried into rash and unjust agthough wages were still low, gressions upon his powerful neighthey enabled him to gain a bour. livelihood. Labour suffi- The earliest public event of the ciently abundant to prevent idle. year, was the death of the duke of ness, and its gains were such as York, the heir presumptive of the to remove beggary. The health of his royal ciations, which had been formed in highness had been, for more than all the manufacturing districts, to half a year, in a state of unequal, collect and distribute charitable but of alarming, danger. The contributions among the unemploy- discase had assumed the decided ed, were now enabled to put an character of dropsy, so far back as end to their humane occupation. the month of July; and its progress In the foreign relations of the had rendered it necessary that an country, too, there were no symp- operation should be performed in toms to excite alarm. However the beginning of September. The much Spain might be displeased at result of the operation, aided by the recognition of the independ- the effects of medicine, removed was The asso crown. |