bish lying around, and informed me, with her beautiful eyes full of tears, that the bomb had destroyed her father, mother, brother, and two little sisters, and that she was now left in the world alone. O war! war! who can tell thy horrors?

"During the afternoon, I visited the hospital. Here lay, upon truckle-beds, the mangled creatures who had been wounded during the bombardment. In one corner was a poor, decrepit, bed-ridden woman, her head white with the sorrows of seventy years. One of her withered arms had been blown off with the fragment of a shell. In another place might be seen mangled creatures of both sexes, bruised and disfigured by the falling of their houses and bursting of the shells. On the stone floor lay a little child, in a complete state of nudity, with one of its poor legs cut off just above the knee! The apartment was filled with flies, that seemed to delight in the agonies of the miserable creatures over whom they hovered; and the moans were heart-rending.'" pp. 134, 135.

Royal Agricultural Society's Prize Model Cottages; with detailed Specifications, Estimates, Sections, Elevations, Sc., of a pair of Cottages for "Agricultural Labourers." By HENRY GODDARD, Esq., Architect, Lincoln. London: Dean and Son, Threadneedle-street.

on

We have in our day, before railways whirled us along the land, enjoyed few things more than an "outside place the back seat of some old thorough-going, eight mile an hour waggon-coach, whose lumbering wheels rattled along the lanelike roads of "merry old England," and just as the sun rose in his splendour on the early morn of some beautiful spring day, witnessed the departure of the Agricultural Labourer with his boys, from their cottage home, to the cheerful toil of some distant field. We think we can see him now, in his frock-dress, with the scythe or pitchfork over his shoulder, locking his door after him, and then thrusting that important article, the key, under the door, that when the waking time of those he left within arrived, they also might effect their release and come forth to the untainted atmosphere of the open country. The "cottage-home" of the man was not the least of the pleasing objects of the scene; for, usually, there was the path leading to the door skirted with flowers, which were arranged with more or less taste, according to the skill of the possessor; there was the woodbine, the honeysuckle, or the rose, trained along the walls, and, bending over, partly hid the door-way; there were, also, the fruit-trees planted here and there along the little garden, and just now, beauteous beyond description, with the virgin bloom of blushing spring; and, to complete the picture, there were the old thatched roof and whitewashed walls, which, contrasting so effectually with the fresh green of nature, gave a "distribution" of colour so perfect, that no painter's art has yet been able to transfer it to the canvass. These scenes were indeed enchanting, and those of us who knew them well, who enjoyed them year after year, until they became interwoven with all our travelling experience," can never forget them, and this because their remembrance is ever lovely. We owe much to railroads; as economisers of time they are unrivalled; but, with all their advantages, we continue to love the old "outside," if it be for no other reason than to travel the road skirted by the cottages of "Agricultural Labourers."

Yet we would not, in our rapturous admiration of their external beauty, forget the fact, that the woodbine, the honeysuckle, and the rose, too frequently adorned the abode of filth, and the nursery of fever; that the gay outside did but decorate the home of the foetid exhalation which, through all the hours of the night, was breathed by the sickly inmates, and which it took hours of the succeeding day to correct. The sunken floor; the low, ill-ventilated chamber; the contracted window that kept out the light, and the contiguous

receptacle of contagion, full often obliged us to avert the eye from what would otherwise have been pictures of surpassing loveliness, and on frequent occasions have we deplored, that a most important class of our community are driven to dole away life in huts, when but a little skill and enterprise would provide them with houses.

This exceedingly desirable change is intended, and, we believe, accomplished, in the beautiful work whose title heads the present article. It is evidently the production of a practical man-of one who has scauned and measured the domestic requirements and conveniences of the "Agricultural Labourer." He here provides him with a home, not a hut or a hovel-but a real home, where the domestic affections may dwell, and the physical system find healthy repose.

The public are deeply indebted to Mr. Goddard, for the great care he has taken in the plans and specifications, as well as for the elaborate estimates he has given, for the cottages; and our opinion is strong and decided, that all who are about to build dwellings for the poor should first study this cheap and elegant little volume. We can never make the labourer a happy man, without making him at the same time a man of peace.

AMERICAN PEACE SOCIETY.

We have much pleasure in presenting our readers with a report of the Annual Meeting of the American Peace Society. From private sources we have learned that the meeting was spirited and efficient; and we have reason for believing that recent events which have taken place among its supporters will tend to the furtherance of the cause of Peace on the American continent :

The twenty-second anniversary of this Society was held in Parkstreet Church, Boston, on Monday evening, at half past 7 o'clock. Though the weather was very bad, the audience was large, even crowded. Judge Jay being absent on account of ill health, Samuel Greele, one of the Vice-Presidents, was called to the chair, and the exercises were introduced by Rev. Dr. Tucker, of this city, with prayer and reading of the Scriptures.

From the abstract of the report, read by Rev. Mr. Beckwith, the Corresponding Secretary, it appears that the Society's operations have been, during the year, more extensive and encouraging than usual. The friends of Peace have from the first sought to supersede the custom of war by peaceful substitutes, such as individuals employ for the settlement of their disputes. This idea of substitutes for war, as a simple, feasible, and effective measure, has at length been brought pretty freely before the world by the three General Peace Congresses already held,--the first at London in 1843, the next at Brussels in 1848, and the third at Paris, last year. After noticing these Congresses, the report speaks of the Congress which is to be held this month (August) at Frankfort, in Germany, and gives an account of the special efforts made to secure delegates to this Congress from our own country. Some have already gone, many others are appointed, and it is expected that America will be fully represented at Frankfort.

Petitions, &c.—The report next refers to the chief events of the year in Europe bearing on this cause, and then states that a very large number of petitions from all parts of our country had been presented to our Congress, requesting its efforts to secure peaceful substitutes of some sort for the sword, and that only one vote was wanting in the House of Representatives to obtain a special committee on the subject.

Agencies.-Five agents have been in the Society's service, including one at its office, and its Corresponding Secretary.

Publications-Have been on a much larger scale than usual. Of Jay's "Review of the Mexican War" 17,000, and of Livermore's Prize Review, 7000; in all, 24,000 of these bound volumes, besides periodicals, tracts, and other volumes—an amount equal to about seven millions of tract pages.

Finances.-Receipts, 6204 dollars, 31 cents, an increase over the preceding year of more than 50 per cent.; expenses, 6194

dollars, 54 cents; leaving in the treasury a balance of 9 dollars,

77 cents.

The Annual Address, delivered by the Rev. A. L. Stone, of this city, enchained the attention of the vast audience for an hour and a half. He traced the cause of peace back to the annunciation of Christianity at the Saviour's birth, as its true origin, and proposed from this point of view to survey the great evil which this cause is seeking to remove. He wished to set forth, as became his profession as a Christian minister, the attitude which the gospel took in reference to war, and strongly insisted that Christianity, as practically exhibited by her votaries, should allow nothing to go ahead of her in any good cause, in any effort to elevate the character, or mitigate the wars of mankind, in teaching the ignorant, emancipating the enslaved, and scattering blessings of every kind over the whole earth.

"In discussing this question, I refer," said he, "not to wars among savages, but to the custom of war among civilized, nominallyChristian nations-a system defined and upheld by what are termed laws of war. It is here that war is invoked as an arbiter of justice between nations, and armies are coolly marshalled in battle array to decide a question of right! It is this system or institution I wish to view in the light of the gospel."

The speaker announced as his theme the Antagonism of War to Christianity; and proceeded to illustrate this antagonism from three points of view: 1. The evils of war, which were sketched very briefly, but with great vivacity and force; all showing the contrariety of war to the spirit and aims of our religion.-2. The causes of war, the principal of which were specified, and all shown to be condemned by the gospel. Under each of these heads, which together occupied an hour, the speaker brought the moral aspects of war into startling and hideous contrast to the spirit, aims, and precepts of the gospel.-3. The duties of Christians in reference to peace. This point was pressed mainly as an inference from the preceding two, and the practical claims of peace, as a sacred and most beneficial enterprise, urged with much earnestness and power upon the ministers and churches of Christ.

These paragraphs give but a faint sketch, hardly an outline, of a beautiful and eloquent discourse-a popular and effective plea for peace, which seemed to afford the large audience a high degree of gratification. A full report, however, is less necessary, as the Society have requested a copy for the press; and the public will, in due time, have an opportunity of seeing its beauties at their leisure. It will richly repay purchase and perusal.-Boston Daily Evening Traveller.

AN EMIGRANTS' PEACE SOCIETY.

WHEN the agent of the Peace Society, Mr. W. Stokes, visited Liverpool in the early part of the present year, he took some pains to discover how far the Peace cause could be promoted by a judicious but regular supply of Peace publications to the thousands of emigrants who are annually leaving that port. For this purpose he inspected some of the emigrant ships; that were about to depart, and which were receiving their living cargoes with great rapidity every hour; and it appeared to him that in each vessel there were persons well qualified to take charge of suitable Peace publications, and to superintend their distribution among the emigrants; and who, by a judicious selection of opportunities for reading, combined with some discrimination in the loan or gift of the publications entrusted to their care, would be the means of effecting a great amount of good. But he saw that this work, to be done well, would require to be done systematically and with judgment, or it would degenerate into acts of fitful caprice, or occasional activity, from which little permanent good could be hoped. He consequently felt it to be his duty to lay the subject before some of the friends of the cause in that important town, that, if possible, a society might be organised for this express object, to whose care should be entrusted the means of its accomplishment. In accordance with this conviction he prepared the following address, which was intended to circulate in Liverpool, with a view to draw the attention of the inhabitants generally to the subject, as well as to enlist, if possible, a larger amount of sympathy in the great cause of Peace than had hitherto existed in that large town. Local circumstances, however, prevented any definite action being taken upon it at the time it was presented; and it is now introduced to the attention of our readers, for the purpose, first of all, of informing them of what was actually intended in this important particular; and, in connexion with this, to elicit their opinions on the best way of giving effect to the proposal :

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"ADDRESS OF THE LIVERPOOL EMIGRANTS' PEACE SOCIETY. "The object of this Society is to supply the thousands who emigrate annually from this port with tracts, and larger works, on the subject of Universal Peace; that an opportunity may be afforded them, during the leisure of a long sea voyage, of becoming acquainted with this important question.

"From no other port in the world are there such numbers constantly departing to seek new homes, and to form or strengthen new institutions in various and distant parts of the earth. During the years from 1825 to 1847 inclusive, there was an aggregate emigration from the United Kingdom of no less than 1,737,597 persons, showing an annual average of 75,547. It is believed that this ratio has largely increased since the latter year; for, as nearly as can be ascertained, the number of emigrants from Liverpool alone in the year 1849 amounted to 146,854.

"It is obvious to every reflecting mind that such a vast multitude of enterprising spirits must of necessity exercise a mighty influence on the institutions and future destiny of those communities with which they become incorporated; and whether for good or ill, their yet undeveloped energies will be applied to the work of forming new systems of government and new modes for the regulation of human intercourse. They are, in fact, the germ, or the foundation of mighty empires, and not many generations can elapse before the world will behold in the descendants of these industrious Anglo-Saxons the men who will dispute or divide the government of mankind with their European brethren.

"Is it not, therefore, of the highest importance that these progenitors of the future rulers of the earth should lay the foundation for peaceful empires? that being instructed themselves in the God-like principles of universal benevolence, they may be prepared to teach those who are to succeed them to build on these principles their future intercourse with their fellow-men? Is it not incumbent on us, who know and suffer under the awful consequences of war, to point out to them the causes of our own miseries and guilt, that they may be warned to avoid them in the institutions which they are so soon to create or support? And can we be said to have performed our duty to our departing countrymen until we have done our utmost to induce them so to frame their systems of government as to render unnecessary any appeal to the sword?

"It is of vast importance also that these powerful masses of our countrymen should carry out with them clear and definite impressions of the social excellence of the Christian faith, that they may thus be prepared to reduce its holy principles to practice in their political institutions, and to present to the world more fully than has hitherto been done, the superiority of the religion of love to all other religions upon the face of the earth. Until this is done the world will want the living pattern of the grandeur of Christianity; and who so fitting to undertake this task as those who are appointed to lay the foundation of new empires, in regions so remote from the baneful influences of European feudalism? To aid effectually in the accomplishment of this work is the object of the Liverpool Emigrants' Peace Society,' and as it systematically repudiates all Sectarian distinctions and party politics-as it proposes but the one simple aim of forming, if possible, more peaceful national systems than the world has yet possessed-it merits the consideration and support of all who sincerely desire 'peace on earth, and good-will towards man.'

"The works issued will be those only that the Committee shall approve, but any subscriber is at liberty to recommend additions to the list. "Every annual subscriber of or upwards shall be eligible to sit

on the Committee, and it is intended that the Committee and other officers shall be chosen annually at a public meeting of the subscribers specially convened.

"The Commitee shall determine on the best means for supplying all emigrant ships with suitable tracts and other Peace publications, selecting the most likely persons among the emigrants to superintend their circulation during the voyage, and by inviting correspondence with intelligent emigrants, to keep alive whatever impressions of a favourable character may have been produced by the reading of the publications. It is also intended to publish annually a report of the proceedings, stating the amount of work performed, with whatever other matters of interest the year's labours may have elicited.

The subject having been, in the order of business, brought before the Committee of the London Peace Society, they affirmed their approval of it in a regular minute of proceedings, and, as far as their limited means will allow, they are prepared to give effect to their own recommendation. It is, however, too evident to need further explanation, that to do the work effectually, it will require to be taken up by our friends at the different ports of the United Kingdom, but especially at Liverpool; and even then the effort must be well backed and supported by the liberality of the great Peace public throughout the land. With them, therefore, we now leave the subject, sincerely assuring them of our earnest desire to perfect the work in whatever way their judgment may

suggest. We trust that they will not let so important a matter drop for want of co-operation, but that we shall become the medium of perfecting what has been so modestly commenced.

Since writing the foregoing address, we have received from America copies of "Livermore's War with Mexico Reviewed," just published by the American Peace Society; and the following extract is so much to the point, and so powerfully represents the evil which the above proposal is intended to mitigate, or remove, that we think no apology is due for laying tbefore our readers, and recommending it to their serious reflection:"European emigration, too, has had its effect. Hundreds of thousands, with all their old world ideas, unbaptized into the spirit of liberty, except it be as license, have been transplanted into the vast regions of the Middle States, the West and South-west. They have been accustomed to the bloody dramas of Europe, and they have supposed that the same must be acted over again in America. Far be it from us to take up any slanderous speech against our emigrant brethren, many of whom have shown themselves capable of understanding the rights and discharging the obligations of freemen, and have added much to the wealth, intelligence, and morality

of their adopted country. But it is well known that no inconsiderable part of the American army has consisted of foreigners. They have been warmly commended as showing, by their readiness to enlist and espouse our quarrels, their enthusiasm in the cause of liberty, and fidelity to the land of refuge. But the lover of peace will see, at the bottom of this fair seeming, the dangerous element of military habits, acquired during the turbulent scenes of the last fifty years, transferred from the banks of the Rhine, the Elbe, and the Shannon, to those of the Ohio, the Missouri, and the Colorado. The roots of the old war-encumbered civilizationtorn and broken indeed, but possessing an unyielding tenacity of lifeare set out in the rich soil of the American prairies. Whether they live and bear their bitter fruits, or wither and die, is for the friends of peace, under God, to decide. The great valley of the West may become the hot-bed of war, and nothing but a wide and early dissemination of the pacific principles of the gospel, by books, tracts, lectures, and conversation, can prevent our late foray into a sister republic from being the prolific seed of sorrows without end."-Livermore's Review of the War with Mexico, pp. 10, 11.

ENLARGEMENT OF THE PEACE SOCIETY'S PREMISES. THE Committee feel truly grateful to their friends, for the kind liberality with which they have responded to the Appeal on behalf of the above object. The building is now completed. The sum already promised towards the expenses amounts to about one-half of what is required; and the Committee venture again respectfully to call the attention of such of their friends who have not yet contributed, to the importance of avoiding either contracting a debt, or trenching on the annual income of the Society. As part of the builder's contract is already paid, and the remainder will be payable immediately, it is desirable that there should be as little delay as possible in forwarding the necessary aid, so as to enable the Committee to take possession of their New Offices free from all encumbrance. SUBSCRIPTIONS TO THE BUILDING FUND. £ 8. d.l

Anonymous, by Mr. Jos. Cooper

....

......

10 0 0 Jones, Mr. John Morland, John, Esq. 10 0 0 Kaye, Mr. Joshua Price, Joseph T. Esq. 10 00 Miles, Mr. Edward Warner, John, Esq.... 10 0 0 Neave, Mr. Josiah Alexander, George, Esq. 5 Alexander, R. D. Esq..... 5 A Female Friend, of Ipswich 5 Barclay, Mrs. Eliza..

..

£ s. d.

1 ......

Charlbury, by Mr. W. Albright. Pegler, Mr.J., Mangersbury 10 Southampton, by Mr. J. E. Lury.

6

5 0

5 0

5 0

0 10 0 10 1 1

......

Bayley, Mr. G. F...................

0 5

Brown, Mr. G.......

Emerson, Mrs. (don.)

Firmin, Mr. F...

Barrow, Mr. William

5 0

0 Peile, Mr. Geo.....

5

0

........

0 Spencer, Mr. Jeremiah

12000000

Noble, Mr. John

Jeffreys, Mr. S. A. .... 5 0 0" A Peace Offering"

......

(Omitted in last Number for want of space.)

....

Berkhampstead, by Mr. R. Littleboy. Thurlow, Mr. James
Littleboy, M. and S.
Littleboy, Mr. Richard 0 10 6
Littleboy,

Sarah...... Norris, Messrs. Daniel and

R. R.....

Robinson, Mr. Joseph..

Squire, Anna

Luton, by Mr. John Foster.

0 10 6 Bigg, Mr. William

Brown, Mr. Daniel
Brown, Mr. Frederic

10 13

........

Miller, Mr. William...... Oliphant, Mr. William.. Watson, Mrs. Margaret

0 10 0 10 0 5

6

Wathon, Mr. John

6 Watson, Mrs. Martha

Taylor, Mr. Thomas... 050

Taylor, Mr. Charles......

900

.....

....

10

5

26

....

0 10

0 Remitted for Tracts,£2 18s.; expenses, £1 12s. 2d.

Glasgow, by Mr. W. Smeal. Anderson, Mr. Ebenezer .. 0 5 0

Barr, Mr. John............

......

Brown, Mr. Hugh Forrest, Mr. Robt., Ayr

......

..

0 Galt, Mr. Robert. 0 Gallie, Mr. George 0 Govan, Mr. William......

6

6

6

6

050

0 10 6

0 10 6

050 050 010 6

The Herald of Peace, SEPTEMBER, 1850.

THE FRANKFORT PEACE CONGRESS.

PREPARATIONS FOR THE CONGRESS.

BEFORE Conducting our readers into the midst of those exciting scenes immediately connected with the Congress, we wish to present them with a brief notice of the long and arduous process of preliminary preparation, which had been carried on for months before, in the various countries of the Continent, and especially in Germany. We deem this necessary, not only for the sake of historical completeness-for the demonstration at Frankfort, considered apart from the work which had preceded it, would appear like a tree without rootsbut because we are sincerely convinced that the mission of the deputation which was sent forward by the Committee, some two months before, was hardly less useful or important to the cause of Peace, than the Congress itself. Our readers are already aware of the cordial welcome which Messrs. Richard and Burritt met in Paris and Brussels, when they visited those cities on their way to Germany. On their arrival in Frankfort, they were singularly happy in finding as their first counsellor and fellow-labourer, a gentleman most eminently qualified for this duty, in every respect. We allude to Dr. Varrentrapp. Associated with him, as the Local Committee, were nine other gentlemen, with whose names the friends of Peace in England ought to be made familiar, for they have rendered services to our sacred cause which we cannot too highly appreciate. These were Mr. Philip de Bary, an eminent banker of Frankfort; Rev. L. Bonnet, Minister of the French Reformed Church; Dr. Carové, of Heidelberg; Dr. I. M. Jost, President of the Jewish Industrial College; Rev. Dr. K. M. Krichner, Minister of the Lutheran Church; Rev. L. Schrader, Minister of the German Reformed Church; Dr. Edward Souchay, for many years a leading member of the Frankfort Senate; Dr. G. A. Spiess, a physician of great eminence; and Mr. H. A. Wedewer, inspector of the Catholic Selekten Schule. It will be observed, that there is here a representative of every religious party; and it is surely a most gratifying fact, that there is, at least, one great interest, around which men of all political and theological sentiments can gather and work together with the most perfect harmony. It was not long before the English deputation, aided by these gentlemen, succeeded in putting matters in favourable train. at Frankfort. The authorisation of the Senate was promptly accorded; and through the kindness of Dr. F. Jucho, and the Lutheran Consistory, the use of St. Paul's Church was obtained as the place of meeting; while the circular of invitation, accompanied by a special letter from the Local Committee, was soon prepared, and sent forth in large numbers through every part of Germany. The preparatory arrangements having

been thus happily advanced, the English deputation felt themselves at liberty to start on a kind of missionary tour to the north of Germany, being fully convinced, that there were no means so effectual for diffusing information and awakening interest and sympathy in the coming Congress, and in the Peace question generally, as by personal visitation. They had the happiness of being joined in this excursion by M. Visschers, whose unwearied devotedness to the cause merits the warm gratitude of every friend of Peace, and whose presence and co-operation were of the highest value throughout the whole journey. Our space will not admit of any detailed. account of this tour, though it was full of interest, and, we confidently believe, will not be devoid of important and enduring results. Suffice it to say, that the deputation, now representing the English, American, and Belgian Committees, visited, in succession, many of the principal towns and cities of the north, where they had access to scores of men of the highest intelligence, influence, and character. With scarcely an exception, they were everywhere received, not only with respect, but with that earnest and unreserved cordiality which is one of the most delightful characteristics of our German neighbours. Men who had occupied, or were then occupying, distinguished political positions; professors at the Universities, who had hundreds of young men under their care; authors, whose renown is as wide as the world; ministers of religion, of every denomination; and editors of newspapers and periodicals, of the largest circulation and influence, were among those who listened with the kindliest attention, and discussed with evident interest, the principles and projects of Peace, which the deputation attempted to develop. By these conversations, and by the opportunity afforded of putting into the hands of such men the publications of the Congress, the attention of some of the greatest minds in Germany has been directed to the subject, not, it is hoped, without permanent, practical results. After returning to Frankfort, and remaining there for some days to complete the local preparations, Messrs. Burritt and Richard made another tour into the south of Germany, visiting Bamberg, Nuremberg, Augsburg, Munich, Ulm, Stuttgardt, &c., where they saw many eminent and excellent men, some of whom displayed the deepest interest in the object of their mission.

Meanwhile, M. Visschers, at Brussels, and M. Garnier, at Paris, were using diligent exertions, by a wide distribution of the circular, and other means, to procure respectable and influential delegations to the Congress from Belgium and France. As the time approached, and every post from England brought tidings that the number of those proposing to come to the Congress was increasing day by day, it became a matter of serious anxiety how to find suitable accommodations for so large a body, just at the time when, from a variety of causes, Frankfort was already overflowing with strangers. By careful inquiry, however, in every part of the city, and the

D

hearty co-operation of the Local Committee, arrangements were at length made, by which adequate provision was secured for the whole party, and, so far as we have heard, to the entire satisfaction and comfort of the English visitors.

JOURNEY TO THE CONGRESS.

This great gathering, this additional demonstration in favour of universal Peace, is now over, and become a matter of history. Before it grew to be a fact, while yet an event of mere anticipation, it was to many, and particularly to the officials, whose position and duties involved the greatest amount of the responsibility, a cause of ceaseless anxiety; partly from the greatness of the undertaking itself, but chiefly from a very natural desire to make the Frankfort Congress the most efficient of all that had yet been held. And keeping this end in view, the solicitude became the more exciting and intense in proportion as the possibility of failure or deficiency was apprehended; and who could apprehend the one or the other so fully as those who occupied the post of observation, who could detect the near and far-off signs of earnest adherence, or of unmoved indifference among the people? But if a lurking fear of failure had been entertained for any one moment, it was speedily removed by the vast amount of interest which the extensive correspondence elicited from day to day; by the voluntary recommendations of the Congress, given, in numerous instances, by the conductors of the public press; by the number and character of the delegates appointed by various bodies, religious, literary, and civic; and, above all, by the number, the character, and earnestness of the delegates and visitors when they assembled at the South Eastern Station, London Bridge. For, irrespective of any foreign encouragement, whether in France, America, or Germany, there was enough in their appearance, their earnest sincerity, their evident devotion to a great work, to satisfy us at a glance that our labours and our anxiety had not been in vain; but that in such a spectacle, viewed in connection with so magnificent a purpose, we had the promise of an abundant reward.

The delegates and visitors from the various parts of the United Kingdom began to assemble at the South Eastern Station soon after three o'clock on Monday, the 19th ult., and, up to four o'clock, the scene was one of unusual animation; the railway officials evidently sharing in the interest of the occasion.

The delay occasioned by delivering the tickets and placing the luggage of so large a party, detained the train until it was found most safe to allow the usual express train to precede it: the party, consequently, did not clear the station before half-past four, or near five. The train stopped at but few places on the line. It reached Dover as the shades of a beautiful evening were softened and intermingled with the light of the "Queen of Night," beneath whose smiling beams the party embarked for Calais. The Channel was far less placid than when crossed last year by a similar party, for the Congress at Paris, but the noble vessel rolled majestically through the uneasy billows; and though the casualties common to "landsmen," and their fair countrywomen too, when encountering the unsettled motion of waves, were not wanting on this occasion, the voyage was one of interest and delight, at least to those who were able to enjoy it. The silvery beams of the moon fell on the surface of the agitated waters, and by the ceaseless motion of the waves were reflected back in all the combinations that light and shade, so wondrously intermingled, could furnish. It was a beautiful sight, and the Channel may be crossed a thousand times without meeting with its parallel.

The debarkation at Calais was soon effected-the tide allowing the vessel to land the passengers on the pier. There was provided in the Station Hotel an excellent supper, of which the great proportion of the party partook; and after a rest of nearly two hours, they entered the special train that had been provided, and passed on at once, with but slight intermission, to their destination. The party stopped at various points, and, with the exception of some few whose love of the antique, &c., led them too far from the train to return in time, and were, consequently, left behind for a subsequent one, arrived at Verviers for a late breakfast, the original arrangement having been unexpectedly changed by the authorities of the line. The journey was along a richly-cultivated country, abounding with proofs of content and competence, if not of affluence, while many parts forcibly reminded the traveller of some of the best cultivated portions of the Midland Districts of England. On entering the Prussian territory, the train was stopped for official examination; and then were aroused the apprehensions of the whole party, whether the ordinary regulation regarding passports and luggage would be rigidly enforced; or whether the extraordinary document, the extra-official passport, given by Count Perponchère, the Prussian Chargé-d'-Affaires, to Mr. Stokes on the previous day, would do for the party what had never been done by a Northern Power before; namely, allow them to pass free. A few minutes of suspense alone were required to determine the doubt. The document was examined; a few questions put to its bearer; a few cards carried by the delegates and visitors were also inspected; and then, with the utmost politeness, the authorities bowed their satisfaction, and, as far as looks can express the feelings of the heart, evidently wished well to the party, and success to their mission; nor is it too much to say, that never was a

great act performed with a greater grace. The train then proceeded on its way through a beautiful district of country, until it reached Cologne, late in the evening, where the party rested for the night.

It had been arranged that the journey should be resumed the next morning (Wednesday) at six o'clock. Agreeably with this arrangement, two beautiful and spacious steamers, the Goethe and the Germania, were waiting at that hour alongside the quay to receive the party; and it is to their honour to be able to say that, notwithstanding the fatigue of the previous long journey, and the early hour of starting, we are not aware that one delegate or visitor of so large a number was left behind. The approach to the steamers evinced much bustle, but no confusion; and, with but a few minutes' delay, the first vessel was in motion at the hour named, and the other followed shortly after.

The progress up the Rhine was, as might be expected, one of surpassing interest and gratification. With every turn of that famous river, some new scene of beauty, or some unlooked-for combination of natural objects, arrested the attention and excited the admiration, of the passengers. The grandeur of the mountains; the sweetness of the valleys, as they stretched away and were lost in the distance; the quiet, industrious aspect of the towns, and the rural simplicity of the villages; with the high state of cultivation of the lands, even to the tops of the mountains, presented themes of attraction so varied, so new, and withal so incessant; that none of the party will ever forget the day, nor the impressions of delight of which they were the subjects. It was worth all the fatigue of the previous journey to witness the scene; but to enjoy it on such an occasion and in connection with so great an object made it doubly delightful. The ruined castles which crown nearly every height, could not fail to suggest to the reflecting friends of Universal Peace, that as those mouldering remnants of one warlike age served as sepulchres to its departed genius, so, before long, would Ehrenbreitstein be the mausoleum of another; and as the fiery barons that once issued from those halls to defend their lands, had perished from the scene and passed for ever away; so would the sleeker warrior of more modern times. The progress of civilisation has superseded the one; and the advance of Christianity among the nations will as infallibly destroy the other. Happy that man who takes his part, and performs it well, in this great achieve. ment; who, while looking on such scenes as a lover of nature, yet pene. trates beneath the surface, detecting the hidden principles that converted those scenes to the purposes of a barbarous chivalry, and resolves, that as far as he is concerned, in an humble dependence on the Divine blessing, he will do his very utmost to make the future "better than the past!" The life of such a man is as gold in the intercourse of mankind; and when the shades of evening gather around his course, to him will be imparted the privileged conviction that he has not lived in vain.

Towards evening there were frequent showers, which obliged numbers to shelter in the cabins; but after a day of delightful enjoyment and useful social intercourse, the party landed at Biebrich, where they entered the special train that awaited their arrival. In little more than an hour they reached Frankfort, and owing to the excellent arrangements which had been made by our devoted Secretaries, in conjunction with the active and untiring Committee there, the whole number obtained most satisfactory accommodation with the least possible delay.

On Thursday morning, August 22, the Congress commenced its memorable sittings. But before we proceed to any record of the proceed. ings, we beg the indulgence of our readers while describing, in a few words, the appearance of the building, &c., in which the delegates and visitors were about to assemble.

It

The City of Frankfort merits a passing notice. It is situated at the base of the Taunus chain of mountains, and is a most agreeable city, with a considerable proportion of spacious streets, containing shops that would do honour to any European metropolis. It was formerly an Imperial town, and the place where several of the Roman emperors were elected. In its vicinity considerable traces of the Romans are yet to be seen. has ten principal gates, which, prior to the demolition of the fortifications from 1806 to 1812, had gloomy towers that frowned terrifically on all who passed in or out of the city. These dark and threatening entrances have been replaced by elegant barriers, of modern architecture; and the charming promenades, where the inhabitants now enjoy ample recreation, cover the ground once occupied by the danger-inviting walls of defence. Charlemagne had an Imperial Palace in this city, which stood on the spot now occupied by the church of St. Leonard; but no traces whatever remain of the once-famous abode of that celebrated prince.

The constitution of the town, as established October 18, 1816, after the overthrow of Napoleon, who had despotically deprived the place of its liberty, is a temperate Democracy. The supreme government rests in the body of townsmen professing the Christian religion, and is exercised by three powers-the Senate, the Council of Representatives, and the Legislative Body. This power of self-government, this independence of foreign control, has made the place an object of perpetual distrust and suspicion to the northern Absolutists; and it is this alone that has led them to seek (much too successfully) the office of guarding and protecting the liberties

of the inhabitants.