The civilization of Egypt. The Pyramid Texts. Egyptian

reticence. Character of the early religion. Egyptian deities.

Deities incarnate in animals. Local deities. Cosmic and

tribal gods. The rise of Rē. No uniformity of belief. Osiris

and Isis. The Osirian myth. Trial of the dead. The 'Nega-

tive Confession.' The 'Book of the Dead,' and 'Coffin Texts.'

The life in the tomb. The soul and the body. The Sacred

Eastern Sky. Spirits and demons. The priesthood. Religious

festivals. Egyptian magic. Divine magic. The magic rites.

Examples of magic. Divination. Dreams and oracles. Early

Egyptian healing. Local healing deities. Temples of heal-

ing. Medical libraries. Preparation of the papyri. The

medical papyri. The Kahun Papyrus. The Edwin Smith

Papyrus. The Hearst Medical Papyrus. The Westcar Papy-

rus. The Ebers Papyrus. The Greater Berlin, or Brugsch

Papyrus. The London Medical Papyrus. Other papyri.

Papyri not canonical. Descriptions of disease in the papyri.

Causes of disease. Prophylaxis. Gods suffered from disease.

Physicians. Healing methods. Remedies. Medical incanta-

tions. Tests for sterility. General remarks. Profane Egyp-

tian medicine. The old priest-physician.

Part II. The Healing Deities

'Anuqet. Apis. Bes, or Besa. Epet, or Uêret. Hat-hôr.

Horus, Hor, or Horu. I-m-hotep. Isis, or Eset. Khonsu, or

Khons. Neith. Nekhbet. Nephthys, or Nebt-hôt. Ptaḥ. Sekh-

met. Serapis, or Osor-hap. Thoth, Thout, or Tahuti. Ubas-

tet, or Bastet. Uzoit, Uazit, or Buto (Uto).

52

Minor Divinities of Child-birth and Nursing

Heqet. Meskhenet. Renenutet, or Rannu.

General views of the people. Ancient records. The respec-

tive civilizations. The religion. The pantheon. The rank of

deities. Temples. The priesthood. Religious literature. The

after-life. Belief in demonology. The demons. Attitude of

the deities. Rituals. Purification. Divination. Dreams and

oracles. Dream deities. Temple-sleep or incubation. Causes

of disease. Physicians and physician-priests. Medical texts

and asipu-priests. Formulas for exorcism. Purification and

exorcism. Substitute victims. Sacrifices. Drugs. Prophy-

laxis. Appeals to the demons. Uniformity of belief in Meso-

potamia. A pious sufferer.

Part II. The Healing Deities

Allatu, or Ereshkigal. Ea. Gibil, or Giru. Gula, Bau, or

Nin-karrak. Ishtar. Marduk. Nabû, or Nebo. Ninib, or

Ninurta. Nusku. Sarpânîtum. Shamash. Sin.

CHAPTER III. THE HEALING GODS OF THE PAGAN

SEMITES OF THE WEST

Part I. General Survey

117

131

131

The Semites of the West and their records. The Phoenicians

and their deities. The nature of their gods. 'Astart. Func-

tions of deity. Shrines and temples. Religious rites.

Part II. The Healing Deities

135

Ba'al-marpē. Eshmun. Tanit.

CHAPTER IV. THE HEALING GODS OF ANCIENT INDIA

145

Part I. General Survey

145

The Aryans and disease. The Vedas. The pantheon. The

early Hindu period. The folk-belief. Mythology. Disease in

Vedic literature. Disease in the Rigveda. Disease in the

Yajurveda. Disease in the Atharvaveda. Ancient Indian

views on disease. Deity and disease. Invocation of the gods.

Appeals to demons. Magico-religious treatment of disease.

Remedies. Magic and magical remedies. Physicians.

The Adityas. Agni. Apaḥ. The Aśvins. Bhaiṣajyarājā and

Bhaiṣajyaguru. Brahmā. Bṛhaspati. Dakṣa. Dhanvantari.

Dhātṛ. Indra. The Maruts. Rudra. Sarasvati. Savity. Soma.

Surya. Tvaştr. Varuņa. Vāta, or Vāyu.

CHAPTER V. THE HEALING GODS OF ANCIENT IRAN.

Part I. General Survey

Iranian religion. The Avesta. The religion of Zoroaster.

Mythology. The creation of remedies. Disease and dualism.

'Countless' diseases. The cure. Healing texts. Disease of

animals.

Part II. The Healing Deities

PAGE

160

181

181

187

Ahurāni. Airyaman. Aredvi Sūra Anahita. Ashi. Cisti.

Drvăspa. Haoma. Mithra. Thraĕtaona (or Faridun). Thrita.

Tishtrya. Verethraghna. Yima.

CHAPTER VI. THE HEALING GODS OF ANCIENT GREECE

Part I. General Survey

201

201

The origin of the gods. The nature of the gods. The gods

and man. The pantheon. The divine functions. New con-

ceptions. Absence of dogma and moral restraint in religion.

Shrines and religiosity. Chthonic deities. Chthonic charac-

ter. Chthonic functions. The daimons. The worship of

heroes. Ceremonials. Oracles and divine communications.

Dreams and the dream-oracle. Incubation. Priests and incu-

bation. Decadence of cults and oracles. Animal incarna-

tions. Disease ascribed to superhuman agencies. Attitude of

divinity toward disease and healing. Paian and Apollo. The

cradle of Greek medicine. Early healing customs. The heal-

ing rituals and miracles. Magic and healing. The methods of

religious healing. The direct method. Examples. The indi-

rect method. Sacred waters. Votive offerings. General evi-

dences of Greek religious healing. Miraculous cures. Origin

of rational medicine in temple practice. Religious and

practical medicine. Introduction of foreign healing cults.

The descent of Greek medicine.

Part II. The Healing Deities, Heroes, and Hero-

ines

240

The Healing Deities

240

Asklepios. The name. An earth-spirit and hero. Develop-

ment of the cult. Asklepios and Apollo. The birth-legends.

The Epidaurian legends. Other legends. The family of

Asklepios. His descendants. Machaon and his sons. Podalei-

rios. Raising the dead and the death of Asklepios. The

burial place. The transformation of the cult. Emigration

to Epidauros. Deification. Shrines and sanctuaries of the

cult. Location of shrines by serpents. Sites of the Askle-

pieia. The healing temples. The sanctity of the temples.

The images and emblems of the god. Auxiliary deities.

Tents instead of buildings. The most famous of the Askle-

pieia. The sanctuary at Epidauros. The temple. The Thy-

mele. Auxiliary temples. The dormitory. Other buildings

within the hieron. Stadium and theater. The grounds. The

present ruins. The Asklepieion at Athens. The Asklepieion

at Kos. The Asklepieion at Pergamon. Administration of

the Asklepieia, the Hiereus. Assistant priests. The Askle-

piadai. The Hippokratic Oath. The cult rituals. The proce-

dures at the Asklepieia. The ritual of the individual. Incuba-

tion. The mental impressions. Practical therapeutics. The use

of animals in the cult. Serpents. Serpent legends. Dogs. Tab-

lets relating cures. Popularity of the Asklepieia. Recrea-

tion. Thank offerings. Public health functions. Public festi-

vals. Festivals at Athens. Festivals at Epidauros. Festivals

at Kos. Festivals at Pergamon. Other festivals. Medical

progress toward scientific methods. The cult influence.

Recapitulation. The mystic Asklepios. Amphiaraos. Aphro-

dite. Apollo. Aristaios. Artemis. Athena. Auxesia. Damia.

Demeter. Dionysos. Eileithyia. Epaphos. Genetyllis. Hades.

Hekate. Helios. Hephaistos. Hera. Herakles. Hermes.

Hygieia. Isis. The Kabeiroi. Kirke. Leto. Maleates. The

Muses. The Nymphs. Orpheus. Paian. Pan. Persephone.

Poseidon. Prometheus. Rhea. Sabazios. Sarapis. Teles-

phoros. Themis. Trophonios. Zeus.

Demigods, Heroes, and Heroines Associated

with Healing

Achilles. Agamede. Amphilochos. Amynos (Alkon). Anti-

kyreos. Apis. Aristomachos. Bakis. Cheiron. The Daktyloi.

Dexion. The Dioskouroi. Helena. Heros-Iatros. The Kory-

bantes. The Kouretes. Medeia. Melampous. Molpadia Hemi-

thea. Mopsos. Mousaios. Oione. Polyidos. Protesilaos. Tox-

aris. [Glykon, the false god or hero.]

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335