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The civilization of Egypt. The Pyramid Texts. Egyptian
reticence. Character of the early religion. Egyptian deities.
Deities incarnate in animals. Local deities. Cosmic and
tribal gods. The rise of Rē. No uniformity of belief. Osiris
and Isis. The Osirian myth. Trial of the dead. The 'Nega-
tive Confession.' The 'Book of the Dead,' and 'Coffin Texts.'
The life in the tomb. The soul and the body. The Sacred
Eastern Sky. Spirits and demons. The priesthood. Religious
festivals. Egyptian magic. Divine magic. The magic rites.
Examples of magic. Divination. Dreams and oracles. Early
Egyptian healing. Local healing deities. Temples of heal-
ing. Medical libraries. Preparation of the papyri. The
medical papyri. The Kahun Papyrus. The Edwin Smith
Papyrus. The Hearst Medical Papyrus. The Westcar Papy-
rus. The Ebers Papyrus. The Greater Berlin, or Brugsch
Papyrus. The London Medical Papyrus. Other papyri.
Papyri not canonical. Descriptions of disease in the papyri.
Causes of disease. Prophylaxis. Gods suffered from disease.
Physicians. Healing methods. Remedies. Medical incanta-
tions. Tests for sterility. General remarks. Profane Egyp-
tian medicine. The old priest-physician.
Part II. The Healing Deities
'Anuqet. Apis. Bes, or Besa. Epet, or Uêret. Hat-hôr.
Horus, Hor, or Horu. I-m-hotep. Isis, or Eset. Khonsu, or
Khons. Neith. Nekhbet. Nephthys, or Nebt-hôt. Ptaḥ. Sekh-
met. Serapis, or Osor-hap. Thoth, Thout, or Tahuti. Ubas-
tet, or Bastet. Uzoit, Uazit, or Buto (Uto).
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Minor Divinities of Child-birth and Nursing
Heqet. Meskhenet. Renenutet, or Rannu.
General views of the people. Ancient records. The respec-
tive civilizations. The religion. The pantheon. The rank of
deities. Temples. The priesthood. Religious literature. The
after-life. Belief in demonology. The demons. Attitude of
the deities. Rituals. Purification. Divination. Dreams and
oracles. Dream deities. Temple-sleep or incubation. Causes
of disease. Physicians and physician-priests. Medical texts
and asipu-priests. Formulas for exorcism. Purification and
exorcism. Substitute victims. Sacrifices. Drugs. Prophy-
laxis. Appeals to the demons. Uniformity of belief in Meso-
potamia. A pious sufferer.
Allatu, or Ereshkigal. Ea. Gibil, or Giru. Gula, Bau, or
Nin-karrak. Ishtar. Marduk. Nabû, or Nebo. Ninib, or
Ninurta. Nusku. Sarpânîtum. Shamash. Sin.
CHAPTER III. THE HEALING GODS OF THE PAGAN
SEMITES OF THE WEST
Part I. General Survey
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131
The Semites of the West and their records. The Phoenicians
and their deities. The nature of their gods. 'Astart. Func-
tions of deity. Shrines and temples. Religious rites.
135
Ba'al-marpē. Eshmun. Tanit.
CHAPTER IV. THE HEALING GODS OF ANCIENT INDIA
145
The Aryans and disease. The Vedas. The pantheon. The
early Hindu period. The folk-belief. Mythology. Disease in
Vedic literature. Disease in the Rigveda. Disease in the
Yajurveda. Disease in the Atharvaveda. Ancient Indian
views on disease. Deity and disease. Invocation of the gods.
Appeals to demons. Magico-religious treatment of disease.
Remedies. Magic and magical remedies. Physicians.
The Adityas. Agni. Apaḥ. The Aśvins. Bhaiṣajyarājā and
Bhaiṣajyaguru. Brahmā. Bṛhaspati. Dakṣa. Dhanvantari.
Dhātṛ. Indra. The Maruts. Rudra. Sarasvati. Savity. Soma.
Surya. Tvaştr. Varuņa. Vāta, or Vāyu.
CHAPTER V. THE HEALING GODS OF ANCIENT IRAN.
Iranian religion. The Avesta. The religion of Zoroaster.
Mythology. The creation of remedies. Disease and dualism.
'Countless' diseases. The cure. Healing texts. Disease of
animals.
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Ahurāni. Airyaman. Aredvi Sūra Anahita. Ashi. Cisti.
Drvăspa. Haoma. Mithra. Thraĕtaona (or Faridun). Thrita.
Tishtrya. Verethraghna. Yima.
CHAPTER VI. THE HEALING GODS OF ANCIENT GREECE
201
The origin of the gods. The nature of the gods. The gods
and man. The pantheon. The divine functions. New con-
ceptions. Absence of dogma and moral restraint in religion.
Shrines and religiosity. Chthonic deities. Chthonic charac-
ter. Chthonic functions. The daimons. The worship of
heroes. Ceremonials. Oracles and divine communications.
Dreams and the dream-oracle. Incubation. Priests and incu-
bation. Decadence of cults and oracles. Animal incarna-
tions. Disease ascribed to superhuman agencies. Attitude of
divinity toward disease and healing. Paian and Apollo. The
cradle of Greek medicine. Early healing customs. The heal-
ing rituals and miracles. Magic and healing. The methods of
religious healing. The direct method. Examples. The indi-
rect method. Sacred waters. Votive offerings. General evi-
dences of Greek religious healing. Miraculous cures. Origin
of rational medicine in temple practice. Religious and
practical medicine. Introduction of foreign healing cults.
The descent of Greek medicine.
Part II. The Healing Deities, Heroes, and Hero-
ines
240
The Healing Deities
Asklepios. The name. An earth-spirit and hero. Develop-
ment of the cult. Asklepios and Apollo. The birth-legends.
The Epidaurian legends. Other legends. The family of
Asklepios. His descendants. Machaon and his sons. Podalei-
rios. Raising the dead and the death of Asklepios. The
burial place. The transformation of the cult. Emigration
to Epidauros. Deification. Shrines and sanctuaries of the
cult. Location of shrines by serpents. Sites of the Askle-
pieia. The healing temples. The sanctity of the temples.
The images and emblems of the god. Auxiliary deities.
Tents instead of buildings. The most famous of the Askle-
pieia. The sanctuary at Epidauros. The temple. The Thy-
mele. Auxiliary temples. The dormitory. Other buildings
within the hieron. Stadium and theater. The grounds. The
present ruins. The Asklepieion at Athens. The Asklepieion
at Kos. The Asklepieion at Pergamon. Administration of
the Asklepieia, the Hiereus. Assistant priests. The Askle-
piadai. The Hippokratic Oath. The cult rituals. The proce-
dures at the Asklepieia. The ritual of the individual. Incuba-
tion. The mental impressions. Practical therapeutics. The use
of animals in the cult. Serpents. Serpent legends. Dogs. Tab-
lets relating cures. Popularity of the Asklepieia. Recrea-
tion. Thank offerings. Public health functions. Public festi-
vals. Festivals at Athens. Festivals at Epidauros. Festivals
at Kos. Festivals at Pergamon. Other festivals. Medical
progress toward scientific methods. The cult influence.
Recapitulation. The mystic Asklepios. Amphiaraos. Aphro-
dite. Apollo. Aristaios. Artemis. Athena. Auxesia. Damia.
Demeter. Dionysos. Eileithyia. Epaphos. Genetyllis. Hades.
Hekate. Helios. Hephaistos. Hera. Herakles. Hermes.
Hygieia. Isis. The Kabeiroi. Kirke. Leto. Maleates. The
Muses. The Nymphs. Orpheus. Paian. Pan. Persephone.
Poseidon. Prometheus. Rhea. Sabazios. Sarapis. Teles-
phoros. Themis. Trophonios. Zeus.
Demigods, Heroes, and Heroines Associated
with Healing
Achilles. Agamede. Amphilochos. Amynos (Alkon). Anti-
kyreos. Apis. Aristomachos. Bakis. Cheiron. The Daktyloi.
Dexion. The Dioskouroi. Helena. Heros-Iatros. The Kory-
bantes. The Kouretes. Medeia. Melampous. Molpadia Hemi-
thea. Mopsos. Mousaios. Oione. Polyidos. Protesilaos. Tox-
aris. [Glykon, the false god or hero.]
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