Hine portum petit, et socios partitur in omnis.
Vina bonus quae deinde cadis onerarat Acestes
Litore Trinacrio dederatque abeuntibus heros,
Dividit, et dictis maerentia pectora mulcet:

O socii,-neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum-
O passi graviora, dabit deus his quoque finem.
Vos et Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantis
Accestis scopulos, vos et Cyclopia saxa

Non. p. 312, who however quotes the line
to illustrate 'fundo:' 'humi' is supported
by most copies of Serv., and some of Virg.
But the universal practice is in favour of
'humi' for 'on the ground,' while humo'
is 'from' or 'in the ground.' In the pa-
rallel instances 2. 380., 5. 78, 481., 6. 423
(the only part of the Aeneid to which
Ribbeck's collations extend), the best
MSS. seem to read 'humi' without varia-
tion, though Arusianus quotes 2. 380 with
'humo.' Wagn. thinks the elision was the
cause of the error, as in 3.670., 5. 202 (add
v. 104 above), where wrong readings have
similarly been introduced into first-class
MSS.; it is possible too that a transcriber
may have recollected G. 2. 460. Ovid how-
ever (M. 4. 261) has "sedit humo nuda,"
though there one MS. gives "humi nudae."
'Numerum' &c.: Ulysses kills nine goats
for each ship with one additional for his

own.

194.] Hinc, then. Portum is the landing place where the crew was encamp. ing. Socios partitur in omnis:' he gives each ship a stag, in which each man shares equally. Forb. remarks that Aeneas must first have summoned his comrades to help him to carry the seven stags an instance of Virgil's brevity in narration.

195.] The order seems to be deinde dividit vina quae,' &c., as there is no other way of making sense of deinde.' There are other passages in Virg. where deinde' may be regarded as out of place, 3. 609., 5. 14, 400., 7. 135, but none where the necessity at once so harsh and so inevitable as here. Onerarat cadis,' had stowed in casks,' instead of the usual phrase "onerarat cados vinis." Wagn. quotes 3. 465, "stipatque carinis Ingens argentum;" and 8. 180, "onerantque canistris Dona." The gift of wine is from

Od. 9. 197.

196.] 'Heros' is in apposition to Acestes, not the nom. to dividit.' Comp. 8. 464., 12.902, and v. 496 below. It denotes the noble courtesy of the donor. 198.] Neque enim.' Comp. v.

65,

195

200

"Aeole, namque tibi," note. There seems
no occasion to follow the commentators
(Gossrau is an exception) in joining ante
malorum'-Tv πрlv каk@v. Sumus ante
(including the present time in the past) cor-
responds to the idiom ráλai čσuev. So in
the Greek use of the superlative for the
comparative the object compared is in-
cluded in the objects of comparison. The
speech is modelled on Od. 12. 208 foll.
Macrob., Sat. 5. 11, thinks Virg. the “locu-
pletior interpres" here. Serv. says Virg.
has borrowed it from Naevius' Punic War,
which, if it means any thing more than
that Naevius imitated Hom., may apply
to the latter part, where Virg. has de-
viated from his Greek original. See p. 23
above.

199.] O passi graviora :' probably from Hor. 10d. 7. 30, "O fortes peioraque passi Mecum saepe viri, nunc vino pellite curas," the ultimate source being Od. 20. 17, τέτλαθι δή, κραδίη· καὶ κύντερον ἄλλο ποτ' Ans.

200.] Scyllaeam rabiem,' like Bin 'Hpakλnein. Rabiem' probably has reference to the dogs with which Scylla is encircled in Virg. Penitus sonantis" (resounding through their caverns') also has reference to the dogs. Comp. 3. 432, Scyllam et caeruleis canibus resonantia

66

saxa."

201.] Accestis.' There is a similar syncope in 4. 606, "exstinxem," 4. 682, "exstinxti," 5.786, "traxe," 11.118, “vixet.” Forb. has collected similar instances on Lucr. 1. 71. Cyclopia saxa:' they did not actually enter the cave of the Cyclops, but they landed on the shore, and so may be said to have known it. So they did not actually pass Scylla, but they came near enough to be in danger. In Od. 12. 209 Ulysses consoles his crew by reminding them of their escape from the Cyclops, but carefully avoids mentioning Scylla, which they were just approaching. The orthography Cyclopia' (KUKATIOs) is not found in any MS., but was restored by Heins., who remarked that Cyclopea'

Experti: revocate animos, maestumque timorem
Mittite: forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvabit.
Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum
Tendimus in Latium, sedes ubi fata quietas
Ostendunt; illic fas regna resurgere Troiae.
Durate, et vosmet rebus servate secundis.

Talia voce refert, curisque ingentibus aeger
Spem voltu simulat, premit altum corde dolorem.
Illi se praedae accingunt dapibusque futuris:
Tergora deripiunt costis et viscera nudant;
Pars in frusta secant veribusque trementia figunt;
Litore aena locant alii, flammasque ministrant.

(KUKATEIOS) would have the penult long.
'Saxa,' for a cave, v. 139 above.

203.] Οd. 15. 400, μετὰ γάρ τε καὶ ἄλγεσι τέρπεται ἀνήρ, "Οστις δὴ μάλα πολλὰ πάθῃ καὶ πόλλ ̓ ἐπαληθῇ: ib. 12. 212, καί TOV Tŵyde μvhoeσbai otw. Macrob. Sat. 7. 2, quotes from Eur. (fr. 131), ws Яdú Tol σωθέντα μεμνῆσθαι πόνων, which is translated by Cic. Fin. 2. 32. Contrast 11. 280, "nec veterum memini laetorve malorum." Two assertions are included in Virg.'s words: 'we shall remember these things' (i. e. we shall live to think of them as past, and recall them as we are now recalling previous perils, which is the meaning of Hom. Od. 12. 212), and we shall remember them with pleasure.' 204.] Discrimina rerum' = 'res periculosas. Comp. "miracula rerum" G.4.441. 205.] Heyne inquires how Aeneas came to know the name of Latium, when elsewhere he exhibits so much ignorance about his destination, and answers that he must have been told it by Anchises in the shades,―meaning probably by Helenus in Epirus, as Aeneas does not visit the shades till afterwards. But the proportions of Aeneas' knowledge and ignorance at various times even Virg. himself would probably have found it difficult to adjust (compare e. g. his knowledge of Italy from Creusa 2. 781 with his ignorance afterwards, 3. 100 foll.), so that we need hardly invent an explanation where the poet most likely had none. "Sedes quietae" Lucr. 3. 18 of the abodes of the gods.

206.] Ostendunt,' 'promise.' "Quod mihi saepe ostendis, te esse facturum," Cic. Ep. Div. 5. 12, quoted by Gossrau.

207.] Durate,' 'hold out,' as in G. 2. 295. Τλήτε, φίλοι, II. 2. 299. 'Servate rebus secundis,' like "exitio reservat" 5. 625.

205

210

208-222.] They prepare, cook, and eat their meal, and then lament for their lost comrades.

209.] The balance of the sentence requires that too much stress should not be laid on 'premit,' which will mean not 'represses,' but simply holds concealed.' In 4. 332 the word has more force. Altum corde dolorem' is much the same as "alto corde." 66 Spem fronte serenat" 4.

477.

210.] Praedae dapibusque futuris,' the game which is to be their banquet.

211.] Deripiunt,' though found but in one MS., is rightly preferred by Heyne and Wagn. after Heins. to diripiunt.' Comp. 4. 593, G. 2. 8, notes. On such a question MS. testimony is nearly worthless: see on 6. 734. Viscera,' not only the intestines, but whatever is beneath the skin, the flesh. Serv. The passage is partly imitated from II. 1. 459 foll.

212.] Secant,' sc. viscera.' Henry seems right in saying 'veribus figunt' is pierce with,' not stick on, spits. Trementia,' as Wund. remarks, shows their eagerness.

213.] There is a doubt about the purpose of the 'aena.' Boiled meat was unknown to the Homeric age; but Virgil may have introduced the habit of his own time; and such seems to be the interpretation of Val. Fl. in his imitation 8. 254, where the caldron is skimmed. But, as Henry observes, the other view, that water was heated for bathing before the meal, is strongly supported by a pas sage in Apoll. R. 3. 271 foll., which Virg. probably had in his mind.

τοὶ μὲν μέγαν ἀμφεπένοντο Ταῦρον ἅλις ὁμῶες· τοὶ δὲ ξύλα κάγκανα χαλκῷ

Tum victu revocant viris, fusique per herbam
Inplentur veteris Bacchi pinguisque ferinae.
Postquam exempta fames epulis mensaeque remotae,
Amissos longo socios sermone requirunt,

Spemque metumque inter dubii, seu vivere credant,
Sive extrema pati nec iam exaudire vocatos.
Praecipue pius Aeneas nunc acris Oronti,
Nunc Amyci casum gemit et crudelia secum
Fata Lyci, fortemque Gyan, fortemque Cloanthum.
Et iam finis erat, cum Iuppiter aethere summo
Despiciens mare velivolum terrasque iacentis
Κόπτον· τοὶ δὲ λοετρὰ πυρὶ ζέον.

Δμώες δ' ὁππότε δή σφιν ἐπαρτέα θῆκαν
ἐδωδήν,

Αὐτοί τε λιαροῖσιν ἐφαιδρύναντο λοετροῖς

K.T.A.

214.] Fusi,' stretched,' not 'scattered,' as Henry observes. Comp. "fususque per herbam," G. 2. 527.

215.] Inplentur' is middle, 'fill themselves.' Elsewhere in Virg. it is found with an abl., not with a gen. One MS. here actually adds munere,' as a hemistich. No use of 'ferina,' i. q. ferina caro,' is quoted before Virg.; but he is not likely to have invented it. Comp. 'agnina, bubula,' 'vitulina,' all occurring Plaut. Aul. 2. 8. 4.

216.] Abràp ¿wel móσios kal ¿dntúos pov Evтo, Minoáμevoi dù éteita píxovs EKλaιov éτaĺpovs, Od. 12. 309, 310. Postquam exempta fames' occurs 8. 184, mensaeque remotae' below, v. 723. 'Epulis' here is an instrum. abl. Mensae remotae' is not appropriate to this occasion, but is the general phrase for concluding a meal, derived from the Roman practice of removing the 'mensae' (Dict. A. 'mensa").

217.] Requirunt,' they utter their regret for their companions. "In quo equidem maiorum nostrorum saepe requiro prudentiam," Cic. Parad. 1. 1. 7.

218.] Comp. Aesch. Ag. 667 foll., which Virg. perhaps imitated. With 'seu' after 'dubii' Wagn. comp. 2. 739, "seu lassa resedit, Incertum."

219.] It is not necessary to limit the meaning of extrema' actually to the crisis of death, (which would seem to be the sense of the phrase extrema patisin Tac. H. 4. 54, "famem, ferrum et extrema pati,") as in that case 'passos esse' would be required here. The expression rather implies death as a continuing state: 'to

215

220

be lost. Nec iam exaudire vocatos.' Wund. distinguishes between the conclamatio which took place at the moment of death and the inclamatio' or acclamatio which took place after the burial, and of which we have instances 3. 68., 6. 231, 506; and he thinks that the first is referred to here, on the ground that the Manes were supposed to hear the 'inclamatio.' Henry may be right in going further, and supposing the words to mean that the 'conclamatio,' which, as he observes, was originally a means of ascertaining whether a person was really dead, actually takes place.

220.] Wagn. retains the comma after Aeneas; but there is no reason to separate Aeneas' and 'gemit,' though in 6. 176 " Praecipue pius Aeneas" refers to what had preceded. 'Oronti,' the quasiGreek gen., as Oronten v. 113 is the Greek acc. 'Oronti' is supported here by fragm. Vat., Med., the second reading of Rom. and Gud., Serv., Charisius, and Priscian; but the first reading of Rom. and one or two grammarians have 'Orontis.'

221.] Secum' may imply that while taking part in the general sorrow he indulged his own special griefs, as Achilles weeps for his father and Patroclus while Priam is weeping for Hector, II. 24. 509 foll.

223-253.] Jupiter is surveying the scene in Africa, when Venus addresses him, reminding him of his promise of empire to her Trojans, and contrasting their present sufferings with the success of a Trojan migration under Antenor.'

223.] Finis erat' is an imitation of the Homeric transitions, &s oi μèv TolaÛTa πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἀγόρευον κ.τ.λ. And now at last their mourning had an end.' 'Et iam' followed by 'cum,' like 'iamque' 3. 135.

224.] The scene between Venus and

Litoraque et latos populos, sic vertice caeli
Constitit et Libyae defixit lumina regnis.
Atque illum talis iactantem pectore curas
Tristior et lacrimis oculos suffusa nitentis

Adloquitur Venus: O qui res hominumque deumque
Aeternis regis inperiis, et fulmine terres,
Quid meus Aeneas in te committere tantum,
Quid Troes potuere, quibus, tot funera passis,
Cunctus ob Italiam terrarum clauditur orbis?
Certe hinc Romanos olim, volventibus annis,
Hinc fore ductores, revocato a sanguine Teucri,

:

Jupiter is said to be from Naevius, by
Macrob. Sat. 6. 2, quoted p. 23 above.
Velivolum' is said by Macrob. Sat. 6. 5
to be borrowed from the Helena of Livius
(Laevius ?) tu qui permensus ponti
maria alta velivola.'. It occurs as an
epithet of ships in Lucr. 5. 1442, and
in two fragments of Ennius. The word
here may be meant to recall the scene
which has just taken place on the sea;
but it need mean no more than the
sea with all its sails, as the earth with
all its peoples. Comp. Lucr. 1. 2, caeli
subter labentia signa Quae mare navi-
gerum quae terras frugiferentis Concele-
bras." "
Terras iacentis,' the earth lying
outstretched beneath his gaze, as "glebas
iacentis" (G. 1. 65) is the soil lying out
stretched to the sun.

224.] Dispiciens,' the reading of two MSS., mentioned by Serv., is restored by Ribbeck, who refers to Lachm. on Lucr. 4. 236. Lachm.'s position is that despicere' only takes the acc. in the sense of contempt, an opinion improbable in itself, as the metaphorical meaning must have come from the literal, and requiring the alteration of various passages. The change, as remarked on v. 211, is slight, and might be made even without MSS.; but the reason for it appears to fail completely.

225.] Latos populos' occurs in Ennius, Ann. 1. fr. 4 (Vahlen). Sic,' i. e. sic despiciens.' Comp. 7. 668, where "sic subibat" refers to " torquens" and "indutus."

Vertice caeli' Virg. has evidently taken these words from Il. 8. 51, avròs d' ¿V KOPVOÑσι KABÉČETO. Comp. also ib. 5. 754, ἀκροτάτῃ κορυφῇ πολυδειράδος Οὐλύμποιο, Hom. however intended the summit of the mountain Olympus; while Virg. apparently had a notion of the highest point of a celestial region, the same which he calls "caeli arcem," v. 250.

227.] The import of 'talis' is to be

225

230

235

gathered from the preceding lines, especially from Libyae defixit lumina regnis.' 228.] The euphemistic comparative tristior' may be explained with reference either to the habitual joyousness of Venus, φιλομμειδής Αφροδίτη, or, as Henry thinks, to the tearless serenity of the gods, for which he comp. Ov. F. 4. 521.

229.] "Hominumque deorumque," 2.745, which Heins., Bentley, and Wakefield prefer here. Ribbeck observes in confirmation of this, that elsewhere in Virg. 'deum' always occurs in the middle, deorum' at the end of a verse: but this is more likely to have been the result of ordinary metri cal convenience than of design, and other commentators seem right in claiming for the poet liberty to use a hypermeter or not as he pleases.Res hominumque deumque,' taken in a loose sense for the universe, is the object of 'terres.'

231.] The language, as Heyne remarks, is modelled on II. 4. 31, the sense on Od. 1. 62.

232.] Quibus clauditur.' In prose we should have had claudatur,' as the logical reference of the clause quibus clauditur' is evidently to 'tantum.' It matters little whether we explain 'funera' of the deaths that had actually thinned the Trojan nation, or as a strong expression for 'clades.'

233.] Ob Italiam,' for the sake of Italy,' I. e. to prevent their reaching Italy. This seems clearly better than with Schirach and Hand to explain the words "errantibus circum Italiam."

234, 235.] We may either take 'hinehine' as a mere repetition, or suppose that there are two clauses: hinc fore Romanos, hinc fore ductores a sanguine Teucri." Volventibus annis' is Homer's Tepiλoμένων ἐνιαυτῶν. 'Revocato,' 'revived,' after the national extinction of Troy. Comp. G. 4. 282, "Nec genus unde novae stirpis revocetur habebit."

Qui mare, qui terras omni dicione tenerent,
Pollicitus, quae te, genitor, sententia vertit?
Hoc equidem occasum Troiae tristisque ruinas
Solabar, fatis contraria fata rependens;

Nunc eadem fortuna viros tot casibus actos
Insequitur. Quem das finem, rex magne, laborum?
Antenor potuit, mediis elapsus Achivis,
Illyricos penetrare sinus atque intima tutus