Substantives or Nouns. Grammar, p. 11 to 19. How Exercises, p. 8, 9, 10, 11. Questions. What is a Substantive? Mention some substantives. may a substantive be distinguished? How are substantives divided? Explain each kind. Of what kind are the names given to a whole class ?—to individuals? How do proper nouns become common? Mention whether the following nouns are proper or common, and give the reason; London, Book, Leeds, England, River, Hope, Food, City, Tables, Horses, Scotland, William, Joys, Desks, Honour, Flowers, the Aire, the Thames, Snowdon. Mention the properties of nouns. What is gender? How many genders are there? Mention them. Explain each of them. What is the common gender? Of what gender are inanimate objects considered when personified? Give an instance. In how many ways is the feminine gender of nouns distinguished? What is the feminine gender of Bachelor, beau, boar, boy, brother, buck, bull &c. What is the masculine gender, of Maid, belle, sow, girl, sister, doe, cow, heifer, hen, filly, &c.? What is the feminine gender of Abbot, actor, administrator, adulterer, ambassador, arbiter, author, &c.? What is the masculine gender of Abbess, actress, administratrix, adulteress, ambassadress, arbitress, &c.? What is the feminine gender of Cock-sparrow, he-goat, &c.? What is the masculine gender of Hen-sparrow, she-goat, &c.? Mention some words that have the same termination for both genders. What is Number? Mention the numbers and explain each. In what form is the singular expressed? How is the plural of nouns generally formed? How do nouns in ch soft form the plural ?-in s, sh, x, z, o, after a consonant?— in o after a vowel ?-in ch hard ?-in for fe ?-in ff? What words in o after a consonant require only s to form the plural? What words in ƒ have the regular plural? How do nouns in y after a consonant form the plural?-in y after a vowel? What words form the plural in en? Mention those that are formed irregularly. Explain the terms brothers and brethren, dies and dice, fish and fishes, genii and geniuses, peas and pease, pennies and pence. How do the words spoonful, mouthful, mantrap, &c. form the plural? What compounds have the s annexed to the first word? How do nouns adopted with out alteration, from foreign languages, form their plurals? How do nouns ending in um or on form the plural? What is the plural of Animalculum, aphelion, &c. How do nouns in is form their plural? What is the plural of Amanuensis, antithesis, &c.? How do nouns in a, us, en, ex, ix, or x after a consonant, form their plural? What is the plural of Apex, appendix, calculus, &c.? What is the difference between indices, and indexes? What words are the same in both numbers? What is the plural of cherab, seraph, beau, chamois, &c.? What is the plural of deer, sheep, swine, &c.? How is the singular of such words denoted? In what sense are horse, foot, infantry, cavalry, considered ?—canon, shot, sail? What words have no plural? Mention the exceptions to this rule. What rule do proper nouns when pluralized follow? Give examples of this. Mention some words that are used only in the plural? What observations are made respecting the use and signification of pains, much pains, means, amends, gallows, news? In what sense are conics, ethics, mathematics, &c. considered? How many persons have nouns? Explain each. Of what person is the speaker?-the person addressed?-the person spoken of? What is Case? How many cases are there? Mention them and explain each. What case expresses ownership or property?—the simple name?---the object of an action or relation? How may the import of the possessive be in general expressed? Which is the Norman and which is the Saxon possessive? Of what is 's a contraction? Why is the apostrophe so called? What is meant by the terms agent and object? What is meant by declining a noun ? Decline Father, Man. How is the possessive plural of father formed? and why?-of man? and why? In the sentence," John has cut Thomas's finger," mention which is the actor--the nominative case-the verb-the object-the possessive case. What rule is given for finding the nominative case?--the objective case? 3. Exercises a. Mention the gender of the following nouns. Prince, owl, trees, house, hens, horse, cherry, father, ball, stick, friend, man, paper, woman, chair, mother, desk, girl, boy, quill, master, babe, duck, parent, sugar, children, sister, pupils, milk, cousin, cottage, aunt. b. Mention the gender of the following nouns, and give the opposite to each; ---Cow, boar, roe, horse, queen, lad, lady, master, nephew, mamma, nun, earl, filly, dog, hen, heifer, ram, madam, rake, sire (the king), son, stag, uncle, witch, hind, slut, abbot, arbitress, bride, heir, hero, hostess, czar, duke, electress, pea-hen, negress, jewess, heroine, governess, lion, priest, sultan, tyranness, widow, viscount, sorcerer, singer, prophet, poet, giant.--Amazon, guide, brunette, dowager, milliner, siren. c. Mention the number of the following, and give the opposite ;--Cloud, vices, leaves, horse, knives, quill, virtue, genus, datum, misses, grottos, life, hoof, staves, ox, mesdames, goose, Messrs, pence, lyceum, strata, emporia, emphases, proboscides, oasis, magus, radii, stamen, tumuli, seraphim, calx, fungi, tripos, nebulæ, genus, hiatus, dogmata, monsieur, virtuosi, bandit, alms, idleness, beaux, ethics, news, gold, ellipses, speculum. Exercises. d. Nominatives Plural corrected. Faces, hats, tops, thoughts, books, desks, quills. Exception 1. Crutches, lasses, brushes, boxes, topazes, negroes, matches, taxes, rebuses, isthmuses, cargoes, dishes, asses. Stomachs, distichs, nuncios, punctilios, tyros, grottos, octavos. Exc. 2. Loaves, wives, lives, calves, halves.-Stuffs, ruffs, puffs, Proofs, mischiefs, gulfs, fifes, strifes. Exc. 3. Cherries, fancies, glories, duties.-Plays, boys, valleys. Exc. 4. Men, women, footmen, children, oxen ;-Turkomans, Mussulmans. Exc. 5. Brothers or brethren, dies (for coining), feet, genii (aërial spirits), geniuses (persons of genius), geese, lice, Messrs, mice, pence or pennies, mouthfuls, man-traps, aids-de-camp, cousins german. Exc. 6. Criteria, emporia, phenomina.-Axes, ignes-fatui, theses, tripodes.-Colossi, foramina, formulæ, indices (algebraical quantities), radii, vortices, genera, dogmata and dogmas.-Cherubim and cherubs, Messieurs, beaux.-Banditti, virtuosi. Promiscuous. Woes, cries, losses, wolves, branches, fishes, fathers-in-law, turfs, journeys, churches, chiefs, foxes, knives, beaux, heiresses, girls, flashes, prospectuses, dwarfs, aldermen, echoes, sows, teeth, thieves, manifestoes, suns, volcanoes, phases, ephemerides, strata, radices, mesdames, camera-obscuras, proofs, quartos, wharfs, mesdames (the plur. of Mrs.), dice (for gaming), specula, (pride and sloth, have no plural.) e. f. The Exercises under e and ƒ will be readily corrected. g. The Possessive Singular and Plural;—Ally's, (s.) allies' (p); rush's, rushes'; body's, bodies'; fancy's, fancies'; life's, lives'; half's, halves'; wife's, wives'; day's, days'; joy's, joys'; sky's, skies'; glory's, glories'; thief's, thieves'; sheaf's, sheaves; delay's, delays'; arch's, arches'; reproach's, reproaches'; loss's, losses'; hero's, heroes'; folly's, follies'; shelf's, shelves'; stomach's, stomachs'; stuff's, stuffs'; survey's, surveys'; village's, villages'; pin's, pins'; needle's, needles'; lynx's, lynxes'; harp's, harps'; success's, successes'; heresy's, heresies'; distaff's, distaffs'; lass's, lasses'; cat's, cats'; woman's, women's. h. The Errors in the possessive case corrected. This is a man's hat. These were the men's reasons. Women's fears. The child's book. Robert's shoe. Eurotas's banks. My father's house. James's books. The tigress's teeth. The hostess's attention. i. The Exercises under Gender, &c., will present no difficulty. j, k, l. These Exercises will in future be omitted. The remaining portion of Part 2nd, from p. 20 to p. 29, will present no difficulties which cannot readily be surmounted by the rules given in the Grammar. Questions. What is Syntax? What is a Sentence? Mention the several kinds of sentences. Explain a simple sentence-personal verbs-compound sentence-explicative-negative-imperative-interrogative-a phrase-the subject-attribute-object-the predicate-copula. Adduce an example of each of the preceding. How are sentences divided? What are clauses--members? The principal clauses-parenthetical clauses?-adjuncts? Give an example of each. Of how many parts does Syntax consist? Mention them and explain each. What parts of speech agree with each other?-which govern--qualify--connect? What is the proper arrangement of words? Mention the different concords. RULE 1. A Verb with its Nominative. Exercises, p 32, 33, 34. Grammar, p. 66, 67, 68. Exercises on the Rule. You were there. They were absent, Were you present? Are the shoes ready? Were the horses ready? There is a flock of geese. Where are the scissors ? Have your brothers been absent? Assiduity makes all things easy. Fair words cost nothing. Necessity is the mother of invention. There are three of us present. The prudent are generally successful. There are no roses without a thorn. Short reckonings make long friends. Too great a variety of studies tends to weaken the judgment. Thou, Lord, seest us in all our ways, and discernest all our motives. Your lordship is acquainted with the facts. A knowledge of languages is obtained only by steady application. The effluvia escape. Frequent commission of crimes hardens the heart. In our earliest youth the contagion of manners is observable. Not one of those whom thou seest clothed in purple is happy. Three years' interest was paid. A man's manners frequently influence his fortune. The merit of such performances, begins and ends with the same author. The pedigree of each was defective. Hope, the balm of life, soothes us under misfortunes. The Lord giveth and taketh away; or, gives and takes away. He has enriched it by many donations, and has conferred numerous other benefits; or, hath enriched it, and hath conferred, &c. Thou lovedst him and assistedst him; Thou didst love and didst assist him. or, Exercises on Note 1. To forgive injuries is the mark of a noble mind. To be of a pure and humble mind, to exercise benevolence towards others, to cultivate piety towards God, are the sure means of becoming peaceful and happy. From a fear of the world's censure, to be ashamed of the practice of precepts, which the acter. heart approves and embraces, marks a feeble and imperfect charThat it is our duty to promote the purity of our minds and bodies admits not of any doubt. Note 2. He was a man whose vices were very great, and who had the art to conceal them from the eyes of the public. These curiosities we have imported from China, and they are similar to those which were some time ago brought from Africa; or, These curiosities which we have imported from China are similar, &c. At the foot of this hill was soon built such a number of houses, that it (number) amounted to a considerable city; or, were soon built so many houses, that they amounted, &c. Note 3. Though these friendly admonitions of Swift might sometimes produce good effects in particular cases, when properly timed, yet they could do but little towards eradicating faults. However virtue may be neglected for a time, men are so constituted as ultimately to acknowledge and respect genuine merit. Note 4. There, all thy gifts and graces we display, Lo great Æneas rushes to the fight, Note 5. Controversy was his chief occupation and enjoyment. Dark waters and thick clouds were his pavilion. Peace and honour are the crown of virtue. Note 6. His language was as follows. His assertions were as follow. Their opinions were, as it appears, perfectly unjustifiable. Promiscuous Exercises on the whole Rule.-A variety of pleasing objects charms the eye. The mechanism of clocks and watches was totally unknown a few centuries ago. To act with caution, but with steadiness and vigour, distinguishes the manly character. What is become of your friends? Modesty and frankness are the comeliness of youth. Besides these which I have mentioned, there were many other countries fruitful in corn. To defraud any man of his due praise, is unworthy of a philosopher. The minister's motion was attacked with all the artillery of eloquence. The data were insufficient. Now the pine-tree's waving top, gently greets the morning gale. Thou deservest punishment, thou thyself being judge. An annuity of three thousand pounds |