(202) "A very fragrant grass from the banks of the Ganges, near Heridwar, which in some places covers whole acres, and diffuses, when crushed, a strong odor."-Sir W. Jones on the Spikenard of the Ancients.

(203) "Near this is a curious hill, called Koh Talism, the Mountain of the Talisman, because, according to the traditions of the country, no person ever succeeded in gaining its summit."-Kinneir.

(204) The Arabians believe that the ostriches hatch their young by only looking at them.”—P. Vanslebe, Relat. d'Egypte. (205) See Sale's Koran, note, vol. ii. p. 484.

(206) Oriental Tales.

(207) Ferishta. "Or rather," says Scott, upon the passage of Ferishta, from which this is taken, "small coins, stamped with the figure of a flower. They are still used in India to distribute in charity, and, on occasion, thrown by the pursebearers of the great among the populace."

(208) The fine road made by the Emperor Jehan-Guire from Agra to Lahore, planted with trees on each side. This road is 250 leagues in length. It has little pyramids or turrets," says Bernier, "erected every half league, to mark the ways, and frequent wells to afford drink to passengers, and to water the young trees.”

(209) The Baya, or Indian Gross-beak."-Sir W. Jones.

(210) "Here is a large pagoda by a tank, on the water of which float multitudes of the beautiful red lotus: the flower is larger than that of the white water-lily, and is the most lovely of the nymphæas I have seen.”—Mrs. Graham's Journal of a Residence in India.

(211) "On les voit persécutés par les Khalifes se retirer dans les montagnes du Kerman; plusieurs choisirent pour retraite la Tartarie et la Chine; d'autres s'arrêtérent sur les bords du Gange, à l'est de Delhi."-M. Anquetil, Mémoires de l'Académie, tom. xxxi. p. 346.

(212) The "Ager ardens" described by Kempfer, Amanitat. Exot.

(213) Cashmere (says its historians) had its own princes 4000 years before its conquest by Akbar in 1585. Akbar would have found some difficulty to reduce this paradise of the Indies, situated as it is within such a fortress of mountains, but its monarch, Yusef-Khan, was basely betrayed by his Omrahs." -Pennant.

(214) Voltaire tells us that in his Tragedy, Les Guèbres," he was generally supposed to have alluded to the Jansenists. I should not be surprised if this story of the Fire-worshippers were found capable of a similar doubleness of application.

(215) The Persian Gulf, sometimes so called, which separates the shores of Persia and Arabia.

(216) The present Gombaroon, a town on the Persian side of the Gulf.

(217) A Moorish instrument of music.

(218) At Gombaroon and other places in Persia, they have towers for the purpose of catching the wind, and cooling the houses."-Le Bruyn.

(219) "Iran is the true general name for the empire of Persia."-Asiat. Res., Disc. 5.

(220) "On the blades of their cimeters some verse from the Koran is usually inscribed."-Russel.

(221) "There is a kind of Rhododendros about Trebizond, whose flowers the bee feeds upon, and the honey thence drives people mad."-Tournefort.

(222) Their kings wear plumes of black herons' feathers upon the right side, as a badge of sovereignty.”—Hanway.

(223) The Fountain of Youth, by a Mahometan tradition, is situated in some dark region of the East."-Richardson. (224) Arabia Felix.

(225) In the midst of the garden is the chiosk, that 18, a large room, commonly beautifled with a fine fountain in the midst of it. It is raised nine or ten steps, and enclosed with gilded lattices, round which vines, jessamines, and honeysuckles, make a sort of green wall; large trees are planted round this place, which is the scene of their greatest pleasures."-Lady M. W. Montagu.

(226) The women of the East are never without their looking-glasses. "In Barbary," says Shaw, "they are so fond of their looking-glasses, which they hang upon their breasts, that they will not lay them aside, even when after the drudgery of the day they are obliged to go two or three miles with a pitcher or a goat's skin to fetch water."-Travels.

In other parts of Asia they wear little looking-glasses on their thumbs. "Hence (and from the lotus being considered the emblem of beauty) is the meaning of the following mute intercourse of two lovers before their parents:

"He with salute of def'rence due,

A lotus to his forehead press'd;
She raised her mirror to his view,
Then turn'd it inward to her breast.''

Asiatic Miscellany, vol. fi.

(227) They say that if a snake or serpent fix his eyes on the lustre of those stones, (emeralds,) he immediately becomes blind."-Ahmed ben Abdalaziz, Treatise on Jewels.

(228) At Gombaroon and the Isle of Ormus it is sometimes so hot, that the people are obliged to lie all day in the water." -Marco Polo.

(229) This mountain is generally supposed to be inaccessible. Struy says, "I can well assure the reader that their opinion is not true, who suppose this mount to be inaccessible." He adds, that the lower part of the mountain is cloudy, misty. and dark, the middlemost part very cold, and like clouds of snow, but the upper regions perfectly calm."-It was on this mountain that the Ark was supposed to have rested after the Deluge, and part of it, they say, exists there still, which Struy thus gravely accounts for:-"Whereas none can remember that the air on the top of the hill did ever change or was subject either to wind or rain, which is presumed to be the reason that the Ark has endured so long without being rotten."— See Carreri's Travels, where the doctor laughs at this whole account of Mount Ararat.

(230) In one of the books of the Shah Nâmeh, when Zal (a celebrated hero of Persia, remarkable for his white hair) comes to the terrace of his mistress Rodahver at night, she lets down her long trosses to assist him in his ascent;-he, however, manages it in a less romantic way, by fixing his crook in a projecting beam.-See Champion's Ferdosi,

(231) "On the lofty hills of Arabia Petræa are rock-goats.”— Niebuhr.

(232) "Canun, espèce de psaltérion, avec des cordes de boy

anx; les dames en touchent dans le sérail, avec des décailles armées de pointes de cooc.”—Toderini, trans, by De Cournand.

(233) They (the Ghebers) lay so much stress on their Cushee, or girdle, as not to dare to be an instant without it."Grose's Voyage.-"Le jeune hom ne nia d'abord la chose; mais ayant ét dépouillé de sa robe, et la large ceinture qu'il portait comme Ghèbre," &c. &c.-D'Herhelot, art Agduani. “Pour 8 distinguer des Idolatres de l'inde, les Gaébres se c'ignent tous d'un cordon de laine, ou de poil de chameau."Encyclope lie Francaise.

D'Herbelot says this belt was generally of leather.

(234) ↳ Thy suppose the Throne of the Almighty is seated in the sun, and hence their worship of that luminary.”—Han10.21. As to fire, the Ghebers place the spring-head of it in that globe of fire, the Sun, by them called Mythras, or Mihir, to which they pay the highest reverence, in gratitude for the manifold benefits flowing from its ministerial omniscience. But they are so far from confounding the subordination of the Servant with the majesty of its Creator, that they not only attribute no sort of sense or reasoning to the sun or fire, in any of its operations, but consider it as a purely passive blind instrument, directed and governed by the immediate impression on it of the will of God; but they do not even give that luminary, all-glorious as it is, more than the second rank amongst his works, reserving the first for that stupendous production of divine power, the mind of man."-Grose. The false charges brought against the religion of these people by their Mussulman tyrants is but one proof among many of the truth of this writer's remark, that calumny is often added to oppression, if but for the sake of justifying it."

(235) The Mamelukes that were in the other boat, when it was dark used to shoot up a sort of flery arrows into the air, which in some measure resembled lightning or falling stars."Baumgarten.

(236) "Within the enclosure which surrounds this monument (at Gualior) is a small tomb to the memory of Tan-Sein, a musician of incomparable skill, who flourished at the court of Akbar. The tomb is overshadowed by a tree, concerning which a superstitious notion prevails, that the chewing of its leaves will give an extraordinary melody to the voice.”—Narrative of a Journey from Agra to Ouzein, by W. Hunter, Esq.

(237) "It is usual to place a small white triangular flag, fixed to a bamboo staff of ten or twelve feet long, at the place where a tiger has destroyed a man. It is common for the passengers also to throw each a stone or brick near the spot, so that in the course of a little time a pile equal to a good wagon-load is collected. The sight of these flags and piles of stones imparts a certain melancholy, not perhaps, altogether void of apprehension."-Oriental Field Sports, vol. ii.

(238) The Fiens Indica is called the Pagod Tree and Tree of Councils; the first, from the idols placed under its shade; the second, because meetings were held under its cool branches. In some places it is believed to be the haunt of spectres, as the ancient spreading orks of Wales have been of fairies; in others are erected beneath the shade, pillars of stone, or posts, elegantly curved, and ornamented with the most beautiful porcelain to supply the use of mirrors."-Pennant.

(239) The Persian Gulf.-To dive for pearls in the Green Sea, or Persian Gulf.”—Sir W. Jones.

(240) Islands in the Gulf.

(241) Or Selemeh, the genuine name of the headland at the entrance of the Gulf, commonly called Cape Musseldom. "The Indians, when they pass the promontory, throw cocoa

In the Lettres Edifiantes, there is a different cause assigned for its name of Holy. "In these are deep caverns, which formerly served as so many cells for a great number of recluses, who had chosen these retreats as the only witnesses upon earth of the severity of their penance. The tears of these pious penitents gave the river of which we have just treated the name of the Holy River."-See Châteaubriand's Beauties of Christianity.

(250) This mountain is my own creation, as the stupendous chain," of which I suppose it a link, does not extend quite so far as the shores of the Persian Gul. This long and lofty range of mountains formerly divided Media from Assyria, and now forms the boundary of the Persian and Turkish empires. It runs parallel with the river Tigris and Persian Gulf, and almost disappearing in the vicinity of Gomberoon, (Harmozia,) seems once inore to rise in the southern districts of Kerman, and following an easterly course through the centre of Meckraun and Balouchistan, is entirely lost in the deserts of Sinde." -Kinnier's Persian Empire.

(251) These birds sleep in the air. They are most common about the Cape of Good Hope.

(252) "There is an extraordinary hill in this neighborhood called Kohé Gubr, or the Gaebre's mountain. It rises in the form of a lofty cupola, and on the summit of it, they say, are the remains of an Atush Kudu, or Fire Temple. It is superstitiously held to be the residence of Deeves or Sprites, and many marvellous stories are recounted of the injury and witchcraft suffered by those who essayed in former days to ascend or explore it."-Pottinger's Beloochistan.

(253) The Ghebers generally built their temples over subter raneous fires.

(254) "At the city of Yezd, in Persia, which is distinguished by the appellation of the Darùb Abadut, or Seat of Religion, the Guebres are permitted to have an Atush Kudu or Fire Temple (which, they assert, has had the sacred fire in it since the days of Zoroaster) in their own compartment of the city; but for this indulgence they are indebted to the avarice, not the tolerance of the Persian government, which taxes them at twenty-five rupees each man."-Pottinger's Beloochistan.

(265) "They say that there are apple-trees upon the sides of this ses, which bear very lovely fruit, but within are all full of ashes."-Therenot. The same is asserted of the oranges there; vide Witman's Travels in Asiatic Turkey.

"The Asphalt Lake, known by the name of the Dead Sea, is very remarkable on account of the considerable proportion of salt which it contains. In this respect it surpasses every other known water on the surface of the earth. This great proporon of bitter-tasted salts is the reason why neither animal nor plant can live in this water."-Klaproth's Chemical Analysis of the Water of the Dead Sea, Annals of Philosophy, January, 1813. Hasselquist, however, doubts the truth of this last assertion, as there are shell-fish to be found in the lake.

Lord Byron has a similar allusion to the fruits of the Dead Sea, in that wonderful display of genius, his third Canto of Childe Harold-magnificent, beyond any thing, perhaps that even he has ever written.

(266) The Suhrab or Water of the Desert is said to be caused by the rarefaction of the atmosphere from extreme heat; and, which augments the delusion, it is most frequent in hollows, where water might be expected to lodge. I have seen bushes and trees reflected in it, with as much accuracy as though it had been the face of a clear and still lake."Pottinger.

"As to the unbelievers, their works are like a vapor in a plain, which the thirsty traveller thinketh to be water, until when he cometh thereto he findeth it to be nothing."-Koran, chap. 24.

(267) “A wind which prevails in February, called Bidmusk, from a small and odoriferous flower of that name."--" The wind which blows these flowers commonly lasts till the end of the month."-Le Bruyn.

(268) The Biajus are of two races: the one is settled on Borneo, and are a rude but warlike and industrious nation, who reckon themselves the original possessors of the island of Borneo. The other is a species of sea-gipsies or itinerant fishermen, who live in small covered boats, and enjoy a perpetual summer on the eastern ocean, shifting to leeward from island to island, with the variations of the monsoon. In some of their customs this singular race resemble the natives of the Maldivia islands. The Maldivians annually launch a sinall bark, loaded with perfumes, gums, flowers, and odoriferous wood, and turn it adrift at the mercy of wind and waves, as an offering to the Spirit of the Winds; and sometimes similar offerings are made to the spirit whom they term the King of the Sea. In like manner the Biajus perform their offering to the god of evil, launching a small bark, loaded with all the sins and misfortunes of the nation, which are imagined to fall on the unhappy crew that may be so unlucky as first to meet with it."-Dr. Leyden on the Language and Literature of the Indo-Chinese Nations.

(291) The Ghebers say that when Abraham, their great Prophet, was thrown into the fire by order of Nimrod, the flame turned instantly into "a bed of roses, where the child sweetly reposed."— Tavernier.

Of their other Prophet, Zoroaster, there is a story told in Dion Prus@us, Orat. 36, that the love of wisdom and virtue leading him to a solitary life upon a mountain, he found it one day all in a flame, shining with celestial fire, out of which he came without any harm, and instituted certain sacrifices to God, who, he declared, then appeared to him.-Vide Patrick on Exodus, iii. 2.

(292) "The shell called Siiankos, common to India, Africa, and the Mediterranean, and still used in many parts as a trumpet for blowing alarms or giving signals; it sends forth a deep and hollow sound."-Pennant.

(293) The finest ornament for the horses is made of six large flying tassels of long white hair, taken out of the tails of wild

oxen, that are to be found in some places of the Indies."— Thevenot.

(294) "The angel Israfil, who has the most melodious voice of all God's creatures."-Sale.

(295) See Hoole upon the Story of Sinbad.

(296) "In this thicket upon the banks of the Jordan several sorts of wild beasts are wont to harbor themselves, whose being washed out of the covert by the overflowings of the river, gave occasion to that allusion of Jeremiah, he shall come up like a lion from the swelling of Jordan."-Maundre!l's Aleppo.

(297) This wind (the Samoor) so softens the strings of lutes, that they can never be tuned while it lasts.”—Stephen's Persia.

(298) "One of the greatest curiosities found in the Persian Gulf is a fish which the English call Star-fish. It is circular, and at night very luminous, resembling the full moon surrounded by rays."-Mirza Abu Taleb.

(299) For a description of the merriment of the date-time, of their work, their dances, and their return home from the palm-groves at the end of autumn with the fruits, see Kempfer, Amanitat. Ezot.

(300) Some naturalists have imagined that amber is a concretion of the tears of birds.-See Trecour, Chambers.

(301) The bay Kieselarke, which is otherwise called the Golden Bay, the sand whereof shines as fire."-Struy.

(302) The application of whips or rods."-Dubois.

(303) Kempfer mentions such an officer among the attendants of the King of Persia, and calls him "formæ corporis estimator." His business was, at stated periods, to measure the ladies of the Haram by a sort of regulation-girdle, whose limits it was not thought graceful to exceed. If any of them outgrew this standard of shape, they were reduced by abstinence till they came within proper bounds.

(304) The Attock.

"Akbar on his way ordered a fort to be built upon the Nilab, which he called Attock, which means in the Indian language Forbidden; for, by the superstition of the Hindoos, it was held unlawful to cross that river."--Dow's Hindostan.

(305) The inhabitants of this country (Zinge) are never afflicted with sadness or melancholy; on this subject the Sheikh Abu-al-Kheir-Azhari has the following distich:

"Who is the man without care and sorrow, (tell) that I may rub my hand to him.

"(Behold) the Zingians, without care or sorrow, frolicsome, with tipsiness and mirth.'

"The philosophers have discovered that the cause of this cheerfulness proceeds from the influence of the star Soheil, or Canopus, which rises over them every night.-Extract from a Geographical Persian Manuscript, called Heft Aklim, or the Seven Climates, translated by W. Ouseley, Esq.

(306) The star Soheil, or Canopus,

(307) The lizard Stellio. The Arabs call it Hardun. The Turks kill it, for they imagine, that by declining the head it mimics them when they say their prayers."-Hasselquist.

(308) For these particulars respecting Hussun Abdaul I am indebted to the very interesting Introduction of Mr. Elphinstone's work upon Caubul.

(300) "As you enter at that Bazar, without the gate of Damascus, you see the Green Mosque, so called because it hath a steeple faced with green glazed bricks, which render it very resplendent; it is covered at top with a pavilion of the same stuff. The Turks say this mosque was made in that place, because Mahomet being come so far, would not enter the town, saying it was too delicious."-Thevenot. This reminds one of the following pretty passage in Isaac Walton:-"When I sat last on this primrose bank, and looked down these meadows, I thought of them as Charles the Emperor did of the city of Florence, that they were too pleasant to be looked on, but only on holidays.""

(310) Nourmahal signifies Light of the Haram. She was afterwards called Nourjehan, or the Light of the World.

(311) See note 275.

(312) "Haroun Al Raschid, cinquième Khalife des Abassides, s'étant un jour brouillé, avec une de ses maîtresses nommée Maridah, qu'il aimait cependant jusqu'à l'excès, et cette mėsintelligence ayant déjà durée quelque tems, commença à s'ennuyer. Giafar Barmaki, son favori, qui s'en appercût, commanda à Abbas ben Ahnaf, excellent poëte de ce tems là, de composer quelques vers sur le sujet de cette brouillerie. Ce poëte exécuta l'ordre de Giafar, qui fit chanter ces vers par Moussali en présence du Khalife, et ce prince fut tellement touché de la tendresse des vers du poëte, et de la douceur de la voix du musicien, qu'il alla aussitôt trouver Maridah, et fit sa paix avec elle."-D'Herbeiot.

(313) The rose of Kashmire for its brilliancy and delicacy of odor has long been proverbial in the East."-Forster.

(314) "Tied round her waist the zone of bells, that sounded with ravishing melody."-Song of Jayadeva.

(315) "The little isles in the Lake of Cachemire are set with arbors and large-leaved aspen-trees, slender and tall.”— Bernier.

(316) The Tuckt Suliman, the name bestowed by the Mahommetans on this hill, forms one side of a grand portal to the Lake."-Forster.

(317) "The Feast of Roses continues the whole time of their remaining in bloom."-See Pietro de la Valle.

(318) "Gul sad berk, the Rose of a hundred leaves. I believe a particular species.”—Ouseley.

(319) Bernier.

(320) A place mentioned in the Toozek Jehangeery, or Memoirs of Jehan-Guire, where there is an account of the beds of saffron-flowers about Cashmere.

(321) "It is the custom among the women to employ the Maazeen to chant from the gallery of the nearest minaret, which on that occasion is illuminated, and the women assembled at the house respond at intervals with a ziraleet or joyous chorus."-Russel.

(322) "The swing is a favorite pastime in the East, as promoting a circulation of air, extremely refreshing in those sultry climates."-Richardson.

"The swings are adorned with festoons. This pastime is accompanied with music of voices and of instruments, hired by the masters of the swings."-Thevenot.

(323) "At the keeping of the Feast of Roses we beheld an infinite number of tents pitched, with such a crowd of men, VOL. II.-11

women, boys, and girls, with music, dances," &c., &c.Herbert.

(324) “An old commentator of the Chou-King says, the ancients having remarked that a current of water made some of the stones near its banks send forth a sound, they detached some of them, and being charmed with the delightful sound they emitted, constructed King or musical instruments of them."-Grosier.

This miraculous quality has been attributed also to the shore of Attica. "Hujus littus, ait Capella, concentum musicum illisis terræ undis reddere, quod propter tantam eruditionis vim puto dictum."-Ludov. Vives in Augustin. de Civitat. Dei, lib. xviii. c. 8.

(325) Jehan-Guire was the son of the Great Acbar.

(326) In the wars of the Dives with the Peris, whenever the former took the latter prisoners, "they shut them up in iron cages, and hung them on the highest trees. Here they were visited by their companions, who brought them the choicest odors."-Richardson.

(327) In the Malay language the same word signifies women and flowers.

(328) The capital of Shadukiam. See note 196.

(329) See the representation of the Eastern Cupid, pinioned closely round with wreaths of flowers, in Picart's Cerémonies Religieuses.

(330) "Among the birds of Tonquin is a species of goldfinch which sings so melodiously that it is called the Celestial Bird. Its wings, when it is perched, appear variegated with beautiful colors, but when it flies they lose all their splendor."Grosier.

(331) "As these birds on the Bosphorus are never known to rest, they are called by the French les âmes damnées."-Dalloway.

(332) "You may place a hundred handfuls of fragrant herbs and flowers before the nightingale, yet he wishes not, in his constant heart, for more than the sweet breath of his beloved rose."-Jami.

(333) "He is said to have found the great Mantra, spell or talisman, through which he ruled over the elements and spirits of all denominations."-Wilford.

(334) "The gold jewels of Jinnie, which are called by the Arabs El Herrez, from the supposed charm they contain."-Jackson.

(335) "A demon, supposed to haunt woods, &c., in a human shape."-Richardson.

(336) The name of Jehan-Guire before his accession to the throne.

(337) "Hemasagara, or the Sea of Gold, with flowers of the brightest gold color."-Sir W. Jones.

(338) This tree (the Nagacesara) is one of the most delightful on earth, and the delicious odor of its blossoms justly gives them a place in the quiver of Camadeva, or the God of Love." -Sir W. Jones.

(339) The Malayans style the tube-rose (Polianthes tuberosa) Sandal Malam, or the Mistress of the Night."-Pennant.

(340) The people of the Batta country in Sumatra, (of which