(77) "My Pandits assure me that the plant before us (the Nilica) is their Sephalica, thus named because the bees are supposed to sleep on its blossoms."-Sir W. Jones.

(78) "They deferred it till the King of Flowers should ascend his throne of enamelled foliage."-The Bahardanush.

(79) "One of the head-dresses of the Persian women is composed of a light golden chain-work, set with small pearls, with a thin gold plate pendent, about the bigness of a crown-piece, on which is impressed an Arabian prayer, and which hangs upon the cheek below the ear."-Hanway's Travels.

(80) "Certainly the women of Yezd are the handsomest women in Persia. The proverb is, that to live happy a man must have a wife of Yezd, eat the bread of Yezdecas, and drink the wine of Shiraz."-Tavernier.

(81) Musnuds are cushioned seats, usually reserved for persons of distinction.

(82) The Persians, like the ancient Greeks, call their musical modes or Perdas by the names of different countries or cities, as the mode of Isfahan, the mode of Irak, &c.

(83) A river which flows near the ruins of Chilminar.

(84) "To the north of us (on the coast of the Caspian, near Badku) was a mountain, which sparkled like diamonds, arising from the sea-glass and crystals with which it abounds.”—Journey of the Russian Ambassador to Persia, 1746.

(85) To which will be added the sound of the bells, hanging on the trees, which will be put in motion by the wind proceeding from the throne of God, as often as the blessed wish for music."-Sale.

(86) Whose wanton eyes resemble blue water-lilies, agitated by the breeze."--Jayadera.

(87) The blue lotus, which grows in Cashmere and in Persia.

(88) It has been generally supposed that the Mahometans prohibit all pictures of animals; but Toderini shows that, though the practice is forbidden by the Koran, they are not more averse to painted figures and images than other people. From Mr. Murphy's work, too, we find that the Arabs of Spain had no objection to the introduction of figures into painting.

(89) This is not quite astronomically true. "Dr. Hadley (says Keil) has shown that Venus is brightest when she is about forty degrees removed from the sun; and that then but only a fourth part of her lucid disk is to be seen from the earth."

(90) For the loves of King Solomon, (who was supposed to preside over the whole race of Genii,) with Balkis, the Queen of Sheba or Saba, see D'Herbelot, and the Notes on the Koran, chap. 2.

"In the palace which Solomon ordered to be built against the arrival of the Queen of Saba, the floor or pavement was of transparent glass, laid over running water, in which fish were swimming." This led the Queen into a very natural mistake, which the Koran has not thought beneath its dignity to commemorate. "It was said unto her, Enter the palace.' And when she saw it she imagined it to be a great water; and she discovered her legs, by lifting up her robe to pass through it. Whereupon Solomon said to her, Verily, this is the place evenly floored with glass."-Chap. 27.

(91) The wife of Potiphar, thus named by the Orientals. "The passion which this frail beauty of antiquity conceived

(99) The Lescar or Imperial Camp is divided, like a regu lar town, into squares, aileys, and streets, and from a rising ground furnishes one of the most agreeable prospects in the world. Starting up in a few hours in an uninhabited plain, it raises the idea of a city built by enchantment. Even those who leave their houses in cities to follow the Prince in his progress, are frequently so charmed with the Lescar, when situated in a beautiful and convenien, place, that they cannot prevail with themselves to remove. To prevent this inconvenience to the court, the Emperor, after suficient time is allowed to the tradesmen to follow, orders them to be burnt out of their tents."-Dow's Hindostan.

Colonel Wilks gives a very lively picture of an Eastern encampment:-"His camp, like that of most Indian armies, exhibited a motley collection of covers from the scorching sun and dews of the night, variegated according to the taste or means of each individual, by extensive enclosures of colored calico surrounding superb saites of tents; by ragged clothes or blankets stretched over sticks or branches; palm-leaves hastily spread over similar supports; handsome tents and splendid canopies; horses, oxen, elephants, and camels; all intermixed without any exterior mark of order or design, except the flags of the chiefs, which usually mark the centres of a congeries of these masses; the only regular part of the encampment being the streets of shops, each of which is constructed nearly in the manner of a booth at an English fair.”-Historical Sketches of the South of India.

(100) The edifices of Chalminar and Balbec are supposed to have been built by the Genii, acting under the orders of Jan ben Jan, who governed the world long before the time of Adam.

(101) “A superb camel, ornamented with strings and tufts of small shells."—Ali Bey.

(102) A native of Khorassan, and allured southward by means of the water of a fountain between Shiraz and Ispahan, called the Fountain of Birds, of which it is so fond that it will follow wherever that water is carried.

(103) "Some of the camels have bells about their necks, and some about their legs, like those which our carriers put about their fore-horses' necks, which, together with the servants, (who belong to the camels, and travel on foot,) singing all night, make a pleasant noise, and the journey passes away delightfully."-Pitt's Account of the Mahometans.

"The camel-driver follows the camels singing, and sometimes playing upon his pipe; the louder he sings and pipes, the faster the camels go. Nay, they will stand still when he gives over his music."— Tavernier.

sa lumière jusqu'à la distance de plusieurs milles."-D'Herbelot. Hence he was called Sazendéhmah, or the Moon-maker.

(136) The Shechinah, called Sakinat in the Koran.-See Sale's Note, chap. ii.

(137) The parts of the night are made known as well by instraments of music, as by the rounds of the watchmen with cries and small drums.-See Burder's Oriental Customs, vol. i. p. 119.

(138) The Serrapurda, high screens of red cloth, stiffened with cane, used to enclose a considerable space round the royal tents.-Notes on the Bahardanush.

The tents of Princes were generally illuminated. Norden tells us, that the tent of the Bey of Girge was distinguished from the other tents by forty lanterns being suspended before it.-See Harmer's Observations on Job.

(139) "From the groves of orange trees at Kauzeroon the bees cull a celebrated honey."-Morier's Travels.

(140) "A custom still subsisting at this day, seems to me to prove that the Egyptians formerly sacrificed a young virgin to the God of the Nile; for they now inake a statue of earth in shape of a girl, to which they give the name of the Betrothed Bride, and throw it into the river."—Savary.

(141) That they knew the secret of the Greek fire among the Mussulmans early in the eleventh century, appears from Dow's Account of Mamood I. "When he arrived at Moultan, finding that the country of the Jits was defended by great rivers, he ordered fifteen hundred boats to be built, each of which he armed with six iron spikes, projecting from their prows and sides, to prevent their being boarded by the enemy, who were very expert in that kind of war. When he had launched this fleet, he ordered twenty archers into each boat, and five others with fire-balls, to burn the craft of the Jits, and naphtha to set the whole river on fire."

The agnec aster, too, in Indian poems the Instrument of Fire, whose flame cannot be extinguished, is supposed to signify the Greek Fire.-See Wilks's South of India, vol. i. p. 471.And in the curious Javan poem, the Brata Yudha, given by Sir Stamford Rafles in his History of Java, we find,"He aimed at the heart of Soeta with the sharp-pointed Weapon of Fire."

The mention of gunpowder as in use among the Arabians, long before its supposed discovery in Europe, is introduced by Ebn Fadhl, the Egyptian geographer, who lived in the thirteenth century. "Bodies," he says, " in the form of scorpions, bound round and filled with nitrous powder, glide along, making a gentle noise; then, exploding, they lighten, as it were, and burn. But there are others which, cast into the air, stretch along like a cloud, roaring horribly, as thunder roars, and on all sides vomiting out flames, burst, burn, and reduce to cinders whatever comes in their way." The historian Ben Abdalla, in speaking of the sieges of Abulualid in the year of the Hegira 712, says, "A flery globe, by means of combustible matter, with a mighty noise suddenly emitted, strikes with the force of lightning, and shakes the citadel."-See the extracts from Casiri's Biblioth. Arab. Hispan, in the Appendix to Berington's Literary History of the Middle Ages.

(142) The Greek fire, which was occasionally lent by the emperors to their allies. "It was," says Gibbon, "either launched in red-hot balls of stone and iron, or darted in arrows and javelins, twisted round with flax and tow, which had deeply imbibed the inflammable oil."

(143) See Hanway's Account of the Springs of Naphtha at Baku (which is called by Lieutenant Pottinger Joala Mookee, or, the Flaming Mouth) taking fire and running into the sea.

Dr. Cooke, in his Journal, mentions some wells in Circassia, strongly impregnated with this inflammable oil, from which issues boiling water. "Though the weather," he adds, “was now very cold, the warmth of these wells of hot water pro duced near them the verdure and flowers of spring."

Major Scott Waring says, that naphtha is used by the Per sians, as we are told it was in hell, for lamps.

many a row

Of starry lamps and blazing cressets, fod With naphtha and asphaltus, yielding light

As from a sky.

(144) "At the great festival of fire, called the Sheb Seze, they used to set fire to large bunches of dry combustibles, fastened round wild beasts and birds, which being then let loose, the air and earth appeared one great illumination; and as these terrilled creatures naturally fled to the woods for shelter, it is easy to conceive the conflagrations they produced.”—Richardson's Dissertation.

(145) The righteous shall be given to drink of pure wine, sealed; the seal whereof shall be musk.-Koran, chap. lxxxiii.

(146) The Afghauns believe each of the numerous solitudes and deserts of their country to be inhabited by a lonely demon, whom they call the Ghoolee Beeabau, or Spirit of the Waste. They often illustrate the wildness of any sequestered tribe, by saying, they are wild as the Demon of the Waste."-Elphinstone's Caubul.

(147) "Il donna du poison dans le vin à tons ses gens, et se jeta lui-même ensuite dans une cuve pleine de drogues brùlantes et consumantes, afin qu'il ne restât rien de tous les membres de son corps, et que ceux qui restaient de sa secte puissent croire qu'il était monté au ciel, ce qui ne manqua pas d'arriver."-D' Herbelot.

(148) They have all a great reverence for burial-grounds, which they sometimes call by the poetical name of Cities of the Silent, and which they people with the ghosts of the departed, who sit each at the head of his own grave, invisible to mortal eyes."-E'phinstone.

(149) The celebrity of Mazagong is owing to its mangoes, which are certainly the best fruit I ever tasted. The parenttree, from which all those of this species have been grafted, is honored during the fruit-season by a guard of sepoys; and in the reign of Shah Jeban, couriers were stationed between Delhi and the Mahratta coast, to secure an abundant and fresh supply of mangoes for the royal table."-Mrs. Graham's Journal of a Residence in India.

(150) This old porcelain is found in digging, and "if it is esteemed, it is not because it has acquired any new degree of beauty in the earth, but because it has retained its ancient beauty; and this alone is of great importance in China, where they give large sums for the smallest vessels which were used under the Emperors Yan and Chun, who reigned many ages before the dynasty of Tang, at which time porcelain began to be used by the Emperors." (about the year 442,)--Dunn's Col lection of Curious Observations, &c.;-a bad translation of some parts of the Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses of the Mis sionary Jesuits.

(151) La lecture de ces Fables plaisait si fort aux Arabes, que, quand Mahomet les entretenait de l'Histoire de l'Ancien Testament, ils les méprisaient, lui disant que celles que Nasser leur racontaient étaient beaucoup plus belles. Cette préfé. rence attira à Nasser la malediction de Mahomet et de tous ses disciples."-D'Herbelot.

(152) The blacksmith Gao, who successfully resisted the ty

rant Zohak, and whose apron became the Royal Standard of Persia.

(153) "The Huma, a bird peculiar to the East. It is supposed to fly constantly in the air, and never touch the ground; it is looked upon as a bird of happy omen; and that every head it overshadows will in time wear a crown."-Richardson.

In the terms of alliance made by Fuzzel Oola Khan with Hyder in 1769, one of the stipulations was, "that he should have the distinction of two honorary attendants standing bebind him, holding fans composed of the feathers of the humma, according to the practice of his family."- Wilks's Fouth of India. He adds in a note:-"The Humma is a fabulous bird. The head over which its shadow once passes will assuredly be circled with a crown. The splendid little bird suspended over the throne of Tippoo Sultaun, found at Seringapatam in 1799, was intended to represent this poetical fancy."

(154) To the pilgrims to Mount Sinai we must attribute the inscriptions, figures, &c., on those rocks which have from thence acquired the name of the Written Mountain.”—Volney. M. Gebelin and others have been at much pains to attach some mysterious and important meaning to these inscriptions; but Niebuhr, as well as Volney, thinks that they must have been executed at idle hours by the travellers to Mount Sinai, “who were satisfied with cutting the unpolished rock with any pointed instrument; adding to their names and the date of their journeys some rude figures, which bespeak the hand of a people but little skilled in the arts.—Niebuhr.

(155) The Story of Sinbad.

(156) See Nott's Hafez, Ode v.

(157) "The Camalatá (called by Linnæus, Ipomæn) is the most beautiful of its order, both in the color and form of its leaves and flowers; its elegant blossoms are celestial rosy red, Love's proper hue,' and have justly procured it the name of Camalatá, or Love's Creeper."-Sir W. Jones.

"Camalata may also mean a mythological plant, by which all desires are granted to such as inhabit the heaven of Indra; and if ever flower was worthy of paradise, it is our charming Ipomea."-lb.

(158) "According to Father Premare, in his tract on Chinese Mythology, the mother of Fo-hi was the daughter of heaven, surnamed Flower-loving; and as the nymph was walking alone on the bank of a river, she found herself encircled by a rainbow, after which she became pregnant, and, at the end of twelve years, was delivered of a son radiant as herself."Asiat. Res.

(159) Numerous small islands emerge from the Lake of Cashmere. One is called Char Chenaur, from the plane-trees upon it."-Foster.

(160) The Altan Kol or Golden River of Tibet, which runs into the Lakes of Sing-su-hay, has abundance of gold in its sands, which employs the inhabitants all the summer in gathering it.”—Description of Tibet in Pinkerton.

(161) The Brahmins of this province insist that the blue campae flowers only in Paradise."-Sir W. Jones. It appears, however, from a curious letter of the Sultan of Menangcabow, given by Marsden, that one place on earth may lay claim to the possession of it. "This is the Sultan, who keeps the flower champaka that is blue, and to be found in no other country but his, being yellow elsewhere."-Marsden's Su

matra.

(162) "The Mahometans suppose that falling stars are the firebrands wherewith the good angels drive away the bad,

when they approach too near the empyrean or verge of the heavens."-Fryer.

(163) The Forty Pillars; so the Persians call the ruins of Persepolis. It is imagined by them that this palace and the edifices at Balbec were built by Genii, for the purpose of hiding in their subterraneous caverns immense treasures, which still remain there.-D'Herbelot, Volney.

(164) Diodorus mentions the Isle of Panchaia, to the south of Arabia Felix, where there was a temple of Jupiter. This island, or rather cluster of isles, has disappeared, "sunk (says Grandpre) in the abyss made by the fire beneath their foundations."-Voyage to the Indian Ocean.

(165) The Isles of Panchaia.

(166) The cup of Jamshid, discovered, they say, when digging for the foundations of Persepolis."-Richardson.

(167) It is not like the Sea of India, whose bottom is rich with pearls and ambergris, whose mountains of the coast are stored with gold and precious stones, whose gulfs breed creatures that yield ivory, and among the plants of whose shores are ebony, red wood, and the wood of Hairzan, aloes, camphor, cloves, sandal-wood, and all other spices and aromatics; where parrots and peacocks are birds of the forest, and musk and civet are collected upon the lands."-Travels of two Mohammedans.

(172) Objections may be made to my use of the word Liberty in this, and more especially in the story that follows it, as totally inapplicable to any state of things that has ever existed in the East; but though I cannot, of course, mean to employ it in that enlarged and noble sense which is so well understood at the present day, and, I grieve to say, so little acted upon, yet it is no disparagement to the word to apply it to that national independence, that freedom from the interference and dictation of foreigners, without which, indeed, no liberty of any kind can exist; and for which both Hindoos and Persians fought against their Mussulman invaders with, in many cases, a bravery that deserved much better success.

(173) "The Mountains of the Moon, or the Montes Lunæ of antiquity, at the foot of which the Nile is supposed to arise." -Bruce.

"Sometimes called," says Jackson, "Jibbel Kumric, or the white or lunar-colored mountains; so a white horse is called by the Arabians a moon-colored horse."

(174) "The Nile, which the Abyssinians know by the names of Abey and Alawy, or the Giant."-Asiat. Research, vol. i. p. 387.

(175) See Perry's View of the Levant for an account of the sepulchres in Upper Thebes, and the numberless grots covered all over with hieroglyphics in the mountains of Upper Egypt.

(176) "The orchards of Rosetta are filled with turtle-doves." --Sonnini.

(177) Savary mentions the pelicans upon Lake Moris.

(178) The superb date-tree, whose head languidly reclines, like that of a handsome woman overcome with sleep."Dafard el Ha lad.

(179) “That beautiful bird, with plumage of the finest shining blue, with purple beak and legs, the natural and living ornament of the temples and palaces of the Greeks and Romans, which, from the stateliness of its port, as well as the brilliancy of its colors, has obtained the title of Sultana."— Sonnini.

(180) Jackson, speaking of the plague that occurred in West Barbary, when he was there, says, "The birds of the air fled away from the abodes of men. The hyaenas, on the contrary, visited the cemeteries," &c.

(181) Gondar was full of hyanas from the time it turned dark, till the dawn of day, sceking the different pieces of slaughtered carcasses, which this cruel and unclean people expose in the streets without burial, and who firmly believe that these animals are Falashta from the neighboring mountains, transformed by magic, and come down to eat human flesh in the dark in safety."-Bruce.

(182) Ibid.

(183) This circumstance has been often introduced into poetry-by Vincentius Fabricius. by Darwin, and lately, with very powerful effect, by Mr. Wilson.

(184) In the East, they suppose the Phoenix to have fifty orifices in his bill, which are continued to his tail; and that, after living one thousand years, he builds himself a funeral pile, sings a melodious air of different harmonies through his fifty organ pipes, flaps his wings with a velocity which sets fire to the wood, and consumes himself."-Richardson.

(185) "On the shores of a quadrangular lake stand a thousand goblets, made of stars, out of which souls predestined to enjoy felicity drink the crystal wave."-From Châteaubriand's Description of the Mahometan Paradise, in his Beauties of Christianity.

(186) Richardson thinks that Syria had its name from Suri, a beautiful and delicate species of rose, for which that country has been always famous;-hence, Suristan, the Land of Roses.

(187) The number of lizards I saw one day in the great court of the Temple of the Sun at Balbec amounted to many thousands; the ground, the walls, and stones of the ruined building, were covered with them."-Bruce,

(188) "The Syrinx, or Pan's pipe, is still a pastoral instrument in Syria."-Russel.

(189) "Wild bees, frequent in Palestine, in hollow trunks or branches of trees, and the clefts of the rocks. Thus it is said, (Psalm Ixxxi.,) honey out of the stony rock."-Burder's Orien tal Customs.

(194) "Such Turks as at the common hours of prayer are on the road, or so employed as not to find convenience to attend the mosques, are still obliged to execute that duty; nor are they ever known to fail, whatever business they are then about, but pray immediately when the hour alarms them, whatever they are about, in that very place they chance to stand on; insomuch that when a janizary, whom you have to guard you up and down the city, hears the notice which is given him from the steeples, he will turn about, stand still, and beckon with his hand, to tell his charge he must have patience for a while, when, taking out his handkerchief, he spreads it on the ground, sits cross-legged thereupon, and says his prayers, though in the open market, which having ended, he leaps briskly up, salutes the person whom he undertook to convey, and renews his journey with the mild expression of Ghell gohnnum ghell, or, Come, dear, follow me."-Aaron Hill's Travels.

(195) The Nucta, or Miraculous Drop, which falls in Egypt precisely on St. John's day, in June, and is supposed to have the effect of stopping the plague.

(196) The Country of Delight- the name of a province in the kingdom of Jinnistan, or Fairy Land, the capital of which is called the City of Jewels. Amberabad is another of the titles of Jinnistan.

(197) The tree Tooba, that stands in Paradise, in the palace of Mahomet. See Sale's Prelim. Disc.-Tooba, says D'Herbe'ot, signifies beatitude, or eternal happiness.

(198) Mahomet is described, in the 53d chapter of the Koran, as having seen the angel Gabriel by the lote-tree, beyond which there is no passing: near it is the Garden of Eternal Abode." This tree, say the commentators, stands in the sev enth Heaven, on the right hand of the Throne of God.

(199) It is said that the rivers or streams of Basra were reckoned in the time of Pelal ben Abi Bordeh, and amounted to the number of one hundred and twenty thousand streams.” -Ebn Haukal.

(200) The name of the javelin with which the Easterns exercise. See Castellan, Meurs des Othomans, tom. iii. p. 161.

(201) "This account excited a desire of visiting the Banyan Hospital, as I had heard much of their benevolence to all kinds of animals that were either sick, lame, or infirm, through age or accident. On my arrival, there were presented to my view many horses, cows, and oxen, in one apartment; in another, dogs, sheep, goats, and monkeys, with clean straw for them to repose on. Above stairs were depositories for seeds of many sorts, and flat, broad dishes for water for the use of birds and insects."-Parson's Travels.

It is said that all animals know the Banyans, that the most timid approach them, and that birds will fly nearer to them than to other people.-See Grandpré.