on the Mohawk, 15 ms. north-west of Albany, known as the pleasant seat of Union College, a flourishing institution. Pop. 4,300. Rochester, on the Genesee river, has had a rapid growth in trade, manufactures, and wealth, and contains between 9 and 10,000 inhabitants. Of a similar description are Utica, and Buffalo, which contain between 8 and 9,000. Poughkeepsie, Newburg, Manlius, Johnstown, and Salina, contain about 7,000. Rome, Ithica, Geneva, Canandaigua, Sacket's Harbour, and Plattsburg, are beautiful and flourishing towns, with others, too numerous to be specified.

There are 4 colleges in this state, viz. Union college, at Schenectady, Columbia college, in the city of New York, Hamilton college, at Clinton, near Utica, and Geneva college, at Geneva. At Auburn, is a Presbyterian Theological Institution, and at Hamilton, a Baptist Theological Seminary. At West Point, near Newburg, 58 miles above New York, is the celebrated Military Academy, under the superintendence of the government of the U. States. General education, in the state of New York, is very flourishing. The academies are 57 in number, and are conducted with ability. Common schools are provided, and well supported. The number of seholars contained in them is 500,000. The school. fund is 1,700,000 dollars. The religious denominations are chiefly Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Methodists, and Baptists.

The island of Long Island, south of Connecticut, belongs to the state of New York. It is of the same length with the sound, 140 miles, and its average breadth 10 miles. The north side of the island is hilly; the south side, low, sandy, and stony; but a great proportion of the soil is rich, and adapted to grain, grass, and fruits. There are 3 counties here; Kings, Queens, and Suffolk, embracing 19 townships. Brooklyn, at the west end, opposite to NewYork, is a very thriving town. whose population, within 10 years, has almost doubled. Pop. 12,000.

The settlement of this state was commenced by the Dutch, from Holland, who, in 1614, began the building of a village where N. York now stands, and called it New Amsterdam. To the surrounding country, they gave the name of New Netherlands.

QUESTIONS.

(See the Map of the United States.)

What are the names of the 4 Middle States? What are the boundaries, square miles, and population of the state of New York? What 2 lakes border upon it on the west and north-west? What 2 lakes on the north-east? What are the princi-. pal smaller lakes in the interior? What mountains in this state? What rivers empty into lake Ontario, from New York? What rivers rise in this state and run south into Pennsylvania? What river connects lake Erie with Ontario? What great natural curiosity is to be seen on this river? Ans. The Falls of Niagara, the most celebrated in the world, and presenting one of the sublimest and most stupen

dous scenes in nature. Here the waters of the great lakes, compressed to the width of three quarters of a mile, are precipitated down the rocks, 160 feet, into an unfathomed abyss. The rising cloud of vapor is seen at a great distance, and the tremendous rumbling or roaring of the cataract is heard for many miles around.

What general description is given of this state? What, in particular, of its surface? Which are the most mountainous parts? Which the most cold and barren? What of the soil? Of the staple productions? What the principal river-its rise-length, and what else is said of it? What canal connects it with lake Erie? What with Lake Champlain? What with the Delaware? What the length of these canals? What other two are mentioned ? What mineral productions ? Salt springs ? Mineral springs?

How many counties in New York? Towns or townships? Incorporated cities? Which is the seat of government? How situated, and how described? Which is the greatest commercial city of the United States and of America? On what island? At the confluence of what two rivers? How is New York described? How populous? What is the description of Troy? Hudson? Schenectady? Utica ? Where are Utica and Buffalo, and how populous? Where are Poughkeepsie, Newburg, Manlius, Johnstown and Salina, and how populous? How much salt is annually manufactured at Salina? Ans. 600,000 bushels. What the situation and description of Rome? Ithica? Geneva? Canandaigua? Sacket's Harbour? Plattsburg? What, and where, are the 4 colleges? What theological seminaries? Where is West Point, and for what academy distinguished? What is said of education, academies, and schools? What large island belongs to N. Y.? Where situated? What length? Breadth? Surface? Soil? Products? Counties and townships? Where, and how described, is Brooklyn? Where, and by whom, was the settlement of this state begun ?

NEW JERSEY.

Extent, 7,800 sq. ms. Pop. 321,000. 41 per sq. m.

New Jersey is about one sixth as large as New York. It is one of the 6 smallest states, and is deficient in good harbors; yet it ranks high in point of agriculture, manufactures and wealth.

The face of the country is greatly diversified, and the climate and soil are equally so. The more northern portion is mountainous or hilly, like N. England, with a cool climate. It is a fine grazing country, abounding in cattle, for the N. York and Philadelphia markets, and is extensively overspread with rich orchards and fields of wheat, and other grain. The southern half is low, sandy, and comparatively barren, with a more mild and moderate cli

mate.

The middle section of New Jersey, in particular, is very fertile, highly cultivated, covered with handsome towns and villages, embracing a dense population. This state abounds in valuable garden vegetables, and in apples, pears, and other fruits of the finest quality. Iron ore is very abundant, and is manufactured on a very large scale.

There are extensive establishments for making leather and shoes, especially in Trenton, Newark, and Elizabethtown. The cider of New Jersey has a great name, and is proverbially excellent.

This state embraces 14 counties, divided into 116 towns, each of which has an average population of more than 2,700. The capital is Trenton, a pleasant and flourishing town on the Delaware,

near the falls, 30 miles above Philadelphia. Pop. 4,000. The largest town is Newark, on the river Passaic, 9 miles west of New York, and is famous for fine cider, and various manufactures. Pop. 11,000. New Brunswick, a commercial town on the Raritan, has nearly 8,000 inhabitants. So also has Patterson, a distinguished manufacturing town near the great falls of the Passaic, where the river in one entire sheet, suddenly plunges down the cleft of a rock, 70 feet, in perpendicular descent; a spectacle equally grand and beautiful. Elizabethtown is pleasantly situated on a creek, 6 miles south of Newark, and is a flourishing place. Pop. 3,500.

At Princeton, a healthy and handsome town, 50 miles southwest of New York, is Nassau Hall, or the College of New Jersey, an old and valuable institution, together with a flourishing Theological Seminary. Rutgers college is located at New Brunswick. The state of common education in New Jersey has been lamentably low, but is now rising, in consequence of the zealous efforts of its friends. In 1828, more than 11,000 children were destitute of instruction, and 15,000 adults were unable to read. The annual income of the School Fund is $22,000.

The prevailing denomination in religion, is the Presbyterian, embracing 85 churches, and 88 ministers. The settlement of this state was commenced by the Dutch colonists, from the mouth of the Hudson.

QUESTIONS.

What are the boundaries of New Jersey? Its extent and pop. ? Its rivers? Its general description? What is said in general, of the face of the country, climate and soil? How is the north portion of the state described? How the southern half? How the middle section? In what does the state abound? What is said of iron ore? What manufactures are specified? How many counties and towns in New Jersey? Which and where is the capital? Which and where and how populous is the largest town, and for what famous? Where is New Brunswick, and how populous? Where is Patterson, and how are the falls described? Where is Princeton, and for what celebrated? What college at New Brunswick? What is said of the state of common education in New Jersey? What is the prevailing religious denomination? By whom was the settlement of this state commenced? What internal improvements are contemplated in New Jersey? Ans. 4 rail-roads, of which the most important are the Camden and Amboy rail-road, and the Patterson and Hudson river rail-road, now in progress. Besides which, there are two canals, in part completed, viz.: The Morris canal connecting the Delaware and Hudson, and the Delaware and Raritan canal.

PENNSYLVANIA.

Extent, 40,000 sq. miles.-Pop. 1,348,000.-29 per sq. mile. Pennsylvania is a large State, rich in agriculture and manufactures, variegated with hills, valleys and mountains, containing a great proportion of excellent soil, subject to a cultivation equal or superior to that of any of the U. States. Several ridges of the Ap

alachian or Alleghany chain, extend into the central parts of this State. The eastern portion of Penn. is a beautiful, hilly country, thickly peopled, and cultivated with great care and skill, abounding in wheat, grass, vegetables, and a variety of fruits. The western portion is an uneven, but fertile region, less populous, but rapidly increasing in population and improvement. The central and northern tracts, comprising about half of the state, are extensively unsettled and covered with forests. The climate of Penn. is various and changeable, but generally healthy. The people are accustomed to tillage, and are distinguished agriculturists. Wheat is the most important crop, and grows here in great perfection and abundance. Indian corn, rye, oats and other grains, also flourish.

Iron ore and pit coal are found in vast quantities, and in some. parts, quarries of beautiful marble. Salt springs are numerous and valuable. Penn. is not supplied by nature, with peculiar advantages for inland navigation, but public works for internal improvement, are here promoted at great expense, and are advancing with wonderful rapidity. Millions of dollars have been expended and are expending, in turnpike roads, rail roads, bridges and canals. The whole extent of canal navigation in the State, is about 725 miles. The Pennsylvania Canal and Rail-road, the greatest of these works, is 320 miles long, and designed to connect the Susquehannah with the Ohio river. The Schuylkill canal is between Philadelphia and the sources of the Schuylkill, 114 miles. The Union canal is 80 miles long, between Reading and Middle

town. A rail road is also progressing between Philadelphia and the Susquehannah. In this State there are 51 counties, subdivided into townships. The population have more than doubled within 30 years past. About half of them are of English descent; the rest are chiefly Germans, Dutch and Irish. The people are very extensively employed in manufactures, which are yearly increasing in amount and interest. The internal trade is vigorous and of great extent, and the foreign commerce considerable.

United States Bank, Philadelphia.

Philadelphia is the only seaport. It is situated near the confluence of the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, and more than a hundred miles, by the course of the river, from the sea. The streets are regular, broad and pleasant, crossing each other at right angles, and the houses are neatly built of brick. Philadelphia is the first manufacturing city in the Union, the second in point of magnitude and population, and the third in commerce. It is also celebrated as a seat of literature, and especially of medical science, and is distinguished for various benevolent institutions. Pop. with the suburbs, 168,000. The seat of government is Harrisburg, on the east bank of the Susquehannah, about 100 miles W. from Philadelphia. Pop. 4,300.

The city of Pittsburg is about 300 miles W. of Philadelphia, finely situated for trade and manufactures, and is noted for an abundance of iron and coal, and for its rapid growth amidst the unceasing smoke of furnaces. Here are several large iron and brass founderies, glass works, cotton and other manufactories. Its pop. has about doubled in ten years past, and is now, with the suburbs,