QUESTIONS. To whom does the kingdom of Hanover belong? What of its territory? Of the climate? Of the land on the N.? Of the land on the S.? What cities in Hanover? In what part of Germany is Saxony? What is said of it and its mines? Of sheep and wool? What of the people? Of the religion, learning &c.? Where is Dresden, and how celebrated? Leipsic, and for what noted? In what part is the kingdom of Bavaria, and how described? How watered? What of the religion and education? Where is Munich and how described? Augsburg and Ratisbon ? What kingdom is next W. of Bavaria? For what distinguished? What of the schools? The capital? Where are Ulm and Tubingen, and for what venerable ? Where is the Grand Duchy of Baden? What of the soil and climate? Of agriculture ? Cattle and minerals? Manufactures ? Religion? Knowledge ? Near what river is Carlsruhe, the capital, and how described? Where is Blenheim and how distinguished? Heidelberg, and for what famous? On what river are the Prussian possessions in Germany? What of the soil and inhabitants? Where is Cologne and how described? Aix la Chapelle, and for what famous ? AUSTRIA. Extent 257,000 sq. ms. Pop. 32,000,000. 124 per sq. m. The Austrian empire is large and powerful. Its latitude and its population are about equal to those of France, and its extent is considerably greater. It embraces within its limits, several distinct kingdoms and states, which are under subjection to a monarch styled an emperor. Austria includes the kingdom of Hungary, and a part of Poland, together with large portions which formerly belonged to Germany and Italy. Its German possessions are on the west and north, and its Italian dominions are on the S. W., consisting of the Lombards Venician kingdom. Hungary is on the E. So great is the extent of this empire, and the diversity of nations included in it, that it exhibits a remarkable variety, not only of surface, climate, soil and productions, but also of language, religion, character and manners. There are several ridges of mountains, particularly the Carpathian on the N. E., and the Alps on the S. W. Hungary for the most part, is surrounded by mountains, but its interior consists of immense plains or steppes. In the more northern and mountainous divisions of Austria, the climate is cold, but in the southern districts, it is warm and mild. Some parts of the soil are extremely fertile, while a great proportion of it is either neglected and uncultivated, 'or naturally sterile and useless. Austria is remarkably rich in minerals, as gold, silver, copper and iron. It also abounds in pasturage and cattle. Agriculture is a common employment, but is not conducted with skill. In manufactures, the people do not excel. Nor is their commerce very extensive or productive; for although the country is well furnish-ed with rivers, it has but little sea coast. The principal river is the Danube with some of its branches. The general state of edu cation is inferior. The characteristics of the several nations in the empire, are of course very different. For the most part, the German steadiness, sincerity, fidelity and industry, prevail among them. The Austrians have vigorous bodily powers, patient dispositions, and persevering and energetic minds. They are said to possess a peculiar genius and taste for instrumental music, and are universally fond of smoking. The Gypsies, a singular people, are more numerous in the Austrian dominions, than in any other part of Europe. Their number here, is computed at 110,000. They made their appearance in these regions about 300 years ago; but concerning their origin, whether it be Egyptian, or Hindoo, or some other, it is difficult to decide. They are fugitives and vagabonds, having no settled villages or permanent habitations, but lodge in tents, or in dens and caves of the earth, moving from place to place, as occasion requires, and subsisting by robbery, thieving, or fortune telling. The character of the Hungarians and their state of society, are something remarkable. They are generally an active, adventu rous and warlike people, but rude and uneducated. Their soci ety exhibits appalling distinctions of rank. It is divided into three classes, viz. The nobles, citizens and peasants. The nobility amount to above 300,000. The peasants pay all the taxes, do the drudgery of labor, and live upon plain fare and in cottages of clay, while the rich lords of the soil live in palaces, fare sumptuously, and claim an exclusive right to all the privileges, comforts and honors of citizens. The Catholic is the prevailing established religion in the Aus trian empire, though toleration is extended to other sects. There are above 25,000,000 of Catholics, about 3,000,000 of the Greek Church, and nearly 500,000 Jews. The government is monarchi cal, but the power of the sovereign is limited, in different degrees, in the several provinces of the empire. The principal cities in Austria are the following:-Vienna, the metropolis of the empire; Prague, the capital of Bohemia, Buda, of Hungary; Lemberg, of Galicia; Brunn, of Moravia; and Venice and Milan, cities in Austrian Italy. Vienna, on the Danube, is among the six most populous cities of Europe, and is celebrated for its noble university, for the number and grandeur of its palaces, for the multitude of its churches, convents and charitable institutions. Its commerce and manufactures are extensive. Population 310,000. In Prague, is a university, one of the oldest in Europe. Population, 117,000. Buda and Pest are opposite to each other, on the Danube, and are connected by a vast bridge of boats, nearly a mile in length. Pest is the seat of a rich and flour ishing university. Lemberg, Brunn and Debretzin, are populous places and highly commercial. Kremnitz and Schemnitz are the great mining towns in Hungary. Trieste is a distinguished port, on the gulf of Venice, being visited annually by 3,000 vessels. At Austerlitz, 12 miles from Brunn, a decidedly victorious battle was fought by Buonaparte, with the Austro Russian army, in 1805. QUESTIONS. What are the boundaries, extent and population of Austria ? How does it compare with France? What are some of the kingdoms or countries included in it? In what part are its German possessions, and in what, its Italian? On which side is Hungary? Of what does Austria exhibit a great variety? What ranges of mountains are mentioned? What immense plains? What is the climate of Austria on the north? What on the south? What of the soil? Minerals? Agriculture? Manufactures? Commerce? Why does Austria not carry on a very extensive commerce? What is the great river in Austria? What are the chief branches ? What of education? What is said of the Austrian character and genius? What is the number and description of the Gypsies? What kind of people are the Hungarians? What does their society exhibit? Into what three classes is it divided? What religion is established in Austria? What is the number of Catholics, the Greek church and Jews? What is said of the government? The principal cities? Where is Vienna and for what celebrated?..What of Prague? Buda and Pest? Where are Lemberg, Brunn and Debretzin, and how described? Trieste ? Austerlitz? View of the Royal Palace, Prussia. Extent, 105,000 sq. ms.-Pop. including the provinces on the The Prussian kingdom consists of two separate divisions, viz. the western division in the west part of Germany on the Rhine, and the eastern division which is north-east of Germany and south of the Baltic. The former division has already been partly described. It is composed of the three provinces, Westphalia, ClevesBerg, and Lower Rhine, and contains about 17,600 square miles, and 3,431,000 people. The latter or eastern division, is five times more extensive, embracing 87,000 square miles, and a population of 10 millions, being divided into seven provinces, viz. east Prussia, West Prussia, Brandenburg, Pomerania, Posen, Silesia and Saxony. Thus the Prussian dominions embrace in all, ten provinces. The surface in general is level. The climate on the west is much milder than on the east. The soil, to a great extent, is marshy or barren, and unsuited to cultivation. Certain districts are very productive, especially in pasturage, grain, flax and potatoes. The principal mineral is amber. Manufactures are in a good degree flourishing, that of linen particularly, in the provinces of Silesia and Westphalia. The Prussians are active, hardy, and brave, and distinguished for a military genius. Learning is encouraged among them and they are generally well informed. Many of the peasants are poor, degraded and miserable. With respect to religion, the greater part of the people are Protestants, whose number is computed at about eight millions; the rest are chiefly Roman Catholics. The government is an absolute monarchy, and energetic in its operations. The army is numerous and well disciplined. The Prussian kingdom is one of the most powerful in Europe. As a member of the German Confederation, it is next in influence to Austria. There are seven universities in Prussia, the chief are those of Berlin, Halle, Breslau, Bonn and Konigsberg. Berlin, the metropolis, is on the Spree, a branch of the Elbe. It is one of the most spacious and magnificent cities in Europe, being 12 miles in circuit, having walls with 15 gates. Its manufactures, together with its public edifices and literary institutions, are truly splendid. Pop. 240,000. Dantzic, on the Vistula, 5 miles from its mouth, is a very commercial town. Konigsberg, on the Pregel, is flourishing in trade and increasing in population and wealth. Pop. 68,000. Breslau on the Oder, is the great emporium of trade to Silesia. Pop. 90,000. Frankfort on the Oder is respectable in commerce and manufactures. The university of Halle is of high repute, and its great establishment for printing the scriptures has produced several millions of bibles and testaments. QUESTIONS. Between what parallels of latitude is Prussia? What other European countries nearly compare with it in latitude? What two separate divisions has the Prussian kingdom? What is the situation of the western division, and of what provinces composed? What are the boundaries of the eastern division, and what are its provinces, extent and population? How many square miles, provinces and people, in the whole of Prussia? What rivers an 1 where discharged? What of the surface? Climate? Soil? Productions? What mineral? What of the manufactures? The Prussian character? Of learning? Of the peasants? Of the prevailing religion? Of the government? Of the army? How powerful is the Prussian kingdom? How many universities and which the most celebrated? What is the description of Berlin? Dantzic? Konigsberg? Breslau? Frankfort on the Oder? Halle ? Extent, 47,000 square ms.-Pop. 4,000,000-85 per sq. m. Poland was formerly a large and powerful kingdom, containing 284,000 square miles and 15 millions of people. But, from the year 1795, it has lost its standing among the independent nations of Europe, and its territories chiefly have been divided between Russia, Austria, and Prussia. Russia has taken as her portion 178,000 square miles, Austria 30,000, and Prussia, 29,000, which are severally represented on the maps of those three countries. All that for several years has remained of Poland, is barely the name, together with a small territory of 47,000 square miles, which originally constituted the central parts of the kingdom. Even this, for a long time, has been subject to the sovereignty of Russia, and in a measure dependent on her despotic power. The |