CHILI.

Extent 175,000 sq. ms. Pop. 1,000,000. 6 per sq. m.

Chili is in many respects, a remarkable and interesting country. It has been denominated the Switzerland of America. It is a long narrow tract, included between the Andes and the Pacific ocean, being 1,250 miles in length, by 140 in breadth, with a population of about 1,000,000, exclusive of independent tribes of Indians. From the extended range of high lands and mountains on the E., nearly a hundred short but rapid rivers flow down into the western ocean, several of them being navigable to a considerable distance, for the largest ships. These rivers serve to irrigate and fertilize the numerous valleys which here and there, over a great portion of the country, are situated among lofty ridges, which enclose them. Through these ridges are narrow openings, passable only for mules, through which, there is a communication from one valley to another. And there are not more than nine or ten similar openings or passes, which lead from Chili across the Andes, into the eastern and other parts of S. America.

The climate of Chili generally, is in a remarkable degree, salubrious and delightful. In the northern half of the country, for 700 miles in length, rain is very rare, but the dews are abundant. Thunder is never heard. A serene and unclouded sky is enjoyed, without interruption, for six months together. The soil in that section of the country is comparatively unfruitful in vegetables; but the mineral treasures are rich and abundant. The mines of tin, copper and gold, have been peculiarly valuable. In the middle or more southern provinces, rain occasionally falls, with little or no thunder, and the soil produces grain, wine, oil, and fruits in rich profusion. There are lemon and orange groves, and extensive forests of apple, pear and peach trees, with fruit of extraordinary size, and of the finest quality. The pastures are very luxuriant, the grass tall, and the cattle numerous and unusually large. The earthquakes in Chili, are unterrifying and harmless. And though there are 14 volcanoes in constant activity, they are so remotely situated, in the heights of the Andes, that their eruptions are not dreaded.

Chili was formerly a Spanish colony; but in 1818, the people declared their independence. About one third of the country, viz. all S. of Conception, except Valdivia, is occupied by the Araucanians, a brave and independent tribe of Indians, remarkable for their native eloquence and good taste, and for their advancement in civilization.

The people of Chili are intelligent and hospitable, and more distinguished for industry, than the S. Americans in general.

They are deficient in education and learning; but their agriculture is conducted with a good degree of skill. Santiago or St. Jago, is the capital, and is situated in a beautiful plain, near the mining region. Population 50,000. Valparaiso the port of Santiago, is 75 miles distant from it, having a fine harbour and an extensive flourishing commerce. Population 10,000. Conception and Valdivia are respectable places. The latter has one of the finest harbours on this coast. Chillan, Coquimbo and Copiapo are also towns worthy of notice. Near the southern extremity of Chili is the island of Chiloe, surrounded by numerous smaller isles, all inhabited by ingenious natives, under the government of this country. Three hundred and sixty miles west of Valparaiso lies the island of Juan Fernandez, distinguished as the once solitary residence of the Scotchman, Alexander Selkirk, whose singular adventures gave rise to the celebrated novel of Robinson Crusoe.

The government of Chili is republican. The religion is Roman Catholic. The monks and nuns are represented as amounting to the number of 10,000, and the religious institutions with which they are connected are said to possess nearly a third of the landed property of Chili, together with 10,000,000 of dollars in money upon interest.

QUESTIONS.

What are the boundaries of Chili? Between what degrees of latitude situated? In which of the Zones? What its length and breadth? Its contents in sq. miles? Its population? What is the number and description of its rivers? Where do they rise and empty? What do these rivers serve to fertilize? How do the people pass from one valley to another over the mountains? How many narrow passes are there leading out of Chili over the Andes? What is the climate generally? What kind of weather in the N. part? What is the soil in that part? What mines most important? What of the soil and productions in the more southern Provinces? What of the fruits, the pastures and the cattle? Describe the earthquakes in Chili? The volcanoes? What colony was Chili formerly? When was independence declared ? What Indians occupy the south part? For what are they remarkable? What is the character of the people of Chili? What is said of their industry? Their education and learning? Their agriculture? What is the Capital? Other principal towns? Where is each situated? What Island near the S. extremity of Chili? What Island 360 miles W. of Chili, and for what distinguished? What is the government? The religion? How many monks and nuns and how wealthy? What country forms the southern and narrowest part of the peninsula of S. America ?

PATAGONIA.

Of Patagonia little is known. It extends from the United Provinces to Cape Horn, and from the S. Pacific to the S. Atlantic Ocean; being situated between the parallels of about 40 and 56 deg. S. latitude; in length not far from 1,100 miles.

The northern part of Patagonia includes a portion of the plains or Pampas, extending from U. Provinces, and the soil and productions are similar to those of that country. Toward the S., the climate is

cold and inhospitable. The country at large is thinly occupied, by various tribes of native inhabitants, usually described as possessing a copper colour, and a tall gigantic stature, in connection with a savage ferocity of manners. They are active and hardy, and habitually clothed with the skins of animals. They are skilful in the use of the sling, and of the bow and arrow. Both men and women are expert riders, and are much on horseback; sometimes attacking and plundering the caravans on the Pampas, and frequently, in pursuit of the rhea, a species of ostrich, with various other game. The Puelches are a prevailing tribe on the Atlantic side of the peninsula, and the Motuches on the W. toward the Pacific. Terra Del Fuego, which nominally signifies the land of fire, is a comfortless and dreary region, consisting of stupendous rocks covered with perpetual snow.

QUESTIONS.

How is Patagonia bounded? Between what parallels of latitude? What is its length? What bays or gulfs on its coasts? What is the surface of the N. part? The soil and productions? What the climate toward the S.? By whom is the country inhabited? What is said of the complexion, stature and character of the inhabitants? What of some of their manners and customs? What large kind of bird are they fond of pursuing? What tribe prevails on the eastern side? What on the W.? How would you describe the Island of Terra Del Fuego? What Islands E. or N. E. of ?

REVIEW OF AMERICA.

See the map of the Globe and the maps of N. and S. America.

QUESTIONS.

What are the boundaries of the American continent? Of N. A.? Of S. A.? Which is the greater in extent, N. or S. A.? What parallel of latitude divides them? Which of them embraces the greater proportion of tropical region and warm climate? What are the most eastern and western points of N. America? Of S. America? How far S. is cape Horn? In what direction from it is cape St. Roque? Cape Blanco? Cape Farewell? Cape Sable? Which way from Beering's straits, are the straits of Magellan? Davis' strait? Hudson's strait? Which way from the gulf of Mexico, is the gulf of St. Lawrence? The gulf of California? Hudson's bay? Baffin's bay? The gulfs of Darien and Panama? How would you sail from N. York to Panama? To Valparaiso ? To Halifax? To Quebec? How would you sail from Acapulco to Havana ? From Vera Cruz to Providence? From Rio Janeiro to N. Orleans? From Baltimore to Callao ? From Bahia to Demerara? From the Bermuda isles to the island of Juan Fernandez? Does the grand American chain of mountains extend from the straits of Magellan and through the isthmus of Panama, to the Arctic ocean? What is the whole length of this chain? Ans. About 11,000 miles. What do you call the S. American part of this chain? What name is given to the Mexican part? What, to the more northern portion? How many feet are contained in a mile? Ans. 5,280 feet. If the peak of Chimborazo, be about

21,000 feet high, how many miles high may it be called? Where is Chimborazo ? Where and how high are the peaks, Antisana? Cotopaxi? Popocatapetl? Mount Elias? Which of these are volcanoes? What are the immense plains of N. America called? What, those of S. America? In what country are the ilanos of the Oronoco? In what, are the pampas of the La Plata ?

Where are the rivers Amazon and Tocantins? What island and what towns near their mouths? Where is the La Plata ? The Magdalena? The Puana? The Essequebo? The Uraguay? The Surinam? The Mackenzie? Colerado? Rio del Norte ? Which are the most noted falls in N. America? In S. America? Are the whites in S. America chiefly settled near the sea coasts? What people inhabit the vast central regions and the S. part of S. America? Which and where was the most ancient Indian city in S. America? Which was found the Indian metropolis in N. America? What monuments of aboriginal civilization and skill, are found in Mexico and Cuzco ? Is it in N, or in S. America, that the Indians generally are more acquainted with agriculture and the arts of civilized life? Is it in N. or S. America, that agriculture, commerce, manufactures and education are special objects of attention? What reasons can be given, why these objects have been so much neglected among the whites in S. America?

In what part of America do you find the most free and salutary government? Which are the most Catholic countries in America? If you were stationed on the top of Chimborazo and could survey the whole American continent, in what direction would you point to mount Elias ? To the white mountains? To the mouth of the Amazon or Maranon? To the Brazilian Andes? To the mouth of the La Plata ? To cape Horn? To cape Blanco? To the isthmus of Panama? To the island first discovered by Columbus ? Where and of what name is that island, and what group does it belong to? How long since Columbus first set foot upon it? On what large island did he and his companions commence the settlement of the New World? How many square miles in all America? Ans. About 15,000,000. How many people? Ans. Between 35 and 40,000,000. How many whites? Ans. About 14,000,000. How many Indians? Ans. 8,000,000. How many negroes? Ans. 6,500,000. How many of mixed races? Ans. 6,500,000. How many in America are supposed to use the English language? Ans. Not far from 12,000,000. How many the Spanish language? Ans. 10,000,000. How many the Indian language? Ans. Above 7,000,000. How many the Dutch and French languages? Ans. Dutch between 3 and 4,000,000, French above 1,000,000. How large a population is it computed the whole of America is naturally capable of supporting? Ans. More than 500,000,000. How many thousands are there in 1,000,000 ?

EUROPE.

Length 3,000 miles. Breadth 2,500. Extent 3,300,000 square miles. Pop. 315,000,000. 65 per sq. mile.

QUESTIONS.

Which is the smallest grand Division of the Globe? What are the boundaries of Europe? Its length from E. to W.? Its breadth from N. to S. ? Its number of square miles and population? What cape at the northern extremity of Europe? Ans. N. cape. What cape farthest S. ? Ans. Cape Matapan. What cape farthest W.? Ans. Cape St. Vincent in Portugal. What mountains on the E. divide it from Asia? Is Europe in N. or S. latitude? In what zones is it? Between what degrees of latitude and longitude is it situated? Ans. It extends from 36° to 71° N. latitude, and from 9 1-2° W. to 60° E. longitude. What part of the U. States corresponds in latitude to the S. point of Europe? Ans. Albemarle sound or the N. parts of N. Carolina, Tennessee and Arkansas. What parts of Europe correspond in latitude to Canada or the N. part of the U. States? What sea separates Europe from Africa? What strait connects this sea with the Atlantic? What sea on the N. E. connected with the Arctic Ocean? What two large seas on the S. E. of Europe? What two small seas are connected with the Black sea? Which of them is between the Black sea and the Grecian Archipelago? What large gulf E. of Italy? Where is the gulf of Taranto? Of Genoa ? Of Lyons? What two capes S. E. of Spain? What cape on the S. W. and what on the N. W. of Spain? What large bay N. of Spain and W. of France? What channel and strait between France and England? What channel and sea between England and Ireland? What sea next E. of England ad Scotland? What sea and large gulf N. of Prussia and E. of Swe den? What two smaller gulfs connected with the Baltic, on the E.? What are three or four of the principal lakes in the N. of Europe? What two large British islands between the N. Sea and the Atlantic? What are the principal islands in the Mediterranean? What peninsula between the Mediterranean and the gulf of Venice? What one between the Mediterranean and the Archipelago? What one between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic ? What one between the N. sea and the Baltic ? What peninsula between the Atlantic and the gulf of Bothnia? What one between the Black sea and sea of Azof?

What are the boundaries and capital of Norway? Sweden? Russia? Lapland? England? Scotland? Wales? Ireland? France ? Spain? Portugal ? Netherlands? Denmark? Germany? Prussia? Poland ? Switzerland? Italy? Turkey? Greece? What is the situation of the Ionian Isles? Ans. They are situated along the S. W. coast of Greece. Which are the five Divisions of Southern Europe, lying chiefly S. of the latitude of 45°? Which of the European countries lie principally between the parallels of 45° and 50°? Which, between 50 and 550? Which N. of 55° ? Is the greater part of Europe situated farther N. than the N. line of the U. States? Which is farther to the north, England or the gulf of St. Lawrence ? Which of the U. S. is in the latitude of France, Switzerland and Germany?