of the world'; Keats' 'heave his broad shoulder o'er the edge of the world.'

19-20. malus Iuppiter: an unkind Jove = sullen sky. Cf.

1. 1. 25.

20. urget: lowers, oppresses, broods. mieŠóμeva (Hdt. 1. 142). 21. Vergil's plaga solis iniqui (Aen. 7. 227).

22. domibus: to the abodes of men.

23. dulce: cf. on perfidum ridens (3. 26. 67). Cf. åñaλòv yeλáoαi (Odyss. 14. 465), and Sappho's adv pwveioas, already imitated by Catull. 51. 5. Roscommon's conceited rendering of these untranslatable lines is a curiosity: All cold but in her breast I will despise, And dare all heat but that in Caelia's eyes.'

ODE XXIII.

Cf. Dobson's roundel: 'You shun me, Chloe, wild and shy, | As some stray fawn that seeks its mother.' For difference between ancient and modern feeling, cf. Landor's exquisite 'Gracefully shy is yon Gazelle.' For the comparison of the girl to a fawn, cf.

Anacreon, fr. 51.

Spenser, F. Q. 3. 7. 1: 'Like as an hind forth singled from the herd, | That hath escaped from a ravenous beast, | Yet flies away of her own feet afeard; | And every leaf, that shaketh with the least | Murmur of wind, her terror hath increased.'

Poor translation by Hamilton, Johnson's Poets, 15. 635.

1. vitas: many Mss. read vitat, probably because of tremit below.

2. pavidam: cf. 1. 2. 11.

4. siluae trisyllabic. Epode 13. 2.

3. non sine: for this favorite Horatian litotes, cf. 1. 25. 16; 3. 4. 20; 3. 6. 29; 3. 7. 7; 3. 13. 2; 3. 26. 2; 3. 29. 38; 4. 1. 4. 13. 27.

24;

5-6. veris . . . adventus: so the Mss. To this bold and beautiful expression it has been objected that at the coming of spring the trees have no leaves (but cf. umbrosis, 1. 4. 10) and the does no fawns, and many editors print, after Bentley, vepris . .

...

ad ventum, which is ingenious and smoothly parallel with rubum dimovere below. Cf. Rossetti, Love's Nocturne, 'Where in groves the gracile spring | Trembles'; Swinburne, Atalanta, When the hounds of spring are on winter's traces | The mother of months in meadow or plain, | Fills the shadows and windy places, | With lisp of leaves and ripple of rain.' For adventus, cf. Milton's 'Far off his coming shone.'

6. virides: cf. Verg. Ec. 2. 9, Nunc virides etiam occultant spineta lacertos. Cf. Χλωρο-σαῦρα.

non ego te: 1. 18.

9. atqui: 3. 5. 49; 3. 7. 9; Epode 5. 67. 11; 4. 9. 30.- aspera: cf. 1. 37. 26; 3. 2. 10. 10. Gaetulus: 3. 20. 2. —frangere: epexegetic, to crush with teeth. II. 11. 113-14.

12. tempestiva: with viro. Cf. 3. 19. 27; 4. 1. 9; Verg. Aen. 7. 53, Iam matura viro plenis iam nubilis annis. — sequi: with matrem. Cf. Eugene Field's amusing Chaucerian paraphrase,' 'Your moder ben well enow so farre she goeth, | But that ben not farre enow, God knoweth.' Cf. also his 'But, Chloe, you're no infant thing | That should esteem a man an ogre | Let go your mother's apron-string | And pin your faith upon a toga.’ But we must not forget in our amusement that free-and-easy English misrepresents Horace's exquisite ease quite as grossly as the pseudoclassic eighteenth century pedantry which tempts us less.

ODE XXIV.

6

A poetic consolation.' Cf. on 2. 9. Consolatur Vergilium impatienter amici sui mortem lugentem (pseudo-Acron). For (Quintilius) Varus, cf. 1. 18. The date is given, by entry in Jerome's (Eusebius') Chronicon, B.C. 24. Quintilius Cremonensis Vergilii et Horatii familiaris moritur.

The sentiment is that of Malherbe's Consolation A Monsieur du Périer: La Mort a des rigueurs à nulle autre pareilles; | On a beau la prier, | La cruelle qu'elle est se bouche les oreilles, | Et nous laisse crier. . . . De murmurer contre elle, et perdre patience, Il est mal à propos; | Vouloir ce que Dieu veut, est la seule science | Qui nous met en repos.' Cf. Arnold, Scholar

Gipsy, and try to bear; | With close-lipp'd patience for our only friend.' Vergil himself wrote, superanda omnis fortuna ferendo est (Aen. 5. 710), and, according to Donatus (Life of Vergil, chap. 18), praised patience as the chief virtue of our mortal state: solitus erat dicere: nullam virtutem commodiorem homini esse patientia; ac nullam adeo asperam esse fortunam quam prudenter patiendo vir fortis non vincat. Cf. Sellar, p. 189; Lang, Letters to Dead Authors, Horace, init.

The Ode has been a favorite with poets. Cf., however, the petulant criticism which Landor puts in the mouth of Boccaccio (Pentameron): 'What man immersed in grief cares a quattrino about Melpomene, or her father's fairing of an artificial cuckoo and a gilt guitar? What man on such an occasion is at leisure to amuse himself with the little plaster images of Pudor and Fides, of Justitia and Veritas, or disposed to make a comparison of Virgil and Orpheus?'

There is a translation by Hamilton, Johnson's Poets, 15. 637.

1. quis, etc.: cf. Swinburne, Erechth. 757, Who shall put a bridle in the mourner's lips to chasten them, | Or seal up the fountains of his tears for shame'; Tenn. In Mem., 'Let grief be her own mistress still.' For modus, cf. 1. 16. 2, 1. 36. 11, 3. 15. 2; with pudor, Martial, 8. 64. 15, sit tandem pudor et modus rapinis.

2. cari capitis: Shelley, Adonais, 'Oh weep for Adonais, though our tears | Thaw not the frost which binds so dear a head!' This use of caput is warm with feeling, whether of love or hate. Cf. Epode 5. 74; Verg. Aen. 4. 354; Martial, 9. 68. 2; Jebb on Soph. Antig. 1; Il. 18. 114; Od. 1. 343, тoíny yàρ кepaλǹν Toléw. praecipe: teach, begin, start.

3. Melpomene: strictly the muse of tragedy; but see 1. 12. 2. n. Cf. 3. 30. 16; 4. 3. 1; George Peele, Aenone's (sic) Complaint, Melpomene, the muse of tragic songs, | With mournful tunes in stole of dismal hue, | Assist. a silly nymph to wail her woe'; Keats, Isabella, 56, 'Moan hither all ye syllables of woe | From the deep throat of sad Melpomene'; Tenn. In Mem., ‘And my Melpomene replies.'- liquidam: Lucret. 2. 145, volucres. liquidis loca vocibus opplent; Ov. Am. 1. 13. 8; Tenn. Geraint and Enid, the liquid note beloved of men (= the nightingale). —

pater: both father of the muses (Hes. Theog. 52) and All-father (1. 2. 2).

5. ergo a conclusion forced upon the reluctant heart. Cf. G. L. 502. n. 1; Sat. 2. 5. 101, ergo nunc Dama sodalis nusquam est; Ov. Trist. 3. 2. 1, Ergo erat in fatis Scythiam quoque visere nostris. Differently used, 2. 7. 17. Many critics think the poem ought to have begun here, which would meet most of Landor's strictures. - perpetuus sopor: Catull. 5. 5, Nobis cum semel occidit brevis lux, | nox est perpetua una dormienda; Moschus, 3. 111, åтéρμova výypeтov úπvov; Arnold, Thyrsis, 'For there thine earth-forgetting eyelids keep | The morningless and unawakening sleep'; Job 14. 12, 'till the heavens be no more, they shall not awake, nor be raised out of their sleep'; Shelley, Adonais, 8, He will awake no more, Oh never more!'

Cf. 4. 9. 27;

6. urget: lie heavy on, weigh down (his eyelids). premet, 1. 4. 16; Verg. Aen. 10. 745, dura quies oculos et ferreus urget | somnus, etc.; Lucret. 3. 893, urgerive superne obtritum pondere terrae. — cui: his peer. The emphasis of the introductory relative italicizes the English demonstrative that must take its place. Pudor: Aidús. The Greek and Roman religion made these capitalized abstractions more real to the ancients than they can be to us, disgusted with their rhetorical use in eighteenth century poetry. Cf. C. S. 57. Cf. Preller-Jordan, 1. 250, for Fides; Gaston Boissier, Relig. Rom. 1. 8. - soror: so Pind. O. 13. 6.

7. nuda Veritas: Ov. Amor. 1. 3. 14, has nuda simplicitas. Shaks. 'naked truth' (Hen. VI. 2. 4); L. L. L. 5. 2; Chapman, All Fools, 4. 1, 'Time will strip truth into her nakedness.'

8. inveniet: for sing. verb with pl. subject, cf. 1. 2. 38; 1. 3. 3; 1. 4. 16; 1. 6. 10; 1. 35. 21, etc. — parem: 'For Lycidas is dead, dead ere his prime, | Young Lycidas, and hath not left his peer.' Verg. Aen. 6. 878, of Marcellus, Heu pietas, heu prisca fides, etc.

9. multis flebilis cf. 4. 2. 21; G. L. 355 n.; H. 391. I.; cf. Solon's wish, fr. 19.

11. frustra pius: cf. 2. 14. 2. n. ; Ovid's vive pius moriere pius; Verg. Aen. 2. 428, dis aliter visum; 11. 157; Tenn. In Mem. 6, 'O mother, praying God will save | Thy sailor, — while thy head is bow'd | His heavy-shotted hammock shroud | Drops in his vast and wandering grave.' See Lang's comment: 'Ah, not frustra pius

was Vergil, as you say, Horace, in your melancholy song. In him, we fancy, there was a happier mood than your melancholy patience.' - non ita creditum: not thus (i.e. to this sad end) commended (in thy prayers) to their keeping. Cf. 1. 3. 5; 1. 36. 3; custodes Numidae deos. It has been taken, 'not lent to thee on such terms that thou couldst rightfully demand him when withdrawn. That is rather a Christian thought. Yet cf. Cic. Tusc. 1. 93; Sen. Dial. 11. 10. 4.

13-15. quod si . . non modern editors mostly read, with a majority of the Mss., quid si . . . num, with interrogation point after gregi (18). But the conclusion durum, etc., follows less aptly so; and the long trailing question spoils the rhythmic effect, and is not justified by the example of 2. 12. 21, nor by Pindar's swift, splendid rhetorical questions. O. 13. 18; Pyth. 4. 70; Isth. 4. 39.

13. blandius: 3. 11. 15. n.; 4. 1. 8. — Orpheo: cf. 1. 12. 7. n. For his descent into Hades in quest of Eurydice, cf. further Eurip. Alcest. 357; Ov. Met. 10. 1-77; Verg. G. 4. 453–527, Aen. 6. 119; Milton, Il Penseroso, Or bid the soul of Orpheus sing | Such notes as warbled to the string, | Drew iron tears down Pluto's cheek, | And made Hell grant what love did seek'; L'Allegro sub finem ; Spenser, Vergil's Gnat, 55; Ruins of Time, 392; Arnold, Thyrsis, 'And flute his friend like Orpheus from the dead'; Pope, Ode on St. Cecilia's Day.

Milton, P. L. 7, All

14. moderere: so 4. 3. 18, temperas. sounds on fret by string or golden wire, | Temper'd soft tunings.' 15. vanae imagini: hollow wraith, empty shade. Verg. Aen. 6. 293, tenues sine corpore vitas. volitare cava sub imagine formae. Wordsworth, Laodamia, 'But unsubstantial form eludes her grasp,' etc. Homer's νεκύων εἴδωλα καμόντων; Verg. Aen. 2. 785-95. — sanguis: the blood is the life. Cf. the revival of the dead by draughts of blood (Odyss. 11. 98).

16-18. virga . gregi: cf. 1. 10. 18. n.

16. semel : 4.7. 21, once for all, irrevocably. ěva xpóvov (Il. 15. 511); άшağ (Odyss. 12. 350); Aesch. Ag. 1019; Eumen. 648; eis ära (Prom. 750); Tenn. Two Voices, "This is more vile," he made reply, "To breathe and loathe, to live and sigh, | Than once from dread of pain to die "'; Verg. Aen. 11. 418.