Martial, 9. 71. 1-2, pecorisque maritus lanigeri. Milton's cock 'stoutly struts his dames before.' There in his feathered seraglio strutted the lordly turkey' (Longfellow).

8. virides: cf. Lo! the green serpent from his dark abode' (Thomson, Summer).

9. Martiales: the wolf is the associate of Mars for Romans. Cf. Verg. Aen. 9. 566; Macaulay, Proph. of Capys, 17. — haediliae : 'kids' is the meaning wanted. There is doubt about the form. Some take it as a proper name. Cf. Lex. 10. utcumque: whensoever, as soon as, when once. Cf. 3.4.29; 1. 35. 23; 2. 17. 11; 4. 4. 35; Epode 17. 52. - fistula: the pipe of Pan (σúpy; cf. Verg. Ecl. 2. 32; Tibull. 2. 5. 31) heard by the imaginative shepherds of Lucretius, 4. 586: et genus agricolum late sentiscere quom Pan |... unco saepe labro calamos percurrit hiantis | fistula silvestrem ne cesset fundere musam. Mart. 9. 61. 12. Cf. Mrs. Browning's What was he doing, the great god Pan?'-dulci: listening to thy sweet pipings' (Shelley, Hymn of Pan).

11. cubantis: sloping, if Ustica is a local hill, as Porphyrio says. Others, low lying, hμévw ev xúpy (Theoc. 13. 40).

12. levia: cf. Moσás. Téтрa (Aeschyl. Suppl. 794). 14. For the idiom cordi est alicui, cf. Lex.

14-16. Construe copia opulenta ruris honorum benigno cornu tibi manabit. For legend of horn of plenty, cf. Class. Dict. s.vv. Achelous and Amalthea; Ov. Met. 9. 86; Fast. 5. 115. Cf. also C. S. 60; Epist. 1. 12. 29; Otto, p. 94; Tenn. Ode Duke of Well., 'and affluent fortune emptied all her horn.' - benigno: cf. 1. 9. 6. n.

16. honorum: cf. Sat. 2. 5. 13, et quoscunque feret cultus tibi fundus honores; Stat. Theb. 10. 788, veris honor; Epode 11. 6; Spenser, Muiopotmos, gatheréd more store | Of the field's honor.' It is a commonplace of 18th century poetry.

6

17. reducta valle: cf. Epode 2. 11; 2. 3. 6, in remoto gramine; Verg. Aen. 6. 703, in valle reducta; Keats, Deep in the shady sadness of a vale.' - Caniculae: Procyon, 3. 29. 18; but not distinguished from Sirius. Cf. 3. 13. 9; Aeschyl. Ag. 967.

18. fide Teia: abl. instr.; of Anacreon. Cf. 4. 9. 9; Epode 14. 10; Byron's, 'The Scian and the Teian muse | The hero's harp, the

lover's lute.' For imitations of Anacr. or the Anacreontic tone, cf. 1. 6. 10. 20; 1. 23. 1-4; 1. 26. 1-2; 1. 27; 2. 11. 13–24; 2. 7. 28; 3. 19. 18; 4. 12. 28.

19. laborantes in: cf. Catullus' love-sick Ariadne, in flavo saepe hospite suspirantem (64. 98). -uno: Odysseus.

20. The story of the Odyssey (10. 272 sqq.). vitream: cf. 3. 28. 10; 4. 2. 3; 3. 13. 1; Stat. Silv. 1. 3. 85, vitreae iuga perfida Circes; Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, 2. 1, 'But of great Thetis' train | Ye mermaids fair | That on the shores do plain | Your seagreen hair'; Collins, Ode to Liberty, 'To him who decked with pearly pride | In Adria weds his green-haired bride.'

22. duces: wilt quaff. Cf. 3. 3. 34; 4. 4. 17. sub umbra: 1. 32. 1. Cf. 1. 5. 3, sub antro.

22-23. Semele and Thyone (@ve, Pind. Pyth. 3. 99, Hom. Hymn, Dion. 21) were both names of the mother of Bacchus. The Latin poets loved to use sonorous Greek proper names in a decorative way. Cf. Catull. 27. 7, hic merus est Thyonianus. Cf. Vergil's Phillyrides Chiron Amythaoniusque Melampus; Georg. 3. 550.

23-24. confundet proelia: cf. ταράττειν πόλεμον ; miscere proelia; incendia miscet, Aen. 2. 329; Lucret. 5. 439; Milton's 'there mingle broils.' For such rapowía, cf. 1. 18. 8; 1. 27. 1–2. 25. Cyrus recurs 1. 33. 6. male here reinforces the adj. Cf. on 1. 9. 24. suspecta: a hint that she may have given him cause for jealousy.

26. incontinentes: cf. 1. 13. 9-10. The Roman elegists not infrequently express mock repentance at having torn their ladies' dress. Cf. Ov. Am. 1. 7. 3; Propert. 2. 5. 21; Tibull. 1. 10. 56; Lucian, Dial. Mer. 8 init.; Anth. Pal. 5. 248.

27. haerentem: Sat. 1. 10. 49, haerentem capiti cum multa laude coronam.

28. immeritam: unoffending. Cf. 1. 28. 30; 2. 13. 12; 3. 6. 1; Sat. 2. 3. 7; Juv. 10. 60; Aen. 3. 2. So ȧvážios. Cf. Rich. III. 2. 1, "That all without desert have frowned on me.'

ODE XVIII.

Plant your vines, Varus. Wine is the only dispeller of care. But shun the excesses of the Centaurs and the wild Thracians, and the blind self-love and vainglory that follow the abuse of Father Liber's gifts.

For

Varus is probably the Quintilius (Varus) of 1. 24, and the Quintilius praised as a faithful literary critic, A. P. 438. praise of wine, cf. 3. 21. For Bacchus, cf. 2. 19; 3. 25.

1. Modeled on Alcaeus' fr. 44 in same meter, undèv ďλλo puTEVONS πротероν dévoριov àμπéλw.— sacra: to Bacchus. - severis: cf. on 1. 11. 1.

2. circa: with solum and moenia a slight zeugma. — mite: rarum, a light soil adapted to the vine (Verg. G. 2. 227-229). — Catili: for Catilli. Cf. on 1. 7. 13; 2. 6. 5.

3. siccis: cf. Epist. 1. 19. 9; the opposite of uvidus, 4. 5. 39. dura: predicatively.

4. mordaces: daкévμoι, Ovμoßópol. Cf. 2. 11. 18 and Milton's eating cares'; Verg. Aen. 1. 261.-aliter: sc. than by use of wine (Eurip. Bacch. 278 sqq.). — diffugiunt: Wine is 'The mighty Mahmúd, Allah-breathing Lord, | That all the misbelieving and black Horde | Of Fears and Sorrows that infest the soul | Scatters before him with his whirlwind sword' (Fitzgerald's Rubaiyát, 60). Cf. Alcaeus, οἶνον λαθικάδεα.

5-6. Cf. on 3. 21. 13-20. 'Wine is a charm, it heats the blood too, | Cowards it will arm if the wine be good too; | Quickens the wit and makes the back able, | Scorns to submit to the watch or constable' (Dekker and Ford, The Sun's Darling).

5. post vina: cf. 3. 21. 19, post te. For plural, cf. 4. 5. 31. - gravem: i.e. the hardships of. - crepat : cf. Sat. 2. 3. 33; Epist. 1. 7. 84; 2. 3. 247; prates, rattles on, waтayeî, understood' by a very slight zeugma with the next verse too.

6. Bacche pater: cf. 3. 3. 13; Epist. 2. 1. 5, Liber pater; Verg. G. 2. 4; Ion. Eleg. 1. 13, πátep Aióvvσe. The Greek Bacchus was ever young, but pater is not an epithet of age. It is a half humorous, half reverential recognition of the god's gifts. Cf. Villon, 'Père Noé qui plantastes la vigne'; Herrick, Hesp. 320, 'Sit

crowned with rosebuds and carouse | Till Liber pater twirles the house.' decens: cf. 1. 4. 6.

7. at the other side of the picture. Recent editors generally read ac, and yet, with many Mss. Ac ne is perhaps not sufficiently adversative here. — modici : the epithet is transferred from the use of the gift to the giver.— transiliat: cf. 1. 3. 24. Liberi occurs 4. 15. 26. Cf. Bacchylides' Acovvσioioi dúpois; Verg. G. 2. 5.

...

munera

8. Centaurea rixa: the strife arose out of the assault of the drunken Centaurs on the bride Hippodamia at the wedding of Pirithous, king of the Lapithae. Cf. 2. 12. 5; Ovid, Met. 12. 219 sqq.; F. Q. 4. 1. 23: And there the relics of the drunken fray, | The which amongst the Lapithees befell : | And of the bloody feast, which sent away | So many Centaurs' drunken souls to hell;' Arnold, The Strayed Reveller. It was represented in the metopes of the Parthenon. olvos кal Kévтavρov (Odyss. 21. 295) was proverbial. Cf. Anth. Pal. 11. 1; Callim. 62. 3.- super mero: both Horace and Vergil use this abl. for more usual acc. Cf. 1. 9. 5; 1. 12. 6; 3. 1. 17; Eclog. 1. 80; Aen. 6. 203.

Cf. 3. 26. 10;

9. Sithoniis: poetic specification for Thracian. 1. 27. 2; 1. 36. 14; 2. 7. 27. This misuse of wine is imputed to the severity of the god in the harsher northern clime. Cf. Pater, Greek Studies, p. 40.. - Euhius: from evoî. Cf. on 2. 19. 5, and Lucretius, 5, 743. The orgiastic appellations Euhius and Bassareu are aptly used when the darker side of the deity is emphasized rather than the friendliness of Liber pater.

10-11. When in their greed they distinguish right and wrong only by the narrow line which their desires leave between them.' The line is untranslatable. For the general thought, cf. Arnold's 'whom what they do | Teaches the limits of the just and true'; Shaks. Tim. of Athens, 5. 5, making your wills the scope of justice'; Dyer, 'Some weigh their pleasure by their lust,' etc.

11. non ego te recurs 1. 23. 9; 4. 12. 22. — candide: 'bright god of the vine' (Martin). Cf. Epode 3. 9; Ov. Fast. 3. 772; Tibull. 3. 6. 1. But cf. Epode 14. 5. n. -Bassareu: from the foxskin, Baoσápa, from which the Bassarids Maenads took their name. Macrobius (Sat. 1. 18. 9) speaks of a bearded Bacchus under this name. Cf. Class. Review, 10. 21.

12 sqq. The thought 'I will not abuse the gifts of Bacchus,' is clothed in imagery borrowed from his mystic rites. For the concealing leaves and the affected mystery of Bacchic orgies, cf. Theoc. 26. 3; Catullus, 64. 259, 260; Tibull. 1. 7. 48.

13. sub divum: cf. 1. 1. 25; 3. 2. 5; 2. 3. 23. saeva: harsh, appalling. Saeva sonoribus arma (Verg. Aen. 9. 651). — tene: check, hush. Berecyntio: the Berecynthian horn belonged to the worship of Cybele (Lucret. 2. 619), but was transferred to that of Dionysus also. Cf. Catul. 64. 264; Eurip. Bacchae, 78; cf. 3. 19. 18. 14. caecus: Eigenliebe macht die Augen trübe. Sen. Ep. 109. 16, quos amor sui excaecat.

15. plus nimio: this colloquialism, in Cicero nimio plus, recurs 1. 33. 1; Epist. 1. 10. 30. Nimio is abl. of measure. - gloria: vainglory. Cf. miles gloriosus, and the famous French epigram, 'ci-git le glorieux à côté de la gloire.' So in older English, 'Laughter is a sudden glory' (Hobbes).

16. fides prodiga: we may say that fides is a vox media, or call it an oxymoron, like Tennyson's 'Faith unfaithful kept him falsely true.' Cf. 3. 24. 59, and 1. 5. 5. -per | lucidior: cf. on 2. 12. 25. — vitro: cf. 3. 13.1; 1.17.20. For the thought, cf. the proverbial olvos καὶ ἀλήθεια and κάτοπτρον εἴδους χαλκός ἐστ ̓, οἶνος δὲ νοῦ, Aesch. fr. 393; Alcaeus, fr. 53, 57.

ODE XIX.

I thought passion's reign was ended, but the imperious mother of the loves resumes her sway and suffers me to sing of naught but Glycera, whose bright beauty fires my heart. Quick! an altar of turf and a victim to propitiate the resistless goddess.

Imitated by Congreve, Johnson's Poets, 10. 278.

1. Repeated 4. 1. 5. Cf. Pind. fr. 122. 4, μarép' 'Epúтwv. The 'Loves' as attendants on Venus belong rather to the prettinesses of later Greek poetry and art. But cf. Aeschyl. Suppl. 1043; Bion. Epitaph. Adon. 80 sqq.; Catull. 3. 1; Stat. Silv. 1. 2. 61; Claud. de Nupt. Honor. 72; Tenn. 'a bevy of Eroses apple cheeked.' 2. Semelae puer: Bacchus, cf. 1. 17. 22. Some read Greek gen. Semeles.

3. Licentia: üßpis, 'Love's wantonness.'