tence was considered exceptionally severe for the reason that no really fraudulent intentions could be imputed to Campana, and that his magnificent collection, immediately dispersed at a reckless sacrifice, realised a large sum in excess of that he had borrowed. The great majority of the inestimable gems of these collections were, on their ruthless dispersion, bought by the Russian and French Governments, Russia securing the larger share. After remaining for some years in the prison of San Michele, where he was attended with most exemplary devotion by his English wife, he was finally liberated at the urgent intercession of Napoleon III.

Cardinal Bartolomeo Pacca, who died on October 14, had attained the high dignity of a Prince of the Church by that steady advancement in the Prelature of the Curia which, as distinguished from the priesthood, leads direct to the Sacred College. He was born at Benevento on February 25, 1817, a member of the family of the Marquises della Matrice of that city. Among the generations of his house many bishops can be counted. His paternal uncle was Pius VII.'s celebrated ProSecretary of State and companion in exile, and thus his career in the prelature was from the first made easy. Entering the judicial department of the State, he became vice-president of the Criminal Court of the Governor of Rome. After the changes made in that Court by Pius IX., he was appointed to the tribunal of the Consulta, which adjudicated on political offences, and thence passed to the Court of Cassation. But Monsignor Pacca had been gifted by nature with the polish of the courtier rather than with the severity of the judge, and at the age of 42, leaving the bench for the Pontifical antechamber, Pius IX. conferred upon him the office of Maestro di Camera, from which he was promoted six years afterwards to the Maggiordomato, and thence, as a matter of course, to the Sacred College. Reserved "in Petto" at the Consistory of March 15, 1875, his creation was declared at that of the 17th of the following September. He was an example of the perfect ecclesiastical courtier, and in fulfilment of his duties towards those admitted to the Pontifical presence, as at all times, he combined the most exquisite courtesy with the distinguished bearing of a polished gentleman. To recruit his declining health Cardinal Pacca had gone with

Cardinal Nina to spend the autumn months at the Monastery of Grotto Ferrata, where he was struck with apo plexy on the evening of October 13, and died in a few hours.

Baron Pietro Ercole Visconti, whose death took place on October 14, was for many years one of the most prominent figures in the archæological world of Rome. Great-nephew of the celebrated Ennio Quirino Visconti, and nephew of the architect of the same name, he early applied himself to the study of all that had been written on the archæology and history of his native city, and it was in imparting the fruits of those studies and expounding what others had written, rather than for independent researches, that he was particu larly distinguished. He usually divided his course of lectures into four partsiconology, iconography, epigraphy, and numismatics-one to each year, teaching meanwhile the history and topography of the city by such long digressions as the branches of the four great divisions of his subject suggested. The antithesis of the dry-as-dust antiquarian he combined with the learning of a profound archæologist, all the polish of a practised courtier, and the brilliancy of a ready wit. He was the life and soul of those little gatherings in the Vatican library when the Pope Pio Nono, after the audiences of the morning, sat, surrounded by distinguished members of the Pontifical Court, chatting over the events of the day. Among the more important discoveries made under Visconti's directions as Commissioner of Antiquities may be mentioned the temple of Cybele and Atys and other valuable results of the extensive excavations at Ostia; the guard-house of the seventh cohort of the Vigiles, near the Basilica of Saint Chrysogono; that portion of the ancient quays on the banks of the Tiber where the marble was landed and many hundred blocks lie buried where they had been disembarked; some very important tombs, and the long-lost Basilica of St. Stephen on the Latin Way; and the completion of the excavation and clearing of the Appian Way.

Lady Richardson, of Lancrigg, near Grasmere, died on October 17, aged 78. She was the daughter of a distinguished mother (Mrs. Fletcher), whose autobiography she edited, and the widow of a brave and scientific Arctic traveller, Sir John Richardson; and she was herself a remarkable character, whose

friendship was deeply valued by many distinguished men and women. Lady Richardson was born in May 1802. Her father was that Archibald Fletcher whom Lord Cockburn called "a pure and firm patriot." Her mother, the lifelong friend of Lord Brougham, the friend, too, in her later years of Words. worth, by her brilliancy of intellect gathered round her all the genius of Edinburgh at the time of Edinburgh's greatest literary fame- that of the foundation of the Edinburgh Review. Lady Richardson was for many years her mother's constant companion, as she did not marry till 1847. In 1848, not many months after her marriage, she was called upon to part with her husband, she and Sir John having agreed that, should no tidings of his friend and connection, Sir John Franklin, have reached England by a certain date, Sir John Richardson was to go in search of him, in fulfilment of a promise to his friend. To add to Lady Richardson's cares during the trying period of suspense which followed, she had to perform the duties of a mother to her husband's children by a former wife, who had been a niece of Sir John Franklin. Nearly all the friends of Lady Richardson's early days died before her, but to the very last she retained her bright interest in the important questions of the day, whether literary, political, or scientific.

Henry

The Right Hon. Alfred Thesiger was the third son of the well-known Lord Chancellor, the first Baron Chelmsford, by Anne Maria, youngest daughter of Mr. William Tinling, of Southampton. The Thesiger family were of foreign extraction, and settled in this country about 100 years ago. The late Lord Justice was born in 1838, and educated at Eton, where he steered the Eight, and on proceeding to Oxford played in the Christ Church Eleven, and was captain of the Torpids. He affords one instance among many (the names of Lord Justice Brett, Mr. E. Chitty, Q.C., M.P., &c. occur at once), that success in athletic sports at the University may be an excellent preparation for the Bar; but Mr. Thesiger had also designed to carry into the schools the same strenuousness and perseverance which he had shown on the river and in the cricket-field. Ultimately, however, Mr. Thesiger did not go in for honours in the final classical school, but obtained an "honorary fourth" in the law and history school. His papers in the schools were so well

done that, upon his going in for the vivá voce part of his examination, the examiner, after asking him a couple of questions, advised him to allow the whole of his pass papers to be annulled and to go in for honours. This was a most distinguished compliment, and Mr. Gordon, his tutor, assured us in a letter, which we published in 1877, that he only remembered two other instances -that of the late Mr. Stephen Denison, who took the examiner's advice, and was placed in the first class; the other Mr. German Lavie, who was unable to act upon the examiner's advice, and received his honorary fourth. Mr. Thesiger followed the latter example, and reserved himself for the school of law and history, to which he applied for some months with the greatest assiduity, reading, on an average, ten or eleven hours a day. Here, however, his health failed him, and he was, under medical advice, obliged to give up all work and take complete rest. Under these circumstances, he did not even go in for a pass in law, that school being entirely optional, and, having gone into the mathematical school instead, he took his degree in the regular way. At that time he had almost decided to give up reading for the Bar, and to follow some other line of life. But, fortunately, his health began to improve. He was already entered at the Inner Temple, and in Trinity Term, 1862, he was "called" by the Benchers of that Inn. Mr. Thesiger had all the advantages that careful direction of his course of study by a very experienced lawyer, excellent introductions, and social influence of a most valuable kind could give, and he speedily showed that these recommendations were not bestowed in vain. His fair complexion and slender figure exposed him then and constantly afterwards to the charge which David Copperfield felt so deeply, of being "very young," but he worked assiduously, and became a favourite with members of both branches of his profession, for his modesty and genuine, but unobtrusive, attainments. He had the invaluable aid to an advocate with his fellows of being known never to take an advantage not permitted by the rules of the game. Mr. Thesiger was always looked upon as the soul of honour, and the model of professional etiquette and integrity. Causes célèbres he was not often concerned with; his practice lay in paths quieter, but not less surely avenues to fame. He held, however, a junior brief in the great Roupell case. He had the appointment of "postman'

in the Court of Exchequer, a meaningless office now, but which entitles the holder to a comfortable seat in court, and is usually bestowed upon a barrister who is popular in the profession. At one time he was frequently to be seen in the Committee Rooms of the Houses of Parliament; but he made up his mind to resign this part of his practice, and returned all his Parliamentary briefs. It was said then that he was going to be a Judge. The silk gown he had the honour to receive from the opposite political party. The son of a Conservative peer, and himself regarded as a Conservative, he applied to Lord Selborne for silk, and was made Q.C. in 1873. In distinction from the ordinary practice, which is to make a batch of Queen's Counsel at a time, Mr. Thesiger alone was added to the list of Her Majesty's counsel, and took his seat within the Bar. Leading business fell to his lot at once in remarkable profusion. From that time forward no advocate was heard more often in heavy commercial cases; in compensation cases he was the regular opponent to Sir Henry Hawkins. Eloquence was never ascribed to him, but his fair and commonsense way of presenting facts, and his complete mastery of details-above all, the virtue, which he shared with his distinguished opponent, of always reading his instructions, gave him great power with juries. With the Judges his habit of close reasoning and power of lucid argument prevailed. He had the reputation of being an excellent lawyer, and it was notorious that no counsel was listened to with more attention in the House of Lords. The class of cases in which his appearances before this august tribunal were most frequent was such appeals as that of Cory v. Bristow, in 1877, in which he was for the Conservators of the Thames in a dispute as to rights of mooring and rating derricks in the river, or "Cowen r. the Duke of Buccleuch," in the same year-a Scotch appeal relating to an alleged pollution of the river Esk by the emanations of several great manufactories established along twelve miles of its banks in Mid Lothian. The reported judgments are full of compliments to Mr. Thesiger. It was in this year, on September 10, that he was made Attorney-General to the Prince of Wales, in succession to Mr. Lochan appointment he was not to hold for many weeks. He had been elected a bencher of his Inn in 1874, and in 1876 sat on the Commission to which the Fugitive Slave Circular was referred.

Το

Mr. Thesiger had never made any attempt to enter Parliament, but in the election that was impending it was understood to be his intention to issue an address on the Conservative side. During the year, however, the post of Lord Justice of Appeal fell vacant by the retirement of Sir Richard Amphlett, and Mr. Thesiger was nominated to the vacant place. The appointment took most people by surprise. It was remembered that Lord Cairns had been reported to have said that he found no counsel's arguments clearer than those of Mr. Thesiger; but such rapid promotion, it was argued, was unheard of. "A Queen's counsel whose silk gown is four years old, and its wearer only 39," wrote a critic, "and who has never in any way distinguished himself above his fellows, has been passed over the heads of twenty Judges into one of the most important judicial offices in the State." But the appointment justified itself by the eminently judicious conduct of the New Lord Justice on the Bench, and he bade fair to give to the Court of Appeal for many years that in which the English Judicature is wanting the vigour of youth. Mr. Thesiger it was a considerable money loss to leave the Bar for the Bench. He was earning 10,000l. a year, and, as one of the new Lords Justices, he became entitled only to 5,000l. a year, with an allowance for circuit expenses. The Lord Justice was made a member of the Privy Council. He had been a member of the Home Circuit; he now went the Circuits in their turn as a Judge. The late Lord Justice married, in 1863, Henrietta, daughter of the Hon. George Handcock. He had come up for medical advice about three weeks previously from his country seat at Lymington, where he had been taking vigorous exercise and sea-bathing. During the last nine days his illness assumed a very serious aspect; inflammation of the ear (which may have been due to want of caution in bathing) spread internally and led to blood-poisoning. This was the proximate cause of death, which took place on October 20. A career of great promise, and in which success had been obtained at an unusually early period, is thus brought unexpectedly to a close. Lord Justice Thesiger was only forty-two, and had held his high office for but three years.

Herr Emil Palleske, a man who leaves behind no inconsiderable fame in Germany as the biographer of Schiller,

On

and as a public reader and lecturer on Shakspeare, Fritz Reuter, and other popular poets, died on October 20, at Berlin, aged 57. Born of humble Pomeranian parents at Tempelburg in 1823, Palleske first came before the public as an actor at Posen, and later on, at the instance of Stahr, the deceased husband of Fanny Lewald (the only living lady novelist almost of whom Germany can boast), he removed to Oldenburg, where, from acting plays, he took to writing them, and thus committed a graver error. Discovering it, however, in time, he hastened to retrieve his reputation by giving public recitations from the poets, and, being possessed of a fine voice and person, he soon achieved great success. the appearance of Mr. Lewes's "Biography of Goethe," which excited no less the admiration than the jealousy of bookmakers in Germany, Palleske was instigated by a Berlin publisher to do for Schiller what a foreigner, to the shame of all patriotic Germans, had accomplished for his greater companion in glory. And there are some who even think, or, at least, assert, that the pupil outstripped the master, despite the maxim which maintains that Nature abhorreth duplicates, and the teaching of history, which shows that no great original work of art has ever been excelled by its copy. Palleske, who was further the author of a treatise on the art of public reading and lecturing, had recently been living in retirement at Thal, near Eisenach.

Major-General Edward W. de Lancey Lowe, son of the late Sir Hudson Lowe, who was in charge of Napoleon at St. Helena, died on October 21, in London. Major-General Lowe entered the Army as ensign in the 32nd Regiment from the Royal Military College in 1837, and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant in 1841, and captain in 1845. He served with the 32nd Regiment at the first and second siege operations before Mooltan, including the attack on the enemy's position, when he commanded the companies of the 32nd Regiment that were engaged. He was also present at the action of Soorjkand, the surrender of Mooltan, and the battle of Goojerat. For his services in this campaign he obtained a medal with two clasps. Major Lowe served throughout the Indian Mutiny of 1857-59, and commanded with much distinction the 32nd Regiment during the defence of the Residency of Lucknow, where he was wounded. In recognition of this

service he was mentioned in despatches, received the brevet rank of lieutenantcolonel, and was made a Companion of the Bath. He succeeded to the command of the 32nd Regiment in September 1858, and led his regiment at the defeat of the Gwalior rebels at Cawnpore, and at the reduction of Fort Tyrhool. For Lucknow he received a year's service, and the medal, and clasp for the campaign of the Mutiny. In October 1859 he became lieutenantcolonel of the 21st Regiment, in 1863 of the 6th Regiment, and in 1867 of the 87th Regiment. He went upon half-pay in 1872, having received the brevet rank of colonel in 1863, and at the time of his death was in receipt of a reward for distinguished service.

Deputy Salvatore Morelli, a wellknown Italian patriot, died on October 22, at Pozzuoli. Like Poerio, Settembrini, Spaventa, and others, he had suffered long years of imprisonment for his devotion to the cause of Italian liberty; more recently, as a deputy, he was looked upon as one of the oddities of the Italian Chamber. His eccentricities, his untiring ardour in advocating his extraordinary theories on the emancipation of women, the profound conviction he manifested in sustaining his ideas, the curious arguments and strange comparisons he em ployed in their support, and his pertinacity in introducing the subject whenever and in whatever debate he saw or thought he saw an opening he might turn to account for its advance. ment, were such as to afford the humoristic journals, such as Fanfulla, ample materials for turning his dis courses into ridicule, and to make his rising in the Chamber a signal for hilarity. But Morelli's equanimity and tolerance equalling his conviction of the truth of his case, were proof against laughter, and, instead of daunting him, it had the effect of calling forth stronger arguments and more forcible illustrations, often reaching the extravagant. He was born at Carovigno, near Lecce, in the Southern Neapolitan territory. From his youth he ardently participated in the Liberal movement, and from the year 1848-60 his life may be described as having been one continued imprisonment. Liberated on the downfall of the Bourbon dynasty, he started in succession three newspapers-the Dittatore, L'Italia Salentina, and the Pensiero-in the interest of the Advanced Left, and in 1867 he was elected deputy by the constituency of

Sessa Aurunca, and took his seat in Stall No. 1, at the extremity of the Left benches, a place he never relinquished except for the temporary convenience of Garibaldi on the few occasions he appeared in the Chamber. Siding with the Dissidents of the Left during the late crisis, his re-election was strongly opposed by the supporters of the Government. He lost his seat, and the bitter disappointment he felt, aggravating the malady from which he was suffering, is believed to have accele rated his death. In fact, his Parliamentary pursuits and the advancement of his theories were his only objects in life. He sought neither place nor riches, although he was so poor that, when at lunch-time he said he was going to get his beefsteak, every one knew that he meant the cup of coffee and piece of dry bread, often the only sustenance he took in the twenty-four hours. Sometimes he would be seen in a corner of the lobby philosophically consuming a hunch of bread and cheese; and finally, when his failing health required better fare, he had unwillingly to contract a debt of 101. or 127. at the trattoria. He was one of the most unselfish and kind-hearted of men. During his detention with other political prisoners on the island of Tremiti, an almost bare rock in the Adriatic, he saved the life of a drowning man at the risk of his own. On being informed by the governor that what he had done entitled him to a remission of punishment, he inquired if he could ask it for another, and, receiving an affirmative reply, asked and obtained the release of a fellow-prisoner whose wife and children were suffering want at home. For several years he had brought forward a Bill for the introduction of a divorce law into the Italian code. Its consideration was as regularly negatived, and often with laughter, by the Chamber. In the spring, his Bill receiving the powerful support of Signor Villa, the Minister of Grace and Justice, was referred to the Bureaux, but had not come on for discussion. His work" La Donna e la Scienza" has been translated into several languages. Those journals and deputies who were ever ready to make jest of Salvatore Morelli, or rather of his fixed idea regarding the emancipation of women, nevertheless invariably respected his integrity of character, his sound patriotism, his unimpeachable honesty. He was a patriot of the old school-a generation which accomplished many deeds with few words.

Baron Ricasoli died on October 23, at Broglio. For some years he had lived in retirement on account of impaired health. Descended from an old and well-known family settled in Tuscany, he was born there in 1809, and at a comparatively early age had his attention turned to politics as a consequence of being acquainted with several exiles. In the events of 1848 he had no share, but soon afterwards he aided in the restoration of the Grand Duke and advocated moderately liberal concessions. Indignant at the restoration of Austrian influence, Ricasoli, who had contributed to the overthrow of the system established by Guerazzi and Montanelli, went into private life, from which he was drawn ten years afterwards by the new movement in favour of Italian independence. He became a member of the Government formed by Signor Boncompagni. The withdrawal of the latter left Ricasoli dictator of Florence, a position in which he developed many high qualities. He proved equal to difficult emergencies, and by a series of prudent measures brought about the annexation of Tuscany to the kingdom of Italy. Elected a member of the Italian Parliament, he appeared at the head of the majority which supported Cavour, and upon the death of the latter was chosen as his successor. The leading objects he proposed to himself were a complete understanding with France, the consolidation of Italian unity, and the solution of the Roman question. In the spring of 1862 the Ricasoli Ministry retired, to be followed by that of Ratazzi. The outgoing Minister was then offered the Presidency of the Chamber, but declined the proposed honour. On the eve of the war of 1866, in order that General De la Marmora might be at liberty to devote himself exclusively to military affairs, Ricasoli was requested to replace him as President of the Council and reconstitute the Cabinet. He obeyed the summons, and in the course of a few months rendered essential services to his country, not only in connection with the contest in which it had engaged, but in matters of home policy. The financial and religious difficulties which attended the Roman question-a question ever be fore his eyes-led to the downfall of his Ministry. Early in 1867 the Chamber of Deputies threw out a Bill introduced by the Minister of Finance in regard to ecclesiastical property. Rica soli, whose ideas on this subject were embodied in the measure, gave in his