the real power by which the head of the femur is retained in the acetabulum when the muscles are at rest.

DISEASE OF THE HIP-JOINT. Hip-disease differs in so many points of importance from other joint-diseases, and is so serious an affection that it requires a special notice. Its connection with the scrofulous or strumous diathesis is more distinctly marked than that of most other jointdiseases, and it almost always occurs before the age of puberty. It is essentially a tubercular inflammation of the hip-joint. Its beginning may be often associated with some trivial occurrence, such as over-exertion in a long walk, a sprain in jumping, or a fall.

In the early stage of the disease, the whole of the structures of the joint are inflamed, and by proper treatment at this period the morbid action may be sometimes subdued without any worse consequences than a more or less rigid joint. Usually, however, abscesses form around the joint, and often communicate with its interior; and the acetabulum, and the head and neck of the thigh-bone, become disintegrated, softened, and roughened. In a still more advanced stage, dislocation of the head of the thigh-bone commonly occurs, either from the capsular ligaments becoming more or less destroyed, and the head of the bone being drawn out of its cavity by the action of the surrounding muscles, or from a fungous mass sprouting up from the bottom of the cavity, and pushing the head of the bone before it. It is of extreme importance that the symptoms should be detected in an early stage of the disease, and surgical aid at once be sought. As the disease advances, abscesses, as already mentioned, occur around the joint, which sometimes, from the tension they exert on the obturator nerve, occasion extreme pain in the inside of the thigh. True shortening of the limb now takes place, which at the same time becomes adducted and inverted. From this stage, if the general health is good, the patient may be so fortunate as to recover with an anchylosed (or immovable) hip-joint; but occasionally a condition of exhaustion comes on, the tubercular process exhibits itself in the lungs and elsewhere, and death finally supervenes from the prolonged septic processes. The duration of the disease may vary from two or three months to ten or more years. The

essential factor in the treatment of these cases is complete immobilization of the joint for a protracted period by means of plaster splints or rigid metal braces. With this must be combined nourishing food, fresh air, and sunlight, with general exercise of the body as early as is practicable.

HIPPARCHUS, hip-pärʼkus (Lat., from Gk. "Inwapxos) (fl. between B.C. 161 and 126). A Greek astronomer and mathematician. He was born in Nicæa, Bithynia, but his astronomical work was done on the island of Rhodes, and possibly also in Alexandria. Of his personal history nothing is known. He was the founder of genuinely scientific astronomy, and also of a part of

that science which lies on the border-land of astronomy and geometry, viz. trigonometry. In this field he computed a table of chords, which, although lost, is known to us through the works of Theon of Alexandria (q.v.), who wrote about A.D. 365. It is probable, too, that this is the Hipparchus who wrote on combinatory analysis, and that the Arabs were correct in attributing to

VOL. X.-7.

him a knowledge of the quadratic equation. Certain it is that Ptolemy was indebted to him for much of the Almagest (q.v.). According to Fabricius, Hipparchus wrote nine separate works; but of these only the Commentary on Aratus has come down to us. From the Almagest we learn that it was Hipparchus who first discovered the precession of the equinoxes, determined the place of the equinox among the stars, invented solar and lunar theories, invented the astrolabe (q.v.), and drew up a catalogue of upward of 1000 stars, determining the longitude and latitude of each (this catalogue has been preserved in the Almagest). As Ptolemy was also an astronomer, there is some difficulty in allotting to each his meed of praise for the discoveries mentioned in the Almagest, which difficulty has given rise to some discussion. Consult: Delambre, Histoire de l'astronomie ancienne (Paris, 1817); Berger, Die geographischen Fragmente des Hipparch (Leipzig, 1870); Wolf, Geschichte der Astronomie (Munich, 1877).

HIPPARCHUS (c.555-514 B.C.). The son and one of the successors of Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens. On the death of Pisistratus (B.C. 527), Hipparchus and his older brother, Hippias, kept the government of Athens in their hands. Hipparchus interested himself in art and literature, as his father had done. He was murdered by Harmodius and Aristogiton in 514, at the Panathenæa, probably in revenge for a personal insult, though the Greeks of the next century commonly considered the murderers as patriots and saviors of their country.

pony, diminutive of Tоs, hippos, horse). HIPPA'RION (Neo-Lat., from Gk. iráριoν,

A

fossil horse, somewhat smaller than the Asiatic Miocene rocks of North America and in the ass, remains of which have been found in Upper Pliocene deposits of North Africa, Asia, and Europe.

HIP'PEL, THEODOR GOTTLIEB VON (1741-96). A German humorist and satirist, born at Königsberg. After traveling in Russia, he settled in his birthplace as tutor and student of law, and in 1786 became Privy Councilor of War and president of the town. He published: Ueber die Ehe (1774, edited by Brenning, 1872); Ueber die bürgerliche Verbesserung der Weiber (1792); Lebensläufe nach aufsteigender Linie, nebst Beilagen A. B. C. (1778-81, edited by Ottingen, 1883); and Ueber weibliche Bildung (1801). In these works he attempted to express and popularize the philosophy of Kant's Kritik, then unpublished. Of a more satiric and political nature are: Zimmermann I. und Friedrich II., von Johann Heinrich Friedrich Quittenbaum Bildschnitzer in Hannover (1790), and Kreuz und Querzüge des Ritters A. bis Z. His other works include some hymns: the idyllic Handzeichnungen nach der Natur (1790); the drama Der Mann nach der Uhr (2d ed. 1771); and Ueber das Königsberger Stapelrecht (1791). His collected works were published at Berlin in fourteen volumes (1827-38). Consult his autobiography (Gotha, 1801).

HIP'PIAS (Lat., from Gk. 'Inrias) (?-c.490 B.C.). A tyrant of Athens, son of Pisistratus, upon whose death (B.C. 527) he assumed the government in conjunction with his brother Hipparchus. According to Thucydides, the government of the brothers was conducted on the same

principle as that of their father, and many distinguished poets, including Simonides of Ceos and Anacreon of Teos, lived at Athens under their patronage. After the assassination of Hipparchus, in B.C. 514, Hippias seized the reins of government alone, and avenged the death of his brother by imposing extraordinary taxes, selling offices, and putting to death' all of whom he entertained the least suspicion. At length, however, his despotism was overthrown. The Delphic oracle was bribed to enjoin the Lacedæmonians to free Athens from the Pisistratidæ, and after one or two unsuccessful attempts the tyrant's old enemies, the Alemæonidæ, to whom Megacles belonged, supported by a Spartan force under Cleomenes, defeated Hippias in the field, captured his children, and compelled him and all his relatives to leave Attica (B.C. 510). As soon as they had departed, a decree was passed condemn ing the tyrant and his family to perpetual banishment, and a monument commemorative of their crimes and oppression was erected in the Acropolis. After spending some time at Sigeum, Hippias went to the Court of Darius, and incited the first war of the Persians against the European Greeks. He accompanied the expedition sent under Datis and Artaphernes, and persuaded

the Persians to land at Marathon. It cannot be

determined whether he was killed during the battle or whether he died at Lemnos on his

return.

HIPPIAS OF E’LIS (c.460 B.C.-?). A Greek mathematician, writer, diplomat, and philosopher. He was a teacher of renown, a man of great pretense, but a scholar of little originality. His teaching, for which his pupils were compelled to pay heavily, was directed to the practical end of success in a worldly way, to display, and to ability in public address. It is probable that he is the Hippias mentioned by Proclus (on the authority of Geminus) as the inventor of the quadratrix, a curve originally designed, it is thought, for dividing an arc in a given ratio, but which also lends itself readily to the quadrature of the circle. (See QUADRATURE.) curve, however, usually bears the name of Dinostratus, since he studied it with so much care. HIPPID'IUM. An extinct ancestor of the horse. See HORSE, FOSSIL.

This

HIP'PO (Lat., from Gk. 'Iππúν, Hippōn), or HIPPO REGIUS. A Phoenician colony in North Africa, later a favorite residence of Masinissa, King of Numidia, of which the scanty ruins are yet to be seen, near Bona, Algeria. Hippo was a flourishing trading city under the Roman rule, and in later years the see of Saint Augustine, who died here in A.D. 430, just before the destruction of the city by the Vandals.

HIP POBOS'CIDÆ (Neo-Lat. nom. pl., from Gk. IπTOBоoкós, hippoboskos, feeding horses, feeding on horses, from ἵππος, hippos, horse + Bóoke, boskein, to feed). A strange and important, family of dipterous insects which are parasitic upon birds and mammals, and which are popularly known by the name of 'bird-ticks.' This is misleading, since they are not ticks, and are not confined to birds, although the adults live and move quickly about among the feathers and hair of birds and mammals. Unlike most other external parasites of the higher animals, many of them possess wings, although they are otherwise modified as the result of their parasitic

life. Their development is very abnormal, and differs from that of all other insects. The eggs hatch and the larva develop within the mother, and are extruded only when ready to transform to pupæ. Hippobosca equina is a winged species which occurs on the horse, and is known in England as the 'forest fly.' Melophagus ovinus is a wingless form, and occurs on the sheep. One of the commonest of the North American species is Olfersia Americana, which is found upon certain birds, like the horned owl, certain hawks, and the ruffed grouse. The species of the genus Lipoptena may, while still winged, live on birds, but afterwards they lose their wings, and are then found on mammals.

HIPPOCAM/PUS. See SEA-HORSE.

HIPPOCRAS (from Fr. hippocras, hypocras, from Last. Hippocrates, Gk. 'ITπокрάтηs, Hippokratēs, a famous Greek physician). An aromatic medicated cordial, formerly much used in Great Britain. It was made of spiced wine, mixed with sugar, lemon, aromatic tincture, or other ingredients.

HIPPOCRATES (Lat., from Gk. 'ITоKPÁTNS, Hippokrates) (c.460-357 B.C.). A Greek physician, the most celebrated of antiquity, and justly called 'the father of medicine.' He was the son of Heraclides, also a physician, and belonged to the family of the Asclepiadæ, being either the

nineteenth or seventeenth in descent from Esculapius. His mother, Phænarete, was said to be descended from Hercules. He, was born in the island of Cos. He is said to have been instructed in medicine by his father and by Herodicus, and in philosophy by Georgias of Leontini, the sophist, and Democritus of Abdera, whom he afterwards cured of insanity. After spending some time in traveling through different parts of Greece, he settled and practiced his profession at Cos, and finally died at Larissa, in Thessaly. He is said to have passed the age of a hundred. We know little more of his personal history than that he was highly esteemed as a physician and an author, and that he raised the medical school of Cos to a very high reputation. His works were studied and quoted by Plato. Various stories are recorded of him by Greek writers, which are undoubtedly fabulous; and legends regarding him are found in the works of Arabic writers, who term him Bukrat, while the European story-tellers of the Middle Ages celebrate him under the name of Ypocras. The works bearing the name of Hippocrates, and termed the Hippocratic collection, are 72 in number, and include many treatises by his sons, Thessalus and Draco, by his son-in-law, Polybus, and by others. The following are considered authentic: Epidemics; Regimen in Acute Diseases on Air, Water, and Places; On Wounds of the Head; parts of the Aphorisms; and parts of the Prognostics; the work on Ancient Medicines; Joints; Fractures; The Use of the Lever; Law; Ulcers; Hæmorrhoids; The Sacred Disease; Fistula; and On the Duty of the Physician, as well as the Oath. Hippocrates divides the causes of disease into two principal classes-the first consisting of the influence of seasons, climates, water, situation, etc., and the second of more personal causes, such as the food and exercise of the individual patient. His belief in the influence which different climates exert on the human constitution is very strongly expressed. He

ascribes to this influence both the conformation of the body and the disposition of the mind, and hence accounts for the difference between the Greek and the Asiatic. The four fluids or humors of the body (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile) were regarded by him as the primary seats of disease; health was the result of the due combination (or crasis) of these, and illness was the consequence of a disturbance of this crasis. When a disease was proceeding favorably, these humors underwent a certain change (or coction), which was the sign of returning health, as preparing the way for the expulsion of morbid matter, or crisis, these crises having a tendency to occur at definite periods, which were hence called 'critical days.' His treatment of diseases was cautious, and what we now term expectant; it consisted chiefly and solely in attention to diet and regimen. Thus he was the inventor of the humoral pathology, so long in vogue in medical schools. He must be judged by the standards of his day. A most careful and keen observer and exact chronicler of symptoms, he was also possessor of a remarkable mental equipment and a man of great nobility and morality.

The works of Hippocrates were translated at an early period into Arabic. They were first printed in a Latin translation in 1525 at Rome, Galen's commentaries on his works being of special value. The first Greek edition (the Aldine) appeared the following year at Venice; an edition by Mercurialis appeared in 1588, one by Foesius in 1595, and one by Van der Linden (still much esteemed) in 1665. An edition under the editorship of Kuhn appeared in three volumes at Leipzig, in 1825-27. The best French edition is that of Littré, in 10 volumes, the first of which appeared in 1839, and the last in 1861. An excellent English translation of The Genuine Works of Hippocrates was published in 1849 in 2 vols. by Dr. Adams.

HIPPOCRATES OF CHIOS, kios (c.450 B.C.). A Greek geometer, possibly related to the family of the celebrated physician. His early life was devoted to maritime commerce, and the seizure of a vessel by the Athenian customs called him (c.430) to Athens to obtain redress. Failing in his mission, he betook himself to the study of philosophy and to teaching geometry. He wrote the first elementary text-book on geometry, but is known especially for the quadrature of certain

LUNES OF HIPPOCRATES.

figures which are commonly called the lunes of Hippocrates. This is the first known instance of the quadrature of a curvilinear figure. One of the propositions in its simplest form asserts that if semicircles be described upon the three sides of an isosceles triangle, as shown in the accompanying figure, the area of the triangle equals the sum of the areas of the lunes-i.e. TA + B = 2A. It is easily proved that T = A + B even if the triangle is not isosceles. These propositions on the lunes are further interesting as being the old

est extant specimens of geometric proofs by reasoning.

Hippocrates also attempted the problem of duplicating the cube, and reduced it to that of finding two means between one line and another of double its length. He is also credited by Proclus with inventing the process of geometric reduction, consisting in passing from one proposition to another, which being mastered, the one proposed necessarily follows. Consult: Tannery, "Hippocrate de Chios et la quadrature des lunules," in the Mémoires de Bordeaux (1878).

HIPPOCRATIC OATH. An oath taken by young men in the early days on entering upon the practice of medicine. In ancient times the oath was ascribed to Hippocrates, and is probably authentic. It runs as follows: "I swear by Apollo, the physician, by Æsculapius, by Hygieia, Panacea, and all the gods and goddesses, that according to my ability and judgment I will keep this oath and stipulation: to reckon him who teaches me this art equally dear with my parents; to share my substance with him and to relieve his necessities if required; to look upon his offspring upon the same footing as my own brothers; and to teach them this art if they shall wish to learn it, without fee or stipulation; and that by precept, lecture, and by every other mode of instruction I will impart a knowledge of this art to my own sons, to those of my teachers, and to disciples bound by a stipulation and oath, according to the law of medicine, but to no others. I will follow that system of regimen which, according to my best judgment, 1 consider best for my patients, and abstain from whatever is injurious. I will give no deadly medicine to any one if asked, nor suggest any such counsel. Furthermore, I will not give to a woman an instrument to procure abortion. With purity and holiness will I pass my life and practice my art. I will not cut a person who is suffering with stone, but will leave this to be done by those who are practitioners of such work. Into whatever houses I enter I will go for the advantage of the sick, and will abstain from every voluntary act of mischief and corruption, and, further, from the seduction of females or males, bond or free. Whatever in connection with my professional practice, or not in connec'tion with it, I may see or hear, I will not divulge, holding that all such things should be kept secret. While I continue to keep this oath inviolate, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and the practice of my art, respected always by all men; but should I break through and violate this oath, may the reverse be my lot." It is said that a similar oath was used in the Middle Ages, after the discontinuance of the use of the Hippocratic oath. Some medical colleges of to-day impose a simpler obligation in the form of an admonition and an affirmation, to which the graduating class assents.

HIPPOCRENE, hip'pô-krē'nê (Lat., from Gk. 'ITокрývn, Hippokrënë, from ἵππος, hippos, horse + Kρývn, krēnē, spring). A fountain on Mount Helicon, about 20 stadia above the Grove of the Muses, and, according to the mythical account, produced by a stroke from the hoof of the horse Pegasus (q.v.). It was sacred to the Muses. It is probably to be identified with the Kruopegadi ('cold spring'), on the north side of the southeast peak of Mount Helicon. See HELICON.

HIPPODAMIA, hip'pô-dà-mi'à (Lat., from Gk. Ιπποδάμεια). Daughter of Enomaus, King of Pisa, in Elis, and the pleiad Sterope. As an oracle had declared that Enomaus should be killed by his son-in-law, the King required that each suitor should engage in a chariot-race. The suitor with Hippodamia in his chariot was allowed so much time as (Enomaus needed for a sacrifice to Poseidon. As his horses were a gift of the god, the King always caught the luckless suitor, whom he slew in passing with his spear. Pelops bribed Myrtilus, the King's charioteer, to weaken the linch-pin, and (Enomaus was dragged to death by his own horses. After his victory Pelops threw Myrtilus into the sea, and was cursed by the drowning man for his faithlessness. Hippodamia became the wife of Pelops and the mother of Atreus and Thyestes. She afterwards induced them to murder their half-brother, Chrysippus, and then fled to Midea, in Argolis, where she died. Her body was brought by Pelops to Olympia and interred in the sacred inclosure of the Altis, where she was worshiped in later times. The preparations for the chariot-race formed the subject of the sculptures in the east pediment of the great temple at Olympia, and Hippodamia appears not infrequently on vases. Hippodamia was also the name of the wife of Pirithous, at whose wedding the conflict occurred between the Centaurs and Lapithæ (q.v.). HIPPODROME (Lat. hippodromus, from Gk. Ιππόδρομος, race-course, from ἵππος, hippos, horse + Spóuos, dromos, course, from paμɛiv, dramein, to run). The Greek name for the place set apart for horse and chariot races. The dimensions seem to have varied at different places. In construction and all important points of arrangement it was the counterpart of the Roman circus (q.v.). The dimensions (at Olympia) have recently come to light in a Greek MS. in Constantinople. The total circuit was eight stadia (about .95 mile), but the length of the actual race-course was only six. It is also said that pairs of colts made three circuits, pairs of grown horses or four colts made eight rounds, and the four-horse chariots twelve. As this would make the latter race cover about eight

At

and a half miles, some modern scholars believe that not the circuit, but merely the length of the hippodrome, is meant, and that therefore the length of the contests should be reduced one-half. A race of over eight miles must have been a contest of endurance rather than of speed. The breadth at Olympia was about 350 feet. Olympia the starting was effected by means of the aphesis, a system of stalls arranged along the two sides of a triangle, the apex of which was to the right of the centre line, and apparently so arranged that the distances from the turning-point to the angles at the base of the triangle were equal. The start was effected by setting free the chariots on the extreme right and left, and when they came abreast of the next two, by setting them free also, and so on till all were in motion. The number of starters seems at times to have been very large, as Pindar speaks of 41 chariots as competing at the Pythian games, and Alcibiades alone sent seven chariots to Olympia. The golden age of the hippodrome was during the Byzantine Empire. The blue and green factions in the hippodrome carried their animosity into all departments of the public service, and the Nika riots in Con

stantinople threatened to dethrone Justinian. The site of the great hippodrome at Constantinople is still called Atoneidan (the horse-place) by the Turks, and the line of the central barrier is marked by the obelisk of Theodosius, the bronze serpents that supported the Platæan tripod, and the column erected by Constantine VII. Consult: Lehndorff, Hippodromos (Berlin, 1876); Pollack, Hippodromica (Leipzig, 1890); Wernicke and Schöne, in Jahrbuch des archäologischen Instituts, ix. (Berlin, 1894) and xii. (ib., 1897); and especially the elaborate article by A. Martin, "Hippodromos," in Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités (Paris, 1897). HIP'POGRIFF, or HIP/POGRYPH (from Gk. Tos, hippos, horse + Lat. gryphus, griffin, from Gk. púy, gryps, from youπós, grypos, hook-nosed). A fabulous animal, represented as a winged horse, with the head of a griffin.

HIPPOLITA. (1) The Queen of the Amazons and the betrothed of Theseus, in Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream. In The Two Noble Kinsmen she appears as Theseus's wife. (2) A merchant's daughter, the heroine of Wycherley's Gentleman Dancing Master.

HIPPOLYTUS (Lat., from Gk. 'ITÓλUTOS). In Greek legend, the son of Theseus (q.v.) and the Amazon Antiope or Hippolyte, a mighty hunter and devoted servant of Artemis, but a despiser of Aphrodite, who wreaked a ter rible vengeance on him. Brought up in Troezen, he was first seen by his stepmother Phædra when when he repulsed her advances committed suia young man. She fell in love with him, and cide, leaving a letter to Theseus accusing Hippolytus of an attempt upon her virtue. Theseus besought his father, Poseidon, to avenge him, the horses of Hippolytus so that they ran away and Poseidon sent a sea monster, who frightened and dragged him to his death. Hippolytus was One version told how worshiped at Troezen. Artemis persuaded Asclepius to restore her fahim with the deity Virbius of Aricia. The story vorite to life, and this led the Romans to identify is best known to us through the Hippolytus of Euripides, which has been imitated by Seneca in his Hippolytus and by Racine in his Phedre. Consult: Euripides, Hippolytos, edited by Wilamowitz-Möllendorf (Berlin. 1891); Kalkmann, De Hippolyto Euripidis (Bonn, 1882). On the representations, especially on cophagi, consult: Kalkmann, "Ueber Darstellungen der Hippolytos-Sage," in the Archäologische Zeitung (Berlin, 1883); Robert, Antike Sarkophagreliefs, ii. (Berlin, 1902).

numerous

sar

HIPPOLYTUS. The name of several saints and martyrs of the early Church, of whom the most interesting flourished in the early part of the third century. Although a very prominent man in his day, the known facts of his life are few. He was of Greek ancestry and possibly born in Rome, became a presbyter of Rome under Bishop Zephyrinus (198-217), and attracted attention by his great learning. He headed a party in opposition to Zephyrinus, and especially to his successor Calixtus, and was chosen by it their bishop. But as his opposition was probably mostly personal and on questions of policy, when Urban I. succeeded Calixtus, he was reconciled with the Roman Church. However, in 235 he went into exile to Sardinia with Pontianus, Urban's successor, and died there. He

is a saint in the Roman calendar, and his day is August 13th. He was a voluminous author, but his works are now known only by fragments. Of these the most interesting is the so-called Philosophoumena, formerly attributed to Origen, but now thought to be the first book of a work by Hippolytus, The Refutation of All the Heresies. A manuscript giving books iv.-x., previously unknown, was discovered at Mount Athos in 1842. In them Hippolytus gave personal details which threw new light upon his life. It was first printed in its entirety by Emmanuel Miller (Oxford, 1851), who, however, attributed it to Origen. Baron Bunsen was the first (1852) to assign it to Hippolytus. Hippolytus's works are given in Migne, Patrol. Græca, x., and much better by Bonwetsch and Archelis (Leipzig, 1897 sqq.); they are translated in Ante-Nicene Fathers, v. Consult Neumann, Hippolytus von Rom in seiner Stellung zu Staat und Welt (Leipzig, 1901).

HIPPOMANE, hip-pom'ȧ-nē. See MANCHI

NEEL.

HIPPOM'EDON (Lat., from Gk. 'ITTоuédov). In Greek mythology, the son of Aristomachus of Argos, and one of the seven leaders in the expedition against Thebes in which he was killed by Ismarus.

HIPPOM'ENES (Lat., from Gk. 'ITTOμÉVNS). The son of Magareus and descendant of Poseidon. He was the lover of the Baotian damsel Atalanta, and won her, with Aphrodite's help, by surpassing her in the foot-race in which all suitors were obliged to take part. See ATALANTA.

A

HIPPO'NAX (Lat., from Gk.'Inπ@va). Greek poet of the sixth century B.C.; after Archilochus and Simonides, the third of the great iambic poets of Greece. Expelled from Ephesus about B.C. 542 by the tyrant Athenagoras, he

took refuge in Clazomena. There his deformed figure and malicious disposition exposed him to the caricature of the Chian sculptors Bupalus and Athenis; but he revenged himself by issuing against them a series of such bitter satires that tradition says they hanged themselves. These are in thought and execution inferior to the similar works of his predecessor, Archilochus. His coarseness of thought and feeling, his rude vocabulary, his want of charm and taste, and his numerous allusions to matters of merely local interest, make him a unique figure in Greek literature. He invented epic parody, and the four opening lines of a parody on the Iliad have been preserved in Athenæus (p. 698f.). He also invented the choliambic or Hipponactean measure, in which a trochee or spondee is substituted for the final iambus in an iambic trimeter. The fragments of his poems are edited by Bergk, Poeta Lyrici Græci, vol. ii. (Leipzig, 1900).

HIPPOPH'AGY (from Gk. innоoáyos, hippophagos, horse-eating, from Tоs, hippos, horse + sayɛiv, phagein, to eat). The eating of horseflesh. That semi-civilized nations eat horse-flesh is well known. In Spain a banquet comprising roasted horse-flesh among the viands is given at the present day.

In 1855 and 1856 there was a good deal of discussion in Paris relative to the formal introduction of horse-flesh into the meat-markets, and some of the more enthusiastic advocates of the plan formed themselves into a society. French skill was exercised abundantly in dis

guising the somewhat coarse taste and odor of horse-flesh.

In 1866 there was official recognition of the introduction of this kind of food into the market, under such restrictions as were deemed suitable. The prefect of the Seine issued an ordinance in June of that year, recognizing horse-flesh as human food, establishing special slaughterhouses or abattoirs for slaying horses under specific regulations. The animals were to be killed by those specially appointed in presence of a veterinary inspector, who was also to stamp or seal every joint of meat after inspection. All restaurateurs who used horse-flesh were to acquaint their customers with the fact. During the French International Exhibition of 1867 some of the humbler restaurants of Paris made great use of horse-flesh; and during the siege of Paris, in 1870-71, horse-flesh was extensively used as food. At the present time the eating of horse-flesh is not at all uncommon in Euro

pean countries. It is very largely employed in the manufacture of sausages, and in Paris alone there are at least 193 places where the meat of horses, mules, and donkeys is for sale. The objection to the use of good horse-flesh for food is wholly sentimental, and its cheap price, six to ten cents per pound, is of great advantage for the poorer classes.

HIP'POPOT'AMUS (Lat., from Gk.inоTÓTαuos, hippopotamos, river-horse, from Tos, hippos, horse + Tотaμós, potamos, river). A huge, thick-skinned, almost aquatic, kind of manimal of tropical Africa, two living and many fossil species of which constitute the family Hippopotamida. This family is closely allied to the swine, and it would be more nearly accurate to call them 'river-hogs' rather than 'river-horses.' They differ from the swine and peccaries, however, in having a broad rounded muzzle, with the nostrils superior and no trace of a terminal disk (see SWINE); in having all the toes touch tinual growth of the lower incisor teeth; and in the ground and nearly equal in size; in the conother anatomical details. The family seems always to have been confined to the Old World; but remains of various species have been found in the Upper Tertiary rocks of Burma and Algeria, and others, nearer the modern type, in the Pliocene and later formations of India and of Southern Europe. Within the historic period, at least, the hippopotami have been restricted to Africa (unless one may believe, from biblical references to the 'behemoth' (q.v.), that it has inhabited Palestine since the origin of tradition), where it seems to have occupied all the larger lakes and rivers until locally exterminated by man. ciently it possessed the whole Nile, and was killed by the early Egyptians by means of harpoons; but for centuries none have been seen below the cataracts. When white settlements began at the Cape of Good Hope, hippos' lived in the most southern of African rivers, but gradually disappeared, until now the upper Limpopo marks the southern boundary of their habitat. They are likely to die out of the East African rivers speedily, but the endless marshes of the upper Nile and its tributaries, and the vast swamps and waterways of the Congo basin, will preserve the animal indefinitely. These remarks refer to the familiar species (Hippopotamus amphibius), in addition to which there exists on the Guinea coast a second species (Hippopotamus Liberien

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