ing it. In the numerous small States the Imperial jurisdiction is usually much more extensive, and many of them are administered by a British officer in the name of the chieftain. The British at times have exercised absolute rule even in some of the larger States. Their rule in Mysore had extended over half a century when (1881) it was restored to native rule. Some of the States pay a tribute to the British, but it is always small, and usually by way of compensation for special services. The policy of allowing native States to exist alongside of British provinces has its advantages and disadvantages. British interests are concerned it would be better to annex a number of the leading States. The fact that this is not done is assumed to be an Eminent Indian officials hold that as far as evidence of the unselfish motives of the Imperial policy. The proximity of the native States causes such inconveniences as rise out of the different prevailing systems of currency, limitations in the development of the Imperial irrigation system, and violations of the regulations concerning the growing of the poppy. It also tends to render certain laws inoperative-as, for instance, those against infanticide. In order to facilitate the relations with the native States, to watch over the course of affairs within their territories, and be in a position to exert a needful influence, the British appoint political agents to the various States. With rare exceptions, the agent resides within the territory to which he is accredited. The agents to the principal States are under the immediate jurisdiction of the Imperial Government. The general condition of affairs in the native States compares unfavorably with that prevailing in regions under British administration. The British claim that the burden of taxation upon the masses falls heavier in the States than in the provinces. At the same time the public is benefited much less, for the expenditure is largely for the unnecessary wants of the ruler and his coterie of adherents, while roads, irrigation, schools, and other public needs are sadly neglected. Freedom of the press is not tolerated. It is claimed that communities which have been transferred from native to provincial administration have invariably protested against being transferred back under a native administration. Laws are made or revoked as it suits the whim of the ruler. Mysore, the most progressive of the States, has a so-called 'representative assembly,' but its members have no vote in making the laws or appropriations. Rural boards have also been established in this State, but they have no money at their disposal. Consult the authori ties referred to under INDIA, paragraphs History and Government; and for a more detailed statement concerning the different States, see the articles under their respective titles. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Rousselet, India and Its Native Princes (London, 1896); Ghose, The Modern History of the Indian Chiefs, Rajas, and Zamindars (London, 1883); Tupper. Our Indian Protectorate (London, 1893); Griffith, India's Princes (London, 1894); Chakrabarti, The Native States of India (Calcutta, 1895); Mehta, The Hind Rajasthan (Calcutta, 1896). INDIA, PORTUGUESE. Possessions of Portugal in India, comprising Goa, Daman, and Diu. (See these respective titles.) Area, 1558 square miles. Population, in 1881, 420,868; in 1894, 494,836. VOL. X.-36. For history, see under INDIA; EAST INDIA COMPANY; DIAS; GAMA; ALMEIDA; and CASTRO. INDIA INK. A black pigment, formed by mixing lampblack and gum into a paste and sticks of various shapes. It was originally made then pressing it into molds where it dries into in China and Japan, and the best grades are still produced in those countries, the common lampblack of Occidental countries being too coarse for many purposes. It is said that the Chinese collect the lampblack used in its manufacture from the oil of sesame. with a brush, both for writing and painting. In In China India ink is applied Europe and America it is chiefly used for blackand-white drawings, it being possible to regulate the depth of the shade by the amount of water true black ink produced, all other grades having used in mixing the ink. India ink is the only a tinge of some other hue. INDIA MUSEUM. A collection in London, illustrating the antiquities, history, and resources of India. In 1880 it was placed under the management of the South Kensington Museum, and has been much enlarged. INDIANA. The Hoosier State.' One of the North Central States of the American Union; bounded on the north by Lake Michigan and the State of Michigan, on the east by Ohio, on the south by the Ohio River, separating it from Kentucky, and on the west by Illinois. It lies between latitudes 37° 47′ and 41° 50' N. and longitudes 84° 49′ and 88° 2′ W. The extreme length is 277 miles; greatest breadth, 145 miles; area, 36,350 square miles, of which 440 square miles are water. TOPOGRAPHY. Indiana resembles Illinois in its physical features. Lying within the prairie region, it has a gently undulating surface which slopes by imperceptible stages toward the southwest. The northeastern part has an elevation of 1000 to 1200 feet, the northwestern 500 to 700 feet; along the Ohio River the elevations are about 500 feet in the southeast and 300 feet in the southwest. There are sandy hills near Lake Michigan, and a series of low elevations of glacial origin occurs in the southern part, extending from the Ohio, in Clark County, northwestward to Parke County on the Wabash. A portion of northern Indiana is drained into the Mississippi through the Kankakee and Illinois, into Lake Michigan through the Calumet and Saint Joseph, and into Lake Erie through the Maumee, but most of the streams have a southerly or southwesterly course into the Ohio and Wabash. The last-named rises in western Ohio, and crossing northern Indiana it is joined by the Salamonia, Mississinewa, Wild Cat, Eel, and Tippecanoe. Near the western border the Wabash receives the Vermilion from Illinois, while its most important tributary, White River, joins it 50 miles above the confluence with the Ohio. The southern border is drained directly into the Ohio, through the White Water, Blue, Little Pigeon, and other short streams. There are several small lakes in northern Indiana, the largest being English Lake on the headwaters of the Kankakee. CLIMATE AND SOIL. The mean annual temperature for the State is about 52° F., ranging from 48° in the northern to 56° in the southern counties. Cold northerly winds lower the winter temperatures to an extreme of -25°. At Indianapolis the thermometer shows an average temperature of 28° for January, and 76° for July. The mean rainfall for the year over the whole State is about forty-three inches. With the exception of sandy areas around Lake Michigan, the soil is generally fertile, and some of it remarkably so. In the northern and central parts the soil is composed of drift materials, more or less assorted by water action into beds of sand and clay. Without the drift region in the southern tier of counties, the soil has been derived by weathering of sandstones and limestones, and is generally less fertile than that of the prairies. The richest soils are found in the river valleys, particularly in those of the Wabash and the White Water. FLORA AND FAUNA. See these topics under UNITED STATES. GEOLOGY. The geological relations are greatly obscured by the heavy covering of glacial materials. North of the Wabash the prevailing strata are of Devonian age and mostly limestones. The eastern part of the State between the Ohio and the Wabash is underlain by Silurian and the western by Carboniferous rocks. had decreased from 136.3 acres in 1850 to 97.4 acres in 1900, every decade of that period having witnessed a decrease. The rented farms amount to 28.6 per cent. of the total number, over fourfifths of which are rented according to the share system. Agriculture has the advantage of a very superior system of railroad transportation, and of numerous city markets within the State. Besides, proximity to such great centres in adjoining States as Chicago, Cincinnati, and Louisville opens up a wider field. Indiana is not divided into crop belts, nor does any one crop have a monopoly. The three-crop rotation system is commonly in vogue, and for a long time the State was one of the leaders in the production of corn, wheat, and hay (timothy and clover). Recently, with the great development of some of the Western States, that place has been lost, though a high rank is still held. The census for 1900 showed a larger acreage for corn, wheat, and hay than was reported at any previous census. Potatoes and oats are grown everywhere, but in somewhat larger quantities MINERAL RESOURCES. The coal-fields of Inin the northern part of the State. Barley, buckdiana cover an area of 6500 square miles in the wheat, and rye are raised, but not in large western and southwestern counties. They are of quantities. All kinds of fruits and vegetables Carboniferous age and yield bituminous coal common to the temperate zone are raised. Much suitable for heating. The chief producing coun- attention is being given to the production of ties are Clay and Vigo, each with an annual out- tomatoes for canning, and no other State west of put of more than 1,000,000 tons, and Sullivan, the Alleghany Mountains equals Indiana in this Vermilion, Greene, and Parke counties. The respect. Of the total number of orchard trees, total output in 1901 was 6,918,225 short tons, apple-trees (8,624,593) constitute 61.1 per cent. valued at $7.017,143. Petroleum, one of the most Large quantities of peaches are grown in some valuable products of the State, is found in the of the southeastern counties. The number of Lima district of Adams, Wells, Jay, Blackford, peach, pear, and plum trees each more than and Grant counties. From 1889 to 1901 in- trebled during the decade ending with 1900. clusive, the output was 38,355,000 barrels; in the last year it amounted to 5,757,086 barrels, valued at $4,822,826. Natural gas is obtained in many of the central counties, including Hancock, Henry, Hamilton, Tipton, Madison, Grant, and Delaware, the area of the field being about 3000 square miles. In 1901 there were 4600 wells in operation, and the output was valued at $6,954,566. A large quantity of gas is transported to Chicago. Indiana has a valuable quarry industry, producing sandstones and limestones suited for building and ornamental purposes. The Bedford oölitic limestone, which comes from southern Indiana, is one of the bestknown building-stones in the country. Brickclays are widely distributed, and marls adapted to the manufacture of hydraulic cement are found along the Ohio River. AGRICULTURE. According to the census of 1900, 94.1 per cent. of the land area of the State was included in farms. The farm area increased in every decade but one-1880 to 1890 of the last half of the nineteenth century, making a total gain in the half-century of 69 per cent. In the same period the improved land increased more than twofold, amounting, in 1900, to 77.2 per cent. of the total farm area. The most extensive non-arable lands are in the hilly region of the south-central section, and in the swamp lands of the northern part. Formerly the land that was too wet for successful cultivation constituted in the aggregate a very considerable portion of the total area, but by an extensive system of drainage the greater part of it has been reclaimed, and now constitutes the most productive land in the State. The average size of farms STOCK-RAISING. Stock-raising is important, attention being evenly divided between horses, cattle, and swine. Every decade since 1870 has witnessed an increase in the number of all varieties of farm animals except sheep, which suffered a corresponding decrease. (The decrease shown in the table in the number of dairy cows is due to a change in the method of enumeration, and is, therefore, only apparent.) Sheep-raising is largely confined to the northeastern part of the State. In 1899, $8,027,370 was realized from the sale of dairy products, about half of which was from sales of butter and the remainder principally from sales of milk. The receipts from poultry products are also very large. The following tables, taken from the census returns of 1890 and 1900, show the relative importance of the different crops and varieties of farm animals and the changes which have occurred dur ing the decade: |