consort, on hearing of his fate; and the escape of Igor. The original manuscript, discovered by Musin-Pushkin and published in 1800, was destroyed in the Moscow fire of 1812. The editing was very poor, and another copy found in 1864 among Catharine II.'s papers is hardly more satisfactory. It has been an object of bitter controversy, and a vast literature on the subject has grown up. A translation by Wolfsohn in Schönwissenschaftliche Litteratur der Russen (Leipzig, 1843), and one with introduction and notes by Paucker (Berlin, 1884), are very good.

IGRAINE, ê-gran'. See IGERNA.

IGUALADA, ĕ'gwȧ-lä'Dȧ. A city in the Prov ince of Barcelona, Spain, situated on the river Noya, in a mountainous but fertile district, 46 miles by rail northwest of Barcelona (Map: Spain, F 2). It was formerly a fortified town, but its walls are now in ruins. It has manufactures of cotton, linen, and other textiles. Population, in 1900, 10,476.

IGUANA, ig-wä'nå (Sp., from the Haitian name, igoana, hiuana, yuana). A genus of tropical American lizards, representing the family Iguanidæ, of which there are about 55 genera and

TEETH OF AN IGUANA.

235 or more species. In external and internal structure iguanas closely resemble the Agamidæ of the Old World and are distinguished mainly by the pleurodont dentition. The tongue is thick and villous. All the North American forms possess femoral pores, but few of the South American species have them. In habits also the Iguanidæ closely resemble the Agamidae, save that there are no flying forms to correspond with the flying dragon of the Agamidæ, while in America some of the iguanas, such as Anolis, have digital expansions, and others are semi-marine, neither of which conditions is met with in the Old World family. The family contains several of the largest lizards. Most of the species are arboreal, but some of them live on the surface of the sand and stones of the desert, and have a depressed form. Several species live wholly, or almost wholly, on vegetable food-the blossoms and leaves of plants. For this reason the flesh of several of them, especially of the genus Iguana, is very palatable, is sought by the natives of Central and South America as food, and is sold in their markets in considerable quantity. One of the species most eaten is Iguana tuberculata, a repulsive looking lizard, with a high, dorsal, fringed ridge, and a large dewlap (see Plate). It basks on the limbs of trees during the warm hours, and while thus situated seems rather indifferent to the approach of man. It is fond of music, and of having the body stroked. The natives take advantage of these facts, and whistle a lively tune as they approach, and when near enough stroke the sides of the iguana with a stick until they succeed in getting a noose over its head. (Consult Belt, Naturalist in Nicaragua, London, 1888.) The natives also dig them out of their burrows or chase them into trees with dogs trained for the purpose. On the Galapagos

Islands there is a semi-aquatic genus, Amblyrhynchus, whose species feed on seaweeds along shore. This lizard is described in detail by Darwin, in chapter 5 of his Naturalist's Voyage (London, 1860). There are other species of the same genus that live for months without water by feeding on the succulent cactus. The great iguana of Jamaica, with the prominent serrate crest, is Cyclura lophoma. In the Southwestern United States, from western Kansas to southern California and Mexico, dwell several genera of green, dark gray, or brown iguanid lizards, such as Uta, Holbrookia (q.v.), Ctenosaura, and Crotaphytus. (See COLLARED LIZARD.) The large genus Sceloporus (see ALLIGATOR LIZARD) ranges not only over the western and central part of the United States, but in all the Eastern and Gulf States as far north as New Jersey and Indiana. Another widely distributed genus, Anolis, has two representatives in the South Atlantic States, popularly called 'chameleons.' (See ANOLIS.) These lizards possess mimicry of color in a remarkable degree, and have a considerable power and the wanton destruction of them is much to of changing their color. They are insectivorous, be deplored, for in their native habitats they are of considerable economic importance to agriculture. To this family belongs also the basilisk of Central and South America, so named on account of its fancied resemblance to the creature of fable. (See BASILISK.) It is a large, harmless lizard, found no further north than Southern Mexico. The family also includes those peculiar, spiny, short-tailed, flattened lizards, known as 'horned toads' (q.v.).

Consult: Boulenger, Catalogue of Lizards of the British Museum (London, 1885); Cope, Crocodilians, Lizards, and Snakes (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, 1900); Stejneger, Death Valley Expedition (Department of Agriculture, Washington, 1893); Kingsley (editor), Standard Natural History, vol. iii. (Boston, 1885); Gadow, Amphibia and Reptiles (New York, 1901). See LIZARD.

A

IGUANODON, ig-wǎn'ô-don (Neo-Lat, from Eng. iguana + Gk. odos, odous, tooth). genus of ornithopod dinosaurs, found fossil in Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous rocks of Europe. Iguanodon is perhaps the first dinosaur brought to light, for it was described by Mantell in 1825 from specimens found in Kent, England. The animal was 15 to 25 feet long; the head was large and narrow, the jaws heavy and furnished with numerous teeth of peculiar form that resemble those of the modern American lizard iguana. The anterior portions of the jaws are provided with strong, horny beaks like those of turtles. The fore limbs have four toes and a 'spur,' and are much shorter than the heavy three-toed hind limbs. The pelvis is elongated, and the tail heavy, and there is a ridge of strong vertebral spines extending along the dorsal surface from the neck to the middle of the tail. All the bones are hollow. Iguanodon was an herbivorous dinosaur that walked on its hind legs, and sat on a tripod formed by the hind legs and tail, after the manner of the kangaroo. It lived in great numbers in the swampy regions of England and Belgium, and other parts of Europe during Jurassic time, as indicated by the mode of occurrence of its fossil skeletons, twenty-nine of which were found at one time in Upper Jurassic sandstones of the coal regions at Bernissart, Belgium.

Iguanodon has not been found in the Mesozoics of America, where it is represented by similar genera Camptosaurus, Laosaurus, and Thespesius. A very instructive account of the discovery and early history of Iguanodon, illustrating the method by which fragmentary material has after careful work yielded valuable results, is to be found in Mantell's Petrifactions and Their Teachings (London, 1851). See also Woodward, Outlines of Vertebrate Paleontology for Students of Zoology (Cambridge, 1898). See CAMPTOSAURUS; DINOSAURIA.

IHLANG-IHLANG, ê-läng'-ê-läng (Malay, flower of flowers). A strong and rich perfume from a Malayan tree (Cananga odorata) of the custard-apple family (Anone). The perfume is distilled from a volatile oil yielded by the flowers. I. H. N. CLUBS. See LEND-A-HAND CLUBS. IHNE, 'ne, WILHELM (1821-1902). A German historian, born at Fürth, and educated at Bonn (1839-43). He was private tutor in England (1843-47), and returned to Liverpool, where

he had charge of a school (1849-63), after two years' teaching at Elberfeld. In 1863 he went to Heidelberg, where he was made professor in 1873. He wrote: Quæstiones Terentiana (1843); Researches into the History of the Roman Constitution (1853); Plea for the Emperor Tiberius (1856); a History of Rome (1871-82), of which the German edition was published later, and is partly the work of Zumpt, and Early Rome

(1876).

IHRE, ĕ're, JOHAN (1707-80). A Swedish scholar of Scottish extraction. He was born at Lund, and educated at the University of Upsala, where he acquired a great reputation, and carried off the highest honors. He subsequently traveled in France and England, was appointed

under-librarian to the Academy of Sciences on his return to Sweden, and rose through a variety of offices to be professor of belles-lettres and political economy (1748). Ihre's principal work is his Glossarium Suiogothicum (1769), which may be regarded as the foundation of Swedish philology. It was published at the cost of the State, which gave Ihre $10,000 to execute it. His numerous academical disputations, amounting to upward of 450, are still valuable, especially those on the Maso-Gothic version of the Gospels by Ulfilas.

I. H. S. See ABBREVIATIONS.

II KAMON NO KAMI, ē-ē kä'môn nō kä'mê, or II NAOSUKÉ, Baron (1815-61). The Japanese statesman whose wise and vigorous statesmanship led to the opening of Japan to foreign nations, and the establishment of friendly relations with them. He was the fourteenth son of Baron Ii, of Hikone on Lake Biwa, and was born

of a line of ancestors known honorably in the tenth century. At twenty-one, Ii went to Yedo, and had his mansion within the inclosure of Yedo Castle at Sakurada, or Cherry Field. In 1850 he was made heir to the baronetcy, assuming the highly honorable title of Kamon no Kami, which gave him standing at the Mikado's court. In 1853 the question of foreign intercourse, precipitated by Commodore Perry, divided the opinions of the daimios. Although he shared with many a feeling of hatred toward foreigners, Ii drew a line of distinction between personal feelings and national interests, and declared himself to be in favor of intercourse with foreigners, and of a re

vival of the military spirit for national defense. The Shogun Iycsada being childless and in poor health, the question of appointing an heir added to the complication of the period. Pressed by Townsend Harris (q.v.) to sign the treaty which he had negotiated, and which the Court in Kioto opposed, the Shogun had to face a crisis which admitted of no delay. On June 4, 1858, two days after the Mikado's refusal to approve the treaty, the Shogun appointed Ii to be Tairo or Regent, and on the 5th he was publicly installed, as the virtual ruler of Japan, but acting in the name of the Shogun. The Shogun Iycsada died suddenly August 15th, leaving no heirs. Carrying out his master's wishes, Ii appointed Kikuchiyo, who subsequently took the name of Iyémochi, the Prince of Kishiu, then a child of twelve, to be his successor, and, taking the responsibility, in view of the rapid approach of the squadrons of the Russians, British, and French after their victorious campaign in China, he signed the liberal treaty treaty with Great Britain followed on August drawn up by the United States Minister. The

26th and that with France on October 9th.

The great daimios of Mito, Owari, and Echizen, however, opposed his nominee to the shogunate, the two former daimios wishing also to have Echizen made regent. On the outbreak of the long-gathering storm of opposition, li crushed his enemies with a strong hand, and dispatched treaty. Among other triumphs he had the Prinan embassy to the United States to ratify the cess Kazu, aunt of the present Emperor, betrothed in marriage to the young Shogun, and they were married in Yedo in 1861. Before this, on the 23d of March, 1861, a snowy day, while on his way in his palanquin with a large folwere attacked by a band of eighteen assassins, seventeen from Mito, one from Satsuma, all of them Ronins. In the fight which ensued Baron Ii himself was stabbed, and his head cut off and carried away to the castle town of Mito, and there exposed on a pole. For years the name Ii rested under a cloud, but it has been cleansed by Shimada Saburo in his book Kai Koku Shimatsu ("Opening of the Country, Beginning and End"), which has been translated into English under the title of Agitated Japan (1896). The man and the episode of his assassination have given rise to a considerable body of native literature, and the episode is treated in fiction by A. C. Maclay in Mito Yashiki (3d ed., 1899).

lowing of bodyguards to the palace in Yedo, they

IIWI, ê-ĕ'vê. The English spelling by many voyagers of the name of a Hawaiian bird, otherwise known as 'mamo' (q.v.), whose scarlet plumage was used for the native feather cloaks.

IKAO, ê-kä ́ð. A famous summer resort of Japan, situated in the Province of Katsuke, about 20 miles by rail from Takasaki, and 88 miles from Tokio. It is built on the slopes of the Haruna Mountain, and is celebrated for the picturesqueness of its situation as much as for mineral springs have a temperature of 113° F., its two hot springs and rich vegetation. The and contain iron and sulphate of soda.

IK MAR/VEL. See MITCHELL, DONALD GRANT.

IKUNO, ê-koonô. A mining town of Japan, situated at an altitude of 1200 feet, in the prefecture of Hiogo, about 35 miles northwest of Kobe, and 31 miles by rail from Himeji. Its

ILIAD. See HOMER.

ILIAD OF FRANCE, THE. A name sometimes given to the Roman de la Rose.

ILION, il'i-on. A village in Herkimer County, N. Y., 12 miles east-southeast of Utica; on the Mohawk River, the Erie Canal, and the New York Central and Hudson River and the West Shore railroads (Map: New York, E 2). It has a fine public library, with about 11,000 volumes. The manufactures include firearms, typewriters, bicycles, knit goods, and cabinet and filing cases. The water-works and electric-light plants are owned by the municipality. One or two families seem to have moved to the site of Ilion about 1816, but there was properly no village here until about 1828. It was incorporated in 1852. Population, in 1890, 4057; in 1900, 5138.

ILIONA (Lat., from Gk. '12bvn, Ilionė). In Greek mythology the wife of Polymnestor, King of Thrace. She was the daughter of Priam and Hecuba, and according to one legend brought up her brother Polydorus, who had been committed to the care of Polymnestor. When the latter, instigated by the Greeks, who wished to exterminate the race of Priam, designed the murder of Polydorus, Iliona substituted his own son, Deipilus, who was put to death instead.

ILI'ONEUS (Lat., from Gk. 'IMoves). The son of Niobe, killed with all her other children. He was praying, and Apollo would have saved him if the arrow had not already been sent.

ILITHYIA, il'i-thi'yȧ (Lat., from Gk. Eile -Ovia, Eileithyia). The Greek goddess who presided over childbirth. The plural form Ilithyia is used in the Iliad, but elsewhere only one goddess of the name is mentioned.

ILIUM. See TROY.

In

ILIUM (Lat., flank). A portion of one of the bones of the pelvis, the os innominatum. the undeveloped child it is a distinct portion, which afterwards becomes united to the pubis in front and to the ischium behind and below. It is the hip-bone or haunch-bone. See PELVIS.

ILKESTON, ilkes-ton. A market-town in Derbyshire, England, 10 miles northeast of Derby, on an eminence in the valley of Erewash (Map: England, E 4). There are manufactures of hosiery and lace, and coal and iron works in the vicinity. The town possesses a valuable medicinal mineral spring and baths. It was known in 1084 as Tilchestune. It obtained a grant for a market and fair in 1251, but was not incorporated before 1887. It owns its gas, water, markets,

1897

Population, in 1891, 19,744; in 1901, 25,400.

ILKHANS, êl-känz'. See MONGOL DYNASTIES. ILLÆ NUS (Neo-Lat., from Gk. ɛihew, eilein, to roll closely). A fossil trilobite with smoothsurfaced elliptical or rounded carapace, found in the Ordovician and Silurian rocks of most parts of the world. See TRILOBITA.

ILLAMPU, ê-lyäm'pōō. A mountain of the Andes. See SORATA.

ILLA-TICSI, ĕ'lyȧ tēk'sė (Quichua, Eternal Light). A name given to the supreme god of the Peruvians, Uiracocha.

ILLE-ET-VILAINE, êl'â'vê'lân'. A maritime department in the northwest of France, a portion of the old Province of Brittany, lying between the English Channel and the Department of Loire-Inférieure (Map: France, E 3). Area, 2699 square miles. Population, in 1896, 622,039; in 1901, 613,567. It is watered chiefly by the rivers from which it derives its name-the Vilaine, and its tributary, the Ille. The usual grain crops are raised in sufficient quantity to meet the wants of the population. Flax and hemp are extensively produced, and the cider of this district is esteemed the best produced in the country. Cattle are reared in great numbers, iron-mines are worked, and great varieties of linen and woolen fabrics are manufactured. Rennes is the capital, and Saint-Malo the principal seaport.

ILLEGITIMACY (from Lat. in-, not + legitimus, legal, from lex, law). According to the civil and statute law as found in many States, the status of children born out of wedlock. In England, children born out of wedlock have been held as illegitimate even upon subsequent intermarriage of the parents; also children of the deceased wife's sister have long been considered illegitimate. In Italy, much confusion has arisen as to legitimacy, owing to the strife between Church and State. It has been held that children resulting from marriages which had been solemnized by the Church only were illegitimate, a civil marriage being necessary to give legitimacy to offspring.

In New York the children of a man and woman cohabiting professedly as husband and wife have been held to be legitimate. In France, where informal unions are common, the same rule does not hold. Children of such a union are considered illegitimate. A great variety exists as to theory and practice in different lands, and reference must be made to special treatises on the subject. Illegitimacy has been much discussed from three distinct points of view-the moral, the economic, and the legal.

For the student of morals and social reformer the causes and effects of illegitimacy form the leading points of observation. That the number of illegitimates justifies consideration, the preceding statistics on the general situation may give sufficient evidence.*

due to a variety of causes. There is in the city less social restraint, less danger of detection of paternity, and a greater degree of abandonment on the part of the females. In some instances,

England.. Scotland.

Ireland..

it.

Attempts have been made to demonstrate statistically the causes of illegitimacy, but with little success. The study, for instance, of the fecundity of women throws very little light upon In Russia, in 1896, the number of births to 10 marriages was 65, while the number of illegitimates was only 31 to 1000 births. During the same period in France there were only 27 births to 10 marriages, with 88 illegitimate births per 1000. In Austria there were 44 births to 10 marriages, and 145 illegitimates per 1000 births, and England showed about 36 births to 10 marriages and 42 illegitimates to 1000. It seems evident that the apparent strong tendency to child-bearing cannot explain the phenomenon. Equally uncertain is evidence gathered to show that climatic conditions have any large part to play. The following table (for 1896) presents some figures bearing upon the geographic distribution of illegitimacy. The division of cities is roughly made, those in the first column being north of latitude 52° N. and those in the second

column south of latitude 49°:

ILLEGITIMATES PER 1000 BIRTHS

France.. Germany.

Scandinavia..

Belgium. Russia..

87

87

Austria..

76 62

however, as in Bavaria and in some other Continental countries, the greater freedom of marriage laws and better industrial opportunities in the city render family life more convenient and irregular relations less common than in country districts, where the conditions of holdings hinder marriages. The high degree of illegitimacy is often an indication of certain laws which affect the situation, as, for example, was the case in Bavaria. In former times the laws were extremely unfavorable to marriage, and a high rate of illegitimacy resulted. The rate of illegiti1871-80, 12.86 per cent.; 1887-91, 14.01 per cent. macy was as follows: 1865-69, 20.59 per cent.; With the passing of more liberal marriage laws and the use of greater industrial freedom the number of marriages rapidly rose, and a corresponding fall in the number of illegitimates took place. The number of marriages increased in the period from 1840-70 from 65 per 10,000 population to 81 per 10,000 population; at the same time the rate of illegitimacy fell from 20.59 per 100 births to 12.86 per 100.

Laws instituting an inquiry as to parentage have so far had little effect in checking illegiti macy. The following table will serve to illustrate this feature of the case:

RATE PER 1000 CHILDREN BORN, PERIOD 1878-82. STILL-BIRTHS EXCLUDED

Countries where

Stockholm.

396

Vienna.

449

As is seen by the table, the difference is scarcely worth considering. It certainly does not corroborate the view that the southern cities are less moral than the northern.

That the degree of illiteracy must exert some influence on the rate of illegitimate births can, perhaps, not be wholly denied. That its influence has been much overestimated seems equally certain. Along with any such general cause must be placed many other factors which complicate the problem. The table in the next column will illustrate this point.

It has long been believed that the moral conditions of the cities are lower than those of rural districts. Increased knowledge of rural conditions has tended to qualify this view. In general, it may be said that the rate of illegitimacy is higher in cities than in the country. This is

• As the United States keeps no official record of births, no authentic statistics for that country can be given. VOL. X.-30.

Belgium.. France...

Italy.

inquiry is

allowed

Rate per 1000 births

Holland. Russia..

The presence in society of illegitimate children might be expected to involve serious economic and moral evils, since they are frequently deserted by their natural protectors, and since by heredity and environment they would natu rally tend toward pauperism and crime. The greater death-rate among this class of children diminishes these social and economic effects. The following table shows the death-rate among infants under one year in each class, in the countries named: