safety, and receive there in due time an honorable burial. In later writers he was represented as vowing during a storm to sacrifice to Poseidon the first living thing that met him on a safe return to Crete. The victim was his son, and his subjects drove him forth. He wandered to Calabria, where he built a temple to Athena, and later from Italy to Asia Minor, where he established a shrine of Apollo, near Colophon. Here he died and was buried.

IDRAC, 'dråk', ANTOINE (1849-84). A French sculptor, born at Toulouse. He studied under Guillaume, Cavelier, and Falguière, and at twenty-four won the Prix de Rome. He displayed especial mastery of the nude and was rapidly rising in his profession when he died, aged thirty-five. Idrac's works are: "Cupid Stung by a Bee," a theme of the Greek anthology (1878), bought by the French Government; Mercury Discovering the Caduceus," a marble figure which won the first medal and is now in the Luxembourg Museum; and a "Salambo" (1882), which showed his ability to represent the supple nude form, won him the French Legion of Honor and received a first prize at the Munich Exposition of 1883.

IDRIA, ĕ'drê-å. An important mining town in the Austrian Crownland of Carniola, situated in a deep caldron-shaped valley. on the Idriza, 22 miles west-southwest of Laibach (Map: Austria, D 4). Idria is famous for its quicksilver-mines, believed to be the richest in Europe. They were discovered in 1497, and have been operated by the State since 1580, employing altogether about 1500 persons, and yielding over 500 tons of quicksilver annually. Population, in 1890, 5084; in 1900, 5772.

IDRISITES. A dynasty of Arab rulers in the northwest of Africa. The founder of the line was Idris of the race of Ali, who about 785 united a number of the native Berber tribes into a kingdom under his sway. His son Idris II. founded Fez and greatly increased his possessions by conquest, but on his death the kingdom was divided among his sons, and, thus weakened, it fell an easy prey to the power of the Fatimites in the third decade of the tenth century.

ID'UME'A. See EDOM.

ogy.

generally used to designate a species of poems representing scenes of pastoral or out-of-door life. It is, however, an error to suppose that the idyl is exclusively pastoral; certainly, there is no warrant for such a notion in either ancient or modern usage. Of the thirty-one idyls attributed to Theocritus, only ten are bucolic.

are:

IDYLLS OF THE KING. Twelve poems by Tennyson, published between 1842 and 1885, based on the Arthurian romances. The titles "The Coming of Arthur," "Gareth and Lynette," "The Marriage of Geraint," "Geraint and Enid," "Balin and Balan," "Merlin and Vivien," "Lancelot and Elaine," "The Holy Grail," "Pelleas and Ettarre," "The Last Tournament," "Guinevere," "The Passing of Arthur."

Its chief towns

IDZŬ, ĕ'dzʊʊ. One of the fifteen provinces of Japan which make up the Tokaido or 'East Sea Circuit,' and through which the highway called the Tōkaidō runs. It is a mountainous peninsula, with numerous bays and promontories, 32 miles long and 16 wide, lying between the bays of Sagami on the east and Suruga on the west. Geologically and orographically it forms part of the volcanic range of mountains with which the name Hakone is associated. Its most important river is the Kanōgawa, which flows north into Suruga Bay, and its highest peak is Amagi-san, with a height of about 4800 feet. are Mishima, on the Tōkaido, and the small but beautiful port of Shimoda, on the southeast coast. The rearing of silkworms and the reeling of silk form the principal industry of the peninsula. It abounds in hot springs and wateringplaces, the chief of which is Atami, about 45 miles from Yokohama. To Idzu belong, both geologically and politically, the 'Seven Volcanic Islands,' of which Oshima or Vries Island, 38 miles from the mainland, is the chief, and further south Hachi-joshima, long used as a place of banishment. See Rein, Japan (London, 1884); and Satow and Hawes, Handbook for Travellers in Central and Northern Japan (Yokohama, 1881).

IERNE, i-er'nê. An ancient Greek name for Ireland.

IF, ĕf. A rocky island about two miles west of Marseilles, with a castle, the Château d'If, built in 1529, and later used as a State prison. In it Mirabeau, Philippe Egalité, and others were confined. The castle is most widely known through Dumas's Count of Monte Cristo.

IFFLAND, êf'länt, AUGUST WILHELM (17591814). A German actor and dramatist. He was born at Hanover and was intended for the Church, but before he was nineteen the stage had become his choice. He went to Gotha, where he studied under Gotter, Beck, Beil, and Ekhof, and thence in 1779 to Mannheim, where he first became famous. Differences with his manager induced Iffland in 1796 to accept the post of director in the Berlin National Theatre. Fifteen years afterwards he was made superintendent of all the royal theatres, and under his management the Berlin stage reached its highest point. But he

was not merely an able manager. As an actor he showed himself artistic, painstaking, and minute, strong in comedy of every-day life. Voice and For the stage figure unfitted him for tragedy. he translated and wrote himself, for the most part, plays of over-great sentiment, and too

strongly urged didactic purpose. But in them he displayed much literary talent and great practical knowledge of the stage. Die Jäger, Dienstpflicht, Der Spieler, and Die Mändel kept the stage for a century. Iffland's dramatic criticism is to be found in his Almanach für Theater und Theaterfreunde (1806-11), and Theorie der Schauspielkunst (1815). Consult the autobiography, Meine theatralische Laufbahn (ed. by Holstein, Heilbronn, 1886); Duncker, Iffland in seinen Schriften (Berlin, 1859); and Genée, Ifflands Berliner Theaterleitung (Berlin, 1896).

IFNI, ĕf'nê. A seaport town of Africa, situated on the western coast of Morocco, opposite the Canary Islands. It was ceded by Morocco to Spain in 1883. Population, about 6000.

IFUGAO, e'foo-gä'. A head-hunting Malayan people in Nueva Vizcaya and Isabella provinces, Luzon. Their speech is distinct with many subdivisions. See PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.

A

IGBARA, ég bå-rå, or IGBIRA, ég bl-rå. negro people of the Sudan living at Nupé on the right bank of the Niger and southward to Yoruba. They are said to be industrious and commercial. Their language belongs to the same linguistic group with Nupé, Ewe, and Tshi. Half a century ago the Kingdom of Nupé was subdued by the Hamitic Fulas, and the Igbaras, together with other kindred tribes, were brought under Moslem influence, though many are still pagan. The ruins of Fende or Panda, the capital of this once powerful dominion, are still to be seen. They are governed by a Fulah Emir, but are within the British Protectorate. See FULAH.

IGERNA, i-ger'nå, IGERNE, i-gern', IGRAINE, i-gran', or YGNERNE, ig-nern'. In the Arthurian romance, the wife of Gorlois, Duke of Cornwall. She was loved by Uther, King of Britain, and by him became the mother of Arthur.

IGLAU, e'glou. An ancient and, next to Brünn, the largest town of the Austrian Crownland of Moravia, situated on the Iglawa and on the Bohemian frontier (Map: Austria, D 2). It has a fine market-place; a number of interesting churches, including one dating from the eighth century; a Rathaus; barracks (formerly a Dominican monastery); and a cloth hall. In the Middle Ages Iglau was an important mining centre, but since the Thirty Years' War mining has been practically extinct, and the manufacturing of cloth is now the foremost industry. There are numerous weaving, spinning, and dyeing establishments, a cigar-factory employing over 2500 hands, potteries, and flour-mills. There is also a considerable trade in agricultural products, cloths, and lumber. Population, in 1890, 23,716; in 1900, 24,387, chiefly German Catholics, and including over 4000 Czechs. Iglau is a town of great antiquity, its silver-mines having been worked as early as the eighth century. By the Treaty of Iglau, in 1436, a settlement was effected between the Hussites and Sigismund, who was acknowledged King of Bohemia. The town suffered heavily from a fire in 1523, and was thrice captured by the Swedes during the Thirty Years' War.

IGLESIAS, ê-gla'sê-ȧs, José MARIA (1823-). A Mexican statesman and author. He was born in the City of Mexico, studied law in the university there, and later became professor of jurisprudence

in that institution. He early entered politics, and speedily attracted attention by his natural ability. Political preferment rewarded his loyalty to the Government, and in 1857 he became Secretary of Justice, and a little later Secretary of the Treasury. From 1853 to 1867 he was again Secretary of Justice. In 1868 he was a member of the General Congress, and the same year was appointed Secretary of the Interior by Juarez, to whose fluctuating fortunes he had clung with unswerving fidelity. In 1873 he became president of the Supreme Court, and by virtue of that office assumed the Presidency of the Republic when Lerdo de Tejada was overthrown in 1876, but was soon compelled to give up the position to Diaz. After 1878 he applied himself to journalism, and published several works on Mexican history.

IGLESIAS DE LA CASA, då lå käʼså, José (1748-91). A Spanish poet, born at Salamanca. His earliest writings were satires in the form of epigrams and letrillas directed against contemporary society. After entering the Church he wrote works of a graver nature, and later his verses were merely rhymed theological discussions. His style has much clearness and animation, but lacks originality. The first edition of his works is that of Salamanca (1798). The idyls and romances included in this edition are not so well known as his poetry, and are of less value.

IGNACIO, êg-nä'thê-ō, José DE JESU MARIA (1721-80). A German Jesuit, whose secular name was Herman Loessing. He was born in Paderborn, and began his clerical career as professor of rhetoric and philosophy in the College of Old Mexico. While there he became interested in the antiquities of the country, and spent about ten years in collecting them. Returning to the fatherland with his spoils, he became librarian to the Archbishop of Cologne (1768), and published De Arte Hieroglyphum Mexicanorum (1774), Historia Nova Hispania (1777), Reisen in Neu-Spanien (1778), Historia Regni Aztecorum (1780), and Cosmographia (1780). He became blind before his death, and after it his notes were incorporated into two works by Chastelard.

IGNA'RO (Lat., I do not know). A character in Spenser's Faerie Queene, who answered all questions with "I cannot tell."

IGNATIEFF, ig-nä'tyĕf, NIKOLAI PAVLOVITCH, Count (1832-). A Russian general and diplomat, born in Saint Petersburg, January 29, 1832. He was the son of a favorite officer of the Emperor Nicholas, and was commissioned in the Guards in 1849; he served in the Crimean War, and was made a colonel in 1856, and a majorgeneral in 1858. In the latter year he was made diplomatic attaché to General Muravieff, Governor of East Siberia, and in this capacity negotiated with China the Treaty of Aigun (May 28, 1858), by which Russia came into possession of the region of the Amur. He was subsequently sent on a special mission to Khiva and Bokhara, and as Plenipotentiary to Peking in 1960. He was made Adjutant-General of the Czar in 1863, and was placed at the head of the Asiatic department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In the following year he was sent to Constantinople to represent the Czar at the Court of the Sultan, and he remained in this important

post until the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish war in 1877. He was an active agent in the events of this exciting and critical period, encouraging the restlessness of the Christian peoples of the Balkans, while endeavoring to maintain the Russian influence over the Sultan. In the pursuit of his ends Ignatieff did not hesitate to resort to duplicity and the basest kind of intrigue, and succeeded in gaining the sobriquet of 'Liar Pasha.' Through such means he was quite successful in maintaining the Russian influence during the life of Abdul Aziz, but after the latter's violent death and the deposition of Amurath V. (1876), the anti-Russian influence became predominant with Abdul Hamid, and events moved rapidly toward war. After the conference at Constantinople during the winter of 1876-77, Ignatieff hastened to Berlin, Vienna, and London on diplomatic business. At the close of the war he participated in the negotiations of Adrianople, and was mainly responsible for the Treaty of San Stefano. On account of disagreements with Gortchakoff, he retired from office, but on the accession of Alexander III. (1881) he was recalled and made Minister of the Imperial Domains, and then of the Interior. While holding this office he attained prominence as a persecutor of the Jews. This, as well as his opposition to M. de Giers, led to his retirement a second time, June 21, 1882. He subsequently participated in public affairs only as member of the Council of the Empire and of the Senate. He is a prominent figure in the Pan-Slavic or Nationalist Party.

IGNATIUS, ig-na'shi-us, SAINT (c.790-878). A patriarch of Constantinople, youngest son of the Emperor Michael I. In 813 the Armenian usurper Leo V. forced him to enter a cloister. From the position of abbot the Empress Theodora raised him to that of Patriarch of Constantinople (847). He had no sympathy with the iconoclasts, and so was in favor with the Empress. On the other hand, he excommunicated her brother Bardas, who made him one of his first victims when he took the reins of govern

ment for the young Michael III. (857). Ignatius

refused to abdicate, until forced to do so in 866. He was reinstated on the accession of the Emperor Basil in 867. He is still a favorite saint in the Greek Church.

IGNATIUS OF ANTIOCH, SAINT. Bishop of Antioch in the reign of Trajan, and author of seven Greek letters which are included among the works of the Apostolic Fathers (q.v.). Little is known of Ignatius's life. He was born probably not far from the middle of the first century. Syria appears to have been his home. Tradition says that he was a disciple of the Apostle John, which is not impossible. Much less likely is the tradition which makes him the child whom Jesus took in His arms and blessed. There is no reasonable ground for doubting that Ignatius was Bishop of Antioch, but we do not know how long he held that office. The statement of Origen and Eusebius that he was the second Bishop may be accepted. This leaves Peter out of account, and makes Ignatius the successor of Evodius. Respecting the close of his life, we have more definite information. He was condemned to be killed by wild beasts in the arena, and for that purpose was taken to Rome, under guard of ten Roman soldiers. They passed through Asia Minor, stopping here and there, and

being received with Christian hospitality by the churches along their route. At Smyrna Ignatius wrote letters to the churches of Ephesus, Magnesia, Tralles, and Rome. Further on, at Troas, he wrote to the Philadelphians, the Smyrnæans, and to Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna. He then was led to Rome, where he suffered martyrdom, probably at some time between 107 and 117 A.D. The most definite early statements point to the tenth year of Trajan, which would be 107-108. It was believed, at a considerably later time, that his remains were carried to Antioch for burial. The extant Martyr Acts of Ignatius are not authentic. Long and bitter controversy has raged over the epistles which bear his name. They are extant in several different versions, especially three: (1) The longer Greek, containing thirteen epistles; (2) the shorter Greek, containing seven epistles; (3) the Syriac, containing only three epistles. The critical question is, Which form, if any, is the genuine one? Opinions have varied widely. It has been held (a) that all the recensions are spurious; (b) that the shorter Greek form alone is genuine; (c) that the Syriac alone is genuine; (d) that, of the shorter Greek form, all the epistles except Romans are genuine; and (e) that Romans only is a genuine epistle. The best modern criticism holds to the authenticity of the seven epistles in the shorter Greek form. There is almost contemporary witness borne to the Ignatian letters in the Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians (see POLYCARP).

Accepting these seven as genuine letters of Ignatius, we learn to know their author as a fervent, enthusiastic Christian bishop, of intense zeal for martyrdom. He constantly insists on maintaining allegiance and obedience to the bishop, who is the centre of unity. It is evident that the monarchical episcopate, i.e. the system of having one bishop over each church, had already been developed in Syria and other portions of the East, whatever may have been the case elsewhere. The heresy against which Ignatius Christ suffered in fact, not merely in appearwarns is chiefly docetism, for he declares that

ance. He also warns against Judaizing heresies. From the doctrinal point of view, Ignatius is highly important, standing as he does in the line of catholic development which passes from Paul and John, through Ignatius and Irenæus, to the full-grown Nicene theology. It is in his letter to the Christians of Smyrna that we meet for the first time with the phrase 'the Catholic Church.' It does not, however, bear its later, technical sense of the exclusive orthodox Church, but its earlier, etymological meaning of the universal Church.' We owe to Ignatius the application of the term 'eucharist' to the Lord's Supper. But above all else, his epistles bear witness to the earnest, devoted spirit of early second-century Christianity, and to the vitality of faith in the age succeeding that of the Apostles.

For the best edition of Ignatius, consult: Lightfoot, The Apostolic Fathers: Part II., 8. Ignatius and S. Polycarp (London, 1889), with English translation. Text and translation are also found in the small edition of Lightfoot, Apostolic Fathers, by Harmer (London, 1893); English translation alone in the Ante-Nicene Fathers, edited by Roberts and Donaldson, vol. i. (Buffalo, 1886). In general, consult:

Crutt