published his first poem. In 1507 he followed Rhegius to Leipzig. He was stricken down with the pestilence in the following year, but recovered, and at Wittenberg in 1511 published his Ars Versificatoria. During these years he led the life of a wandering poet, subsisting on the bounty of those who admired his talents or feared his mordant wit. In 1512 he went to Pavia to study law. He had been there only a short time when the city was plundered by the Swiss, and Hutten was deprived of all he possessed. For a short time he served as a soldier in the Imperial army, but soon returned to Germany, where, he boldly entered into a quarrel with the Duke of Württemberg, who had murdered a kinsman of Ulrich's, and brought about the Duke's punishment. In the dispute between Reuchlin (q.v.) and the Dominicans, Hutten came to the support of the former, and displayed no small learning and great power of satire. He went again to Italy in 1515, to take the degree of doctor of laws, and returned to his native country in 1517. He was crowned with the poets' laurel crown at Augsburg by the Emperor Maximilian, who conferred on him the honor of knighthood. While in Italy Hutten had become imbued with a fierce

hatred for the Papacy, which he bitterly attacked in his preface to an edition of Laurentius Valla's De Donatione Constantini, published in 1517. In the following year he accompanied his patron, Albert, Archbishop of Mainz, to the Diet of Augsburg, where Luther had his famous conference with Cajetan. Subsequently he established a small printing press of his own, and employed himself in putting forth pamphlets written in the German language violently attacking the Pope and the Roman clergy. The Archbishop Albert denounced him at Rome, whereupon Hutten took sides with Luther, whom he had hitherto affected to despise. Persecuted by his enemies, he availed himself of the protection of Franz von Sickingen, but was forced to flee from the latter's castle after a two years' residence (152022). Going to Basel, he was coldly received by Erasmus, who did not approve of his extreme measures, and a breach took place between the two men which culminated in a great literary quarrel. From this time Hutten was compelled to adopt a wandering life. He died August 23, 1523, on the island of Ufnau in the Lake of Zürich. Hutten was more open in the expression of his opinions than any other man, probably, of his age. He did much to prepare the way for the Reformation and to promote it. He was a master of the Latin language, and excelled in satirical and passionate invective. His literary life is generally divided into three periods: (1) Period of Latin poems (1509-16); (2) period of letters and orations (1515-17); (3) period of dialogues

and letters in Latin and German (1517-23). In all he published some forty-five different works, but his most noteworthy contribution to literature was his portion of the immortal Epistola Obscurorum Virorum (q.v.). Hutten's collected works, Opera Omnia, were published at Leipzig in seven volumes (1859-70) under the editorship of Böcking. Among several biographies by German authors that by Strauss (6th ed., Bonn, 1895), abridged in English by Sturge (London, 1874), is especially to be recommended. Consult also: the monographs by Reichenbach (Leipzig, 1877), and Schall (Halle, 1890); and Szamatólski, Ulrich von Hutten's deutsche Schriften

(Strassburg, 1891). A good brief sketch in English is Jordan, "A Knight of the Order of Poets," in The Story of the Innumerable Company (San Francisco, 1896).

HUTTER, hut'ter, LEONHARD (1563-1616). A German Lutheran theologian, born at Nellingen, near Ulm. He studied at the universities of Strassburg, Leipzig, Heidelberg, and Jena, and after lecturing at Jena for several years, answered a call to Wittenberg. He was one of the most resolute and influential representatives of the Lutheran faith, and was known as Redonatus Lutherus. He attacked the Calvinist doctrines in his Concordia Concors (1614), which he wrote as an answer to Hospinian's Concordia Discors (1607).

cated English mathematician, born at NewcastleHUTTON, CHARLES (1737-1823). A self-eduon-Tyne, of humble parentage. He received most of his education in a school at Jesmond, where, The at the age of eighteen, he became master. number of pupils having increased, he, in 1760, opened a mathematical school in Newcastle, and also taught mathematics at the Head School of the city. Among his pupils was John Scott, afterwards Lord Eldon, Chancellor of England. In 1770 he was engaged by the city of Newcastle to draw up an accurate map of the city and the suburbs. He became professor of mathematics in the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich (1773), and the following year was made a fellow of the Royal Society. He made important contributions to the Philosophical Transactions, and in 1778 gained the Copley medal for his papers on "Force of Exploded Gunpowder," and "Velocities of Balls." He was appointed by the Royal Society to determine the mean density and mass of the earth. His report appeared in the Philosophical Transactions for 1778. In 1779 he was made foreign secretary of the Royal Society, but resigned in 1783. Owing to failing health, he resigned his professorship in 1807, and was granted a pension of £500 a year. He was editor of the Ladies' Diary from 1774 to 1817. The most important of his works are, besides those mentioned above: The Diarian Miscellany (1775); Mathematical Tables (1785); Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary (1795); A Course of Mathematics (1798 and subsequent editions); Recreations in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, from the French of Montuela (4 vols., 1803); "On Cubic Equations and Infinite Series," in the Philosophical Transactions for 1780.

In 1883 he had been

HUTTON, FREDERICK REMSEN (1853-). An American mechanical engineer, born in New York City, and educated at Columbia College, and the School of Mines, where he became assistant on being graduated, and in 1891 professor of mechanical engineering. elected secretary of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and in 1892 became an associate editor of the Engineering Magazine, and in 1893 became an editor of Johnson's Cyclopædia. Hutton wrote reports on machine tools for the Census of 1880; and Mechanical Engineering of Power Plants (1897).

HUTTON, JAMES (1726-97). An eminent British geologist. He was born in Edinburgh, and educated at the university in that city. After serving a year's apprenticeship in a law office, he relinquished his plan of joining the legal profession, and entered upon the study of medi

cine, taking courses at Edinburgh, Paris, and Leyden. In 1750 he returned to Scotland, and for several years was engaged in agricultural pursuits. Upon removing to Edinburgh in 1768 he came in contact with Ferguson, Black, and other savants, who encouraged and directed his scientific investigations. The results of a long and careful research into geological processes were formulated in a paper entitled "Theory of the Earth," which he read before the Royal Society in 1785, and afterwards amplified and pub. lished as The Theory of the Earth, with Proofs and Illustrations (1795). This work, although attracting little notice at the time, established a place for its author among the foremost thinkers in the realm of geological science. One of the fundamental principles of Hutton's theory was based on the internal heat of the earth, which has shown itself in past ages by the intrusion of molten rocks into the crust, and by upheaval of the superficial strata. This view was combated by the followers of Werner, but it is now generally accepted as correct. He further developed the principle that the study of geological phenomena should be based upon observation of changes going on at the present time, and thus in a way originated the doctrine of uniformitarianism (q.v.), afterwards elaborated and expounded by Lyell. The great value of Hutton's work was not fully appreciated until several years after his death, when Playfair brought out the "Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory." Hutton contributed frequently to the "Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh," and also published several extended works, among the most important of which are: Dissertations on Different Subjects in Natural Philosophy (1792); Investigation of the Principles of Knowledge (1794); and A Dissertation upon the Philosophy of Heat, Light, and Fire (1794).

HUTTON, LAURENCE (1843-1904). An American essayist and critic, born in New York City. He was educated privately and at the age of nineteen entered commercial life, which proved uncongenial. Various visits to European cities strengthened an inborn taste for letters, and after acting from 1872 until 1874 as dramatic critic of the New York Evening Mail, he devoted himself entirely to literature. From 1886 till 1898 he was the literary editor of Harper's Magazine. He was one of the organizers of the Authors Club, and of the International Copyright League. The private collection of literary curiosities gathered by him is unique, one of the most complete in the world. In 1892 he received the degree of A.M. from Yale, and in 1897 from Princeton. His writings on dramatic subjects include: Plays and Players (1875); Curiosities of the American Stage (1887); Memoir of Edwin Booth (1893); and with Brander Matthews, Actors and Actresses of Great Britain and of the United States (1886-87). He edited the "American Actor Series" (1881-82); compiled other books on subjects connected with the American stage; and published a group of delightful literary guide-books including Literary Landmarks of London (1887); of Edinburgh (1892); of Jerusalem (1895): of Venice (1896); of Florence (1897); of Rome (1897).

HUTTON, RICHARD HOLT (1826-97). An English journalist and critic. He was the son of a Unitarian minister, and was born June 22,

1826, in Leeds, Yorkshire. The family removed to London in 1835. Hutton was educated at University College School, and subsequently at the college itself, with a view to the Unitarian ministry. After two semesters in Germany, he returned to London; and finding no adequate sphere in the ministry, he became principal of University Hall. Resigning on account of ill health, which necessitated a trip to the West Indies, he studied law. Under the influence of F. D. Maurice he entered the Church of England. In 1861 Meredith Townsend bought the Spectator, and called in Hutton to aid him in conducting it. As editor of this paper for twenty-five years Hutton exerted great influence. Liberal but not radical in tone, it became in his hands the organ of the very best contemporary thought. As a critic Hutton came to speak with much authority. His best work is represented by Essays, Theological and Literary (1871), containing under the second division essays on Goethe, Wordsworth, Shelley, Byron, Browning, George Eliot, and Clough; Essays on Some Modern Guides of English Thought (1887), treating of Carlyle, Newman, Matthew Arnold, George Eliot, and F. D. Maurice. He also wrote a life of Scott (1878), and edited the Biographical Studies of W. Bagehot (1881). Hutton died September 9, 1897, at Crossdepe. Consult Hogben, R. H. Hutton, a Monograph (Edinburgh, 1900).

HUX'LEY, THOMAS HENRY (1825-95). An He was born at Ealing, now a suburb of London, English naturalist and comparative anatomist. May 4, 1825. He studied in the Medical School graduated as M.B. and medalist at the University of Charing Cross Hospital, and in 1845 was of London. In 1846 he was appointed assistant surgeon on the Rattlesnake of the Royal Navy, commanded by Capt. Owen Stanley, which was to survey the region of the Great Barrier Reef, east and north of Australia. Imbued with a passion for natural history, Huxley devoted himself to the study of the marine animals seen and collected during the four years of this survey service. His most important research, "On the Anatomy and the Affinity of . . . the Medusa," was published during his absence and placed its author in the front rank of biologists. He demonstrated that the body of the medusa is essentially built up of an inner and an outer membrane, which he asserted were the homologues of the two primary germinal layers in the vertebrate embryo. (See EMBRYOLOGY.) This discovery stands at the basis of modern philosophical zoology, and of a true conception of the affinity of animals.

In 1850, on his return to England, Huxley began a hard struggle against adversity and discouragement. Disappointed in the hope that the Admiralty would provide for the publication of his notes and drawings, he published the more important in the Philosophical Transactions (1851), and in the same year was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, which in 1852 gave him its medal. In 1854 he succeeded Edward Forbes at the Royal School of Mines. This was in the as professor of natural history and paleontology line of direct advancement, for his great ability as an educator and administrator, as well as in original research, brought him to many posts of honor, such as, in 1855, the Fullerian professor

ship of comparative anatomy at the Royal Institution; in 1863, the Hunterian professorship at the Royal College of Surgeons; in 1868, the presidency of the Ethnological Society; in 1869, the presidency of the Geological Society; in 1870, the presidency of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and a seat on the first school board of London; in 1871, the secretaryship of the Royal Society, of which he became president in 1883; in 1872, the lord rectorship of Aberdeen University; in 1881, the professorship of biology in the Royal College of Science (an expansion of the earlier chair in the Royal School of Mines); in 1892 Privy Councilor. He served on no fewer than ten royal commissions, of which the most important were that of Inquiry into the Sea Fisheries (1864-65), and that on Scientific Instruction, and the Advancement of Science (1870-75).

Huxley's gifts of exposition were as remarkable as his powers of research. His scientific lectures, like his papers, were models of clearness, as well as accuracy, and he was both cogent and eager in debate, and fascinating in popular address. In 1858 he delivered the 'Croonian' lecture on the "Origin of the Vertebrate Skull," in which he disposed forever of the hypothesis that the skull is, homologically, an expanded section of the vertebral column. The very next year The Origin of Species was published. Convinced by its arguments, Huxley threw himself heart and soul into their support, adducing much telling corroboration from his own investigations. His series of lectures to London workingmen in 1860 had this for their theme, and did much to further the acceptance of the new doctrines. They were the basis of the powerful book Man's Place in Nature, and were succeeded by many addresses, essays, and debates, influential in informing the public and overcoming both scientific objections and religious alarm. It may fairly be said that science as contained in the doctrines of organic evolution, and especially in the views of Darwin, is almost as much indebted to the lucid exposition and bold championship by Huxley as to the originators of the theories. Nevertheless Huxley accepted Darwin's hypothesis of natural selection with a qualification. He pointed out the lack of evidence that any group of animals has, by variation and selective breeding, given rise to another group in the least degree infertile with the first; but he believed this objection might disappear under prolonged observation and experiment. As to Lamarck's

theory of use-inheritance (q.v.), he declared, in 1890, his absolute disbelief, as the evidence then stood.

Huxley came to America in 1876, and delivered in New York three lectures on Evolution,

taking as his texts the series of fossil horses. During that visit he delivered the opening address at Johns Hopkins University. Huxley's contributions to science were of the widest range, and embraced every department of biology. His exposition of the relations of protoplasm as the physical basis of life is particularly masterful. He was not only a man of science, but a publicist. His services were always at command for the promotion of political, social, and moral reform-first and chiefly for the cause of national education. His devotion to labors thus entailed, added to professional toil, did much to undermine his health, which for some

years toward the end of his life was very poor. He died at Eastbourne, June 29, 1895. Professor Huxley bore an honorable part in creating the knowledge which will make the nineteenth century niemorable; and a great part of it was made permanent in a series of books, of which the following is a complete list: Oceanic Hydrozoa (1859); Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature (1863); Elementary Physiology (1866; 4th ed. 1885); Lay Sermons, Addresses, and Reviews (1870; 3d ed. 1887); Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals (1871); Critiques and Addresses (1873); Elementary Biology (with Dr. H. N. Martin) (1875; 2d ed. 1876; 3d ed., edited by G. B. Howes and D. H. Scott, 1877); American Addresses (1877); Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals (1877); Physiography (1877); Hume (1878); The Crayfish: An Introduction to the Study of Zoology (1880); Collected Essays (9 vols., 1893-94). These contained some reprinted material as follows: Method and Results; Darwiniana; Science and Education; Science and Hebrew Tradition; Science and Christian Tradition; Hume, Man's Place in Nature; Discourses, Biological and Geological; Evolution and Ethics, and other essays. Four volumes of Huxley's Scientific Memoirs, edited by Sir Michael Foster and Prof. E. Ray Lankester, were published between 1898 and 1902. An authorized collection of his minor writings appeared in eight duodecimo volumes (New York, 1897-1900).

His Elements of Biology became the model for a large number of laboratory manuals, and his Crayfish is a classic of the methods of the investigator and the instructor combined. Whatever his theme, the weight and honesty of his thought and the distinction of his style make his works part and parcel of the best books of his time.

Consult: Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley, by his son, Leonard Huxley (2 vols., London, 1900), which contain a complete list of his writings and of the honors awarded him; Thomas Henry Huxley: A Sketch of His Life and Work, by P. Chalmers Mitchell (London, 1900); Thomas Henry Huxley, by Edward Clodd (London and New York, 1902).

HUY, ụế. A strongly fortified town of Belgium, in the Province of Liège, situated amid lofty rocks on both banks of the Meuse, 18 miles by rail from Liège (Map: Belgium, D 4). Its citadel, dating from 1822, is partly excavated in the solid rock and commands the passage of the river. The Church of Notre Dame, a graceful Gothic edifice, was begun in 1311 and restored after having been partially destroyed by fire in the sixteenth century. The town contains disiron-works and coal-mines. Population, in 1890, tilleries and paper-mills, and in the vicinity are 14.486; in 1900, 15,061. In one of the suburbs of Huy was formerly situated the Abbey of Neufmoustier, founded by Peter the Hermit, who was also interred within it. Huy was taken repeatedly by the Dutch and French in the many wars which swept over this region, and was last captured by Marlborough and Coehoorn in 1703.

HUYDECOPER, hoi'de-ko'per, BALTHASAR (1695-1778). A Dutch poet and critic, born at Amsterdam. One of his first books, Proeve van taal- en dichtkunde op Vondel's Herscheppingen van Ovidius (1730), or annotations to Vondel's translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses, is an important contribution to classical study. So is